Phác qua tình hình nghiên cứu phong trào Duy Tân ở Việt Nam

PHAC QUA TINH HINH NGHIEN COt
PHONG TRAO DUY TAN 6 VIET NAM
N G U Y £ N V A N KHANH*

TRirONG BICH HANH"
au the ky XX, cudc van ddng Duy
tan, khdi phat tQ dat Quang Nam
va lan rdng ra ca nUdc, da danh
dau sU ddi mdi trong tU duy cQu nUdc cua
cac nha yeu nUdc Viet Nam, ddng thdi md
dau cho mdt thdi ky mdi trong lich sQ dau
tranh chd'ng Phap cua nhan dan ta. 100
nam qua, da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien
cQu d trong cung nhU ngoai nUdc ve phong
trao Duy tan. Thdi gian gan day, phong
trao nay cang dUdc quan tam vi nhieu van
de ma phong trao Duy tan dat ra van cd y
nghia thdi dai ddi vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi ciia
dat nUdc ta hien nay. Bai viet nay cd' ging
khai q u i t nhQng net ndi bat n h i t trong
tinh hinh va ket qua nghien cQu phong
trao Duy tan d Viet Nam tQ trUdc den nay.

Nha in Tan Viet cho ra m i t bd Viet Nam
chi Sl, lan lUdt gidi thieu tieu sQ va thd v&n
cua mdt so' nha yeu nUdc tieu bieu nhU
Phan Dinh Phung (tac gia Dao Trinh
Nhat), Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh,
Huynh Thuc Khang (cung tac gia The
Nguyen). Ben canh phan chinh vfin, trong
cac cdng trinh nay cd phan phu gidi thieu

ve mdt sd' sU kien, nhan vat lien quan den
phong trao yeu nUdc d i u the ky XX nhU
T r i n Ddng Phong, Chau ThUdng VSn...
Mac du khdng cd ddng gdp nhieu ve mSt
hgc thuat, nhUng cac tac pham nay cung da
cung cip dUdc mdt s d t u lieu cd gia tri tham
khao. NhQng cdng trinh nghien cQu cd tinh
ban lam ve phong trao Duy tan chi xuit
hien tQ sau nSm 1954.

NhQng nSm 20-30 ciia the ky XX, da cd
mdt so' cdng trinh trUc tiep hoSc gian tiep
de cap den phong trao Duy tan, trUdc het la
trUdc tac cua cic chi si lanh dao phong trio
nhu Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang
(1)... Nam 1937, t i c gia Dao Trinh N h i t
cho ra m i t cud'n Dong Kinh nghia thuc do
Nha in Mai Linh i n hanh. MSc du cdn han
che nhieu ve tU lieu nhUng day cd the coi la
cdng trinh sdm nha't gidi thieu ve Ddng
Kinh nghia thuc. Tiep dd, vao nam 1950,

Tai mien Bic, trong dieu kien mdi dUdc
giai phdng, viec nghien cQu lich sii chdng
ngoai xam, trong dd cd phong trao Duy tan
rat dUdc coi trgng. Khi de cap den tinh chat
cua phong trao Duy tan, nhieu y kien cho
r i n g phong trao Duy tan mang tinh chit tU
san va chiu anh hudng cua tU tudng tU san
va do cac si phu tU san hda lanh dao. Ung

hg va di theo quan diem nay la mdt loat bai
viet dUdc cdng bdvao giQa nhQng nam 1950
tren Tap san Van-Sd-Dia (sau nay ddi
thanh Tap chi Nghien cdu lich sd), nhU
Nhiing cuoc van dgng Dong Du vd Dong

D

•PGS. TS. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN
" Khoa Lich sii, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV


10
Kinh nghia thuc, Duy tdn Id phong trdo tU
sdn hay tieu tU sdn ciia. Tran Huy Lieu
(Tap san Van Sd Dia, 1955, sd' 11; Gop y
kien vdo vdn de: Tinh chdt cdch mang Viet
Nam qua cdc cuoc van dgng Duy Tdn/Dong
Du, Dong Kinh nghia thuc ciia Van T i m
(Tap san Vdn Su! Dia, 1956, sd 15); Tinh
chdt