Giáo trình giảng dạy anh văn dùng trong ngành thú y

NÔNG LÂM UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

LÊ THANH HIỀN
MSc., DVM.

ENGLISH
FOR

ETERINARY MEDICINE

2007

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1: VETERINARY MEDICINE ....................................................................... 3
Unit 2: ANIMAL BODY ........................................................................................... 7
Unit 3: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL ....................................................................... 15
Unit 4: DISEASE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES ..................................................26
Unit 5: INFLAMMATION .................................................................................... 33
Unit 6: FEVER ..........................................................................................................38
Unit 7: DRUDS AND ADMINISTRATION ..................................................... 41
Unit 8: VACCINATION ........................................................................................46
Unit 9: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION .................................................................52
Appendix 1: Prefix And Suffix In Veterinary Terminology .................................................................................................... 58
Appendix 2: GRAMMATICAL REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................65
Appendix 3: SPECIAL ABBRIVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................72
Appendix 4: Laboratory equipment .......................................................................................................................................................73
Appendix 5: Vietnamese – English Animal Disease .....................................................................................................................77

Appendix 6: TRIAL TEST ........................................................................................................................................................................... 81

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Unit 1: VETERINARY MEDICINE
_GENERAL INFORMATION_

1. Reading
Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic
principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. It is also
known that the medical science is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of diseases in animals. Aside from diagnosing and treating sick and injured
animals, veterinarians prevent the transmission of animal diseases to people, and advise
owners on the proper care of animals. Veterinarians work to ensure a safe food supply by
maintaining the health of agricultural animals and by inspecting food processing
industries. Veterinarians are also involved in the preservation of wildlife. Veterinary
scientists are very important in chemical, biological, and pharmacological research. In
American and Canadian English, a veterinarian (from Latin veterinae, "draught animals")
is an animal doctor, a practitioner of veterinary medicine. The equivalent term in British
English is veterinary surgeon, and both terms are often shortened to vet. The word
veterinarian was first used in English by the doctor Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682).
Education in veterinary medicine
Many universities worldwide confer undergraduate and postgraduate degrees
in veterinary medicine. In most countries, veterinary practitioners are regulated and
registered on a national or state level. While the duration and exact content of
undergraduate degrees in veterinary medicine varies, they are typically from 4 to 7 years
in duration. They consist of several introductory years which may include some "pre-vet"
or general scientific training. These pre-clinical years provide a basis in veterinary
anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, parasitology, animal breeding, botany,

animal feeding and nutrition, radiology, virology, microbiology, zoology, animal

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physiology, physics, chemistry and other important subject areas. The final years of most
veterinary medicine degrees consist of a greater proportion of practical clinical work (e.g.
internal medicine, dentistry, surgery, obstetrics) in which students are guided to apply
the theory they have learned in a supervised environment. When students complete their
education, they are normally granted a diploma as Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
(DVM).
As in the human medical field, veterinary medicine (in practice) requires a
diverse group of individuals to meet the need of patients. In addition to veterinarians,
many veterinary hospitals utilize a team of veterinary nurses and veterinary assistants to
completely care for healing, critical and well animals. Veterinary nurses are generally
registered as "veterinary technicians" in most states and are legally qualified to assist
veterinarians in many medical procedures. Veterinary assistants, who are not licensed by
most states, but can well-trained at facilities such as The School for Veterinary
Assistants, are also becoming increasingly in-demand in the veterinary industry due to a
wide range of treatments and services being offered to meet the higher expectations of
pet owners in the United States

Question
1. What is veterinary medicine ?
2. Who is a veterinarian ?
3. Make ticks in front of these statements if they mean what a veterinarian work on
□ prevention of diseases in animal
□ diagnose, treat sick and injured animals
□ prevent transmission of animal diseaseas to people
□ dealing with animal

□ advise farmers how to take care animals appropriately
□ ensure foodsafety for human
□ preservation of wifelife
4. How to classify animals which are subjects of veterinarians ?
5. What is the abbreviation of the word “veterinarian” ?
6. How many years does a student have to spend in a university to earn a diploma of
veterinary medicine ?
7. In the veterinary program, there are 2 stages: Pre-vet or pre-clinical years, and
pratical clinical work. What do veterinary students have to do in these stages ?
8. Nowadays, there is an emerging field related to veterinary medicine called
coservation medicine. What is it ?
9. In addition to veterinarians, which other team of people are utilized by many
veterinary hospitals ? How are they different ?
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2. Vocabulary
There are many courses taught in DVM program. The list below gives their
names
Veterinary Parasitology
Veterinary Diagnostics
Animal Husbandry (Poultry)
Non-infectious Diseases
Animal Product Technology
Animal Husbandry (cattle)
Veterinary Surgery
Animal Husbandry (pig)
Toxicology
Infectious Diseases
English in Veterinary Science

Wild animal diseases
X - Ray
Meat and Milk Inspection
Veterinary legislation
Undergraduate Thesis

Animal Anatomy
Histology and Embryology
Biochemistry
Microbiology
Genetics
Animal Physiology
Bio-statistics
Animal Nutrition
Experimental Design
Animal Breeding
Environment and animal’s health
Immunology
Veterinary Pharmacology
Artificial Insemination
Veterinary Obstetrics
Veterinary Epidemiology
Pathology
Agricultural Economics

3. Other information
(*) Some useful website in veterinary medicine
APHIS: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
/>Consultant: A Diagnostic Support System for Veterinary Medicine
/>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Vet Online Professionals
/>Vet Online: The International Journal of Veterinary Medicine
/>Veterinary Journals Tables of Contents
/>Vetscape Veterinary Internet Network
/>WWW Virtual Library: Veterinary Medicine
/>Dept. Animal Health
/>
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(**) System of Veterinary Services in Vietnam
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
• Dept. Animal Health;
• Dept. Agro-Forestry Extension
City/ provincial service of agriculture:
Sub-Department of Veterinary (city/provinal level);
Center of Agro-Forestry Extension (city/provincial level)
• Veterinary station (district level);
• Agro-Forestry Extension station (district level)
• Commune animal health team
•
•

National institutes of veterinary research
Livestock and veterinary material companies
•

Professional centres : National Diagnistic of Animal Health Centre;
National Drugs & Bio-Products Control Centre No I (in Ha Noi);

National Drugs & Bio-Products Control Centre No II (in Ho Chi
Minh); National Veterinary Hygiene Inspection Centre No I (in Ha
Noi); National Veterinary Hygiene Inspection Centre No II (in Ho Chi
Minh).

•

Regional animal health centres: Ha noi ; Hai phong ; Vinh ; Da nang ;
Tp. Ho chi minh; Can tho

•

Airport & Border Inspection Stations

(***) Education in veterinary medicine in Nong Lam University
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
Dept. of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry
Dept. of Non-Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis (Internal Medicine and
Pharmacology)
Dept. of Infectious Diseases
Dept. of Pathology and Parasitology
Dept. of Animal Nutrition
Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics
Dept. of Animal Husbandry
Dept. of Anatomy and Surgery
Veterinary Clinic

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Unit 2:

ANIMAL BODY

1. Reading
The animal body is made up of millions of cells which have all developed from one
cell by a process of division during which they gradually become more specialized. The
specialized cells group together to form the various tissues of the body. There are four
basic types of tissue in the animal body: epithelium, connective tissue, muscular tissue
and nervous tissue. From these tissues different organs or viscera are formed.
The organs are the well defined parts of the animal which perform particular
functions. Groups of organs having a particular common function are referred to as
organs systems.
In general, the body can be divided into the following regions: the head; the neck;
the trunk, which is further subdivided into two parts: the thorax and the abdomen (The
two parts are separated from each other by an arched partition called diaphragm);
the four limbs.
The viscera of the body include:
- The digestive organs are concerned with the nutrition of the animal. This function
includes the prehension of food, its mastication, digestion, and absorption, and the initial
storage of the nutrients released during digestion. The digestive organs also provide for
the expulsion of the unabsorbed portion of the food, and those substances that are added
to the digestive tract by its large accessory glands.
- The respiratory organs provide for the exchange of gases between the blood and the
atmosphere, and produce the voice.
- The urinary organs, notably the kidneys, eliminate fluid wasted and foreign
substances from the blood, and regulate the water and salt metabolism of the body.

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- The genital organs are concerned with reproduction. Except for the production of
the germ cells, the male and female organs have different functions to perform and
consequently differ markedly in their morphology.
These four organ systems are closely related functionally to the blood vascular and
lymphatic systems, to the nervous system which controls their functioning, and to the system
of endocrine glands.
Most of the viscera are contained in the large body cavities of the trunk.
Some of them, however, are embedded in the tissues of the head, neck, and in the
caudal part of the pelvis, where special cavities for them do not develop. The viscera
occupying the body cavities are covered with the same serous membrane that lines the
cavities, and are separated from one another and from the walls of the cavities, which
allows them a certain amount of mobility.
All viscera have either a lumen or an internal duct system with which they communicate
either directly or indirectly with the outside, through the mouth, nose, anus, or the urogenital
openings, as the case maybe.

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2. Vocabulary and pictures
Farm Animals

Cattle/Buffalo

Pig, Swine

Bull Boar Cock Ram
Cow
Sow

Calf, calves
Piglet
Weaner, yearling Weaner
Heifer
Gilt
Steer
Barrow
Beef
Pork
Feeder
Fattener
(Finishing pig)
Avian:

Poultry

Sheep

Hen, layer, laying hen
Chick
Started pullet
Pullet, ready-to-lay pullet

ewe
Lamb

Chicken
Broiler

Lamb

pertaining to or emanating from members of the class Aves (a class
comprising all of the birds)
pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the ox or cattle,
members of the family Bovidae (a family of ruminants including cattle,
buffalo, and bison)
pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from dogs
of, or pertaining to members of the family Felidae (the family of cats)
pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the horse.
pertaining to pigs.

Bovine:
Canine:
Feline:
Equine:
Porcine:

Organs
Body Head Trunk Limbs
Trunk = Thorax (thoracic) + Abdomen (abdominal)

Tissues: 4 basic types
Epithelium, connective tissue, muscular tissue (muscle), nervous tissue

Osteology
Skeleton, bone, skull, spine, vertebral column

Arthrology
Joint, ligament, tendon

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Myology: 3 types of muscle tissues
Smooth muscle (non-striated involuntary)
Cardiac muscle (striated involuntary)
Skeleton muscle (striated voluntary)
Viscera

Digestive system:
Digestive tract, alimentary canal
Mouth, tongue, teeth (tooth), salivary glands
Esophagus (oesophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum; large intestine: caecum, colon,
rectum.
Pancreas, liver, bile duct, gall bladder
Masticate, mastication; digest, digestion; absorb, absorption

Respiratory system, respiratory tract
Nose, nostril, nasal cavity, nasal glands
Larynx, trachea, bronchus(i), lungs, pleura(e), alveolus (alveoli)
Exchange gases, produce voice
Inhale, inhalation; exhale, exhalation

Urogenital system
- Urinary tract: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, urine
- Male genital/reproductive tract: testicles, prostate, sperm, penis
- Female genital/reproductive tract: ovum (ova), ovary (ovaries), uterine
(Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva; mammary glands

Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood, serum, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, vascular system.
White blood cells = leukocytes: colorless blood corpuscles capable of amoeboid,
movement, whose chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms
causing disease and which comprise: granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils,
neutrophils), non-granulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes), and thrombocytes
(platelets).
Vascular system: including aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,
sinusoids, sinuses, veins, lymphatics, spleen.
Lymphatics, lymphatic system: : Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
tonsils, Peyer’s patches, immune system, lymphocytes

Nervous system
Brain, cortex, cerebrum, hemispheres, cerebellum, gray substance, white
substance, spinal cord/nerve, neuron

Endocrine glands
Hormone, hypophysis (pituitary gland), thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal (suprarenal) gland, pancreas (pancreatic islets), gonads (testis and
ovary), pineal gland

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3. Pronounciation
Tissue
Epithelium
muscle
muscular
nervous tissue
Skeleton
Viscera
Digestive
salivary glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
duodenum

jejunum
ileum
caecum
colon
rectum
anus
Pancreas
Respiratory
Larynx
Trachea
bronchus(i),
pleura(e)
alveolus (alveoli)

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Urinary tract
Kidneys
urinary bladder
testicles
leukocytes
granulocytes
thrombocytes (platelets).
Aorta
Arteries
Capillaries
spleen.


4. Exercise
(*) Look at the picture below and give the name of the organ asked

(**) Match these 2 columns with the correct definitions
A. the so-called 4th stomach of ruminants or called “true”
stomach
spleen
B. a place receiving urine from kidney and storing it until it is
full
Aveolus
C. exocrine glands lying in the space below the ear and
behind the border of the lower jaw. They produce fluid
to make food wet and some enzyme to digest food
Abomasum
D. one of thousands of tiny sacs on the terminal parts of the
bronchial tree

Salivary glands
E. a musculomembranous tube extending from the mouth to
the stomach
Urinary bladder F. the thick-walled, muscular stomach in poultry which has a
tough keratin internal layers
Gizzard
G. a large lymphoid organ usually situated in the cranial part
of the abdominal cavity on the left of the stomach. It
contains the largest collection of reticuloendothelial cells
in the body
Kidney
H. glands which secrete substances they produced into blood
vessel. They are sometime called ductless glands
Uterus
I. a Y- shaped organ consisting of a body and 2 horns; in this
place, a fetus grows and develops
Endocrine glands K. paired organs situated high up against the roof of the
abdomen. Their function is to eliminate fluid wasted
from the blood

1. Esophagus
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.

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Unit 3: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL

1. Reading
All organisms are made up of cells. The cell is one of the most basic concepts in
biology. Organisms can be made from only one cell or many cells. No matter how
complex a tissue, organ, or organism may become, the basic unit to all living things is the
cell, and that’s why it’s important to study it. Organisms are classified in two ways.
They are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
The prokaryotes in which have no true nucleus and some organelles are absent.
They are mainly bacteria and the cyanobacteria (also called the blue-green algae). The
eukaryotes are represented by the protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. Let’s look now at
the different parts of the cell and each of the different functions as they correspond to
those parts. Please refer back to the diagram for help and remember that this diagram is
an “ideal” eukaryote animal cell and all cells do not look exactly like this.
The prokaryotic cell
A typical prokaryotic cell of either Bacteria or Archaea generally has the
following major structures: cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, inclusions, and
nucleoid. The cell wall is a rigid structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane, which
provides support and protection from osmotic lysis. The cytoplasmic membrane is the
critical permeability barrier, separating the inside from the outside of the cell.
Ribosomes are small particles composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Ribosomes are part of translation apparatus, and syntheses of cell proteins take place
upon these structures. Prokaryotes occasionally contain inclusions consisting of storage
material made up of compounds of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Such
inclusions can be formed when these nutrients are in excess in the environment and

serve the cell as repositories of these nutrients when limitations occur.

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Prokaryotic cells do not possess a true nucleus, the function of the nucleus being
carried out by a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is present in a
more or less free state within the prokaryotic cell, but in an aggregated form referred to
as the nucleoid. In analogy to the eukaryote, the DNA molecule of the prokaryote is
called a chromosome.
Many, but not all, bacteria are able to move. Movement of a prokaryotic cell is
usually by means of a structure called a flagellum (plural, flagella).

Morphology of prokaryotes
A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid in morphology is called a coccoid or coccus
(plural, cocci). A bacterium with a cylindrical shape is called a rod or bacillus (plural,
bacilli). Some rods are curved, frequently forming spiral-shaped patterns and are then
called spirilla.

The cell wall of bacteria
Bacteria can be divided into major groups, called Gram-positive and Gramnegative. The original distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative was based
on a special staining procedure, the Gram stain, but differences in cell wall structure are
at the base of these differences in the Gram stain reaction. The Gram-negative cell wall
is a multilayered structure and quite complex, while the Gram-positive cell wall consists
of primarily a single type of molecule and is often much thicker. Gram-negative bacteria
contain an outer wall layer made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Fimbriae and pili
Fimbriae and pili are structurally similar to flagella but are not involved in
mobility. Fimbriae are considerably shorter than flagella and are more numerous. Pili are

similar structurally to fimbriae but are generally longer and only one or a few pili are
present on the surface. Pili are involved in attachment to human and animal tissues by
some pathogenic bacteria.

Capsules
Many prokaryotic organisms secrete on their surfaces slimy or gummy materials.
A variety of structures consist of polysaccharide and a few consist of protein. The terms

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capsule and slime layer are sometimes used to describe polysaccharide layers but a more
general term glycocalyx is also applied. Outer polysaccharide layers play an important
role in the attachment of certain pathogenic microorganisms to their hosts.

Spores
Certain bacteria produce special structures called spores within their cell. Spores
are very resistant to heat, harmful agents such as drying, radiation, acids, and chemical
disinfectants and can not be destroyed easily, even by harsh chemicals.

The eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, and a key
difference is that eukaryotes contain true nuclei. The nucleus is a special membraneenclosed structure within which DNA is located. The DNA in the nucleus is organized
into chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also contain distinct structures called organelles,
within which important cellular functions occur.
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane (also called the cell membrane) forms the outer limits of
the cell. As with other membranes, the plasma membrane is made up of proteins and

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lipids, especially phospholipids. These lipids occur in two layers, often called the bilayer. The bi-layer has globular proteins that seem to float in the lipid layer.
Nucleus
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus (prokaryote literally means “primitive nucleus”),
but eukaryotic (eukaryote literally means “true nucleus”) cells have a distinct nucleus.
The nucleus is mainly made up of DNA in the form of linear units called chromosomes. If
observed under a microscope, the chromosomes appear in their linear units at the time of
mitosis, or cell division. When the DNA is not found in linear units, it is known as
chromatin. The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. This
envelope is a double membrane that is similar to the plasma membrane and consists of
lipid layers. The pores in the nuclear membrane allow the nucleus to communicate with
the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (commonly referred to as ER) is a series of
membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout
the cytoplasm. There are two different types of ER. In some places, the ER has tiny
bodies known as ribosomes attached to it, when this occurs we call it rough ER. When
the ER has no ribosomes attached, it is called smooth ER.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body, as it is sometimes called) is a series of sacs
that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges. The proteins and lipids of the cell
processed and “packaged” in the Golgi apparatus. In order to “send” these proteins and
lipids to the correct “addresses”, the outside-edge sacs frequently bulge and break away
and form drop-like sacs that are called secretory vesicles. In the diagram you can see
some of these vesicles as they have broken away from the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosome
The lysosome comes from the Golgi apparatus. The lysosome is also called a
drop-like sac full of enzymes that move about in the cytoplasm. The enzymes contained
in the lysosome are used by the cell digestion. They break down particles of food taken

in and make the end products available for use by the cell.

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Mitochrondria
The word mitochrondria is the plural form of the organelle mitochrondrion. This
organelle is commonly known as the “powerhouse of the cell” because it is the place
where energy is stored and released. The energy released by mitochrondria is used to
form ATP.
Centriole
The centriole is a cylinder-like organelle that occurs in pairs and its main
function is cell division
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm (or cytosol as it is sometimes called) is a gel-like substance that is
contained by the plasma membrane.

Inside the cytoplasm are tiny microscopic

organelles (literally called “little organs”) which carry out specific function of the cell
(much like the different organs in our bodies that carry out specific duties, like the
stomach, the heart, or the lung).
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is an organelle that provides the structure for a cell. Just like
our bodies have a skeleton made of bone material to provide us with support and form,
the cell has the same type of this system. The cytoskeleton is made of microtubules,
microfilaments and intermediate filaments – all composed of proteins

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2. Pronounciation
organism

nitrogen

polysaccharide

prokaryote

sulfur

glycocalyx

eukaryote

phosphorus

microorganism

nucleus

nutrient

spores

nuclei

deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)

disinfectant

organelle
bacterium
bacteria
protozoa
fungus
fungi

chromosome.
flagellum

Plasma membrane
Microscope
mitosis

flagella
Morphology
coccoid

chromatin
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

coccus

Lysosome

cytoplasm

cocci

cytoplasmic

bacillus

membrane

bacilli

ribosomes

spirillum

inclusions

spirilla.

Centriole

nucleoid

Cytoskeleton

osmotic

lipopolysaccharide
(LPS).

lysis

Fimbriae

Microfilament

permeability

Pilus

Intermediate

protein

Pili

filaments

ribonucleic acid

Pathogenic

synthesis

Capsules

Digestion
Mitochrondrion
Mitochrondria

carbon

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Microtubules


3. Exercise
2.1 Match these 2 columns with the correct characteristics
1. cytoplasm
2. cytoskeleton
3. mitochrondria
4. lysosome
5. Golgi body
6. ribosome
7. microfilament

A. components of cytoskeleton
B. provide a cell with support and form
C. powerhouse of a cell
D. involved in protein synthesis
E. Flat sacs processing protein and lipid
F. a gel-like substance in a cell
G. containing enzyme used for cell’s
digestion

2.2 Join 2 sentences into a complex sentence
a. The nucleolus is a dense organelle within the nucleus. In this place, organelles
called ribosomes are formed before leaving the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

b. The Golgi apparatus is a series of sacs. These sacs appear to be flattened and
curled at the edges.

c. The lysosome is also called a drop-like sac full of enzymes. These sacs move
about in the cytoplasm.

d. The cytoplasm (or cytosol as it is sometimes called) is a gel-like substance. This
substance is contained by the plasma membrane.

e. Inside the cytoplasm are tiny microscopic organelles. These organelles carry out
specific function of the cell

f. Mitochondria are organelles. The energy-generating functions of the cell occur
within these organelles

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2.3 Reading and answer the questions
Reading 1
The term "virus" is derived from the Latin word for poison or slime. It was
originally applied to the noxious stench emanating from swamps that was thought to
cause a variety of diseases in the centuries before microbes were discovered and
specifically linked to illness. But it was not until almost the end of the nineteenth
century that a true virus was proven to be the cause of a disease.
The nature of viruses made them impossible to detect for many years even
after bacteria had been discovered and studied. Not only are viruses too small to be seen
with a light microscope but they also cannot be detected through their biological activity
except as it occurs in conjunction with other organisms. In fact, viruses show no traces
of biological activity by themselves. Unlike bacteria, they are not living agents in the

strictest sense. Viruses are very simple pieces of organic material composed only of
nucleic acid either DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein made up of simple
structural units (some viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.) They are parasites
requiring human, animal, or plant cells to live. The virus replicates by attaching to a cell
and injecting its nucleic acid. Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA that contains the
virus' genetic information takes over the cell's biological machinery and the cell begins to
manufacture viral proteins rather than its own.
1. Which of the following is the best title
for the passage?
(A) New Developments in Viral
Research
(B) Exploring the Causes of Disease
(C) DNA of virus
(D) Understanding Viruses

4. The word “nature" is closest in
meaning to which of the following?
(A) Self - sufficiency
(B) Shapes
(C) Characteristics
(D) Speed

2. Before microbes were discovered it
was believed that some diseases were
caused by
(A) germ - carrying insects
(B) Certain strains of bacteria
(C) Foul odors released from swamps
(D) Slimy creatures living near swamps

5. The author implies that bacteria were
investigated earlier than viruses because
(A) Bacteria are easier to detect
(B) Bacteria are harder to eradicate
(C) Viruses are extremely poisonous
(D) Viruses are found only in hot
climates

3. The word "proven" is closest meaning
to which of the following.
(A) Shown
(B) Feared
(C) Imagined
(D) Considered

6. All of the following may be
components of a virus EXCEPT
(A) RNA
(B) Plant cells
(C) Carbohydrates
(D) A coat of protein

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Reading 2
Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in
inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth
of a millimeter (a pinhead is about a millimeter across). Rod shaped bacteria are usually
from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter.

Thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the
size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile
(1.6 kilometers) tall. Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see
bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as
tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains,
one can see that some bacteria have wavy - looking "hairs" called flagella attached to
them . Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria though
the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power while
others can glide along over surfaces by some little understood mechanism.
From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what
it is to humans. To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so
small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them.
Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the
water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way
and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules
around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones even bacteria without flagella are
thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.
(A) Tiny dots
(B) Small "hairs"
(C) Large rods
(D) Detailed structures

7. Which of the following is the main
topic of the passage?
(A) The characteristics of bacteria
(B) How bacteria reproduce
(C) The various functions of bacteria
(D) How bacteria contribute to disease

11. The relationship between a bacterium

and its flagella is most nearly analogous
to which of the following?
(A) A rider jumping on a horse's back
(B) A ball being hit by a bat
(C) A boat powered by a motor
(D) A door closed by a gust of wind

8. Bacteria are measured in
(A) Inches
(B) Centimeters
(C) Microns
(D) Millimeters

12. In line 14, the author compares water
to molasses, in order to introduce which
of the following topics?
(A) The bacterial content of different
liquids
(B) What happens when bacteria are
added to molasses
(C) The molecular structures of
different chemicals
(D) How difficult it is for bacteria to
move through water

9. Which of the following is the
smallest?
(A) A pinhead
(B) A rounded bacterium
(C) A microscope

(D) A rod - shaped bacterium
10. According to the passage, someone
who examines bacteria using only a
microscope that magnifies 100 times
would see
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Reading 3
Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other
single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly
classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality, they are very different
from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal
reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot
synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the
breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the
walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another
complex sugar-like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer
skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made.
The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and
those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing
hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls
of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulosedestroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp,
cotton, flax, or other plant material.
The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of
structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one
of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal
attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at + 50OC, while others
can grow at -5C, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On
the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus

enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a
number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In
addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical
medicine, including penicillin.
(C) New methods of species
identification have been introduced
(D) Theories about the chemical
composition of fungi have been revised.

13. What does paragraph 1 mainly
discuss?
(A) Differences between simply and
complex fungi
(B) Functions of chlorophyll in plants
(C) Functions of sugar in the walls of
fungal cells
(D) Differences between fungi and
plants

15. The word "principal" is closest in
meaning to
(A) True
(B) Main
(C) Logical
(D) Obvious

14. Which of the following is mentioned
as a major change in how scientists
approach the study of fungi?
(A) Fungi are no longer classified as

plants
(B) Some single-cell organisms are no
longer classified as fungi.

16. According to the passage, how do
fungi obtain carbohydrates?
(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their
own cell walls.
(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to
produce carbohydrates.

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(C) They produce carbohydrates by
breaking down chitin.
(D) They acquire carbohydrates from
other organic matter, both living and
dead.

(B) They secrete enzymes.
(C) They synthesize cellulose.
(D) They destroy crops.
21. The word "Entire" in line 19 is closest
in meaning to
(A) certain
(B) Whole
(C) Mature
(D) Diseased

17. The passage mentions shrimps,
spiders, and insects in line 9 because
their skeletons
(A) Can be destroyed by fungi
(B) Have unusual chemical
compositions
(C) Contain a material found in the
walls of fungal cells
(D) Secrete the same enzymes as the
walls of fungal cells do

22. The passage describes the negative
effects of fungi on all the following
EXCEPT
(A) Buildings
(B) Animals
(C) Food
(D) Soil

18. Which of the following terms is
defined in the passage?
(A) "Chlorophyll" (line 5)
(B) "Polymer" (line 8)
(C) "Hyphae" (line 11)
(D) "Enzymes" (line 13)

23. The phrase "bring about" in line 19 is
closest in meaning to
(A) Cause
(B) Join

(C) Take
(D) Include

19. The word "those" in line 12 refers to
(A) Tips
(B) Hyphae
(C) Enzymes
(D) Walls

24. The passage mentions "penicillin" in
line 22 as an example of
(A) A medicine derived from plants
(B) A beneficial use of fungi
(C) A product of the relationship
between plants and fungi
(D) A type of fungi that grows at
extreme temperatures.

20. Fungi have all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
(A) They grow hyphae.

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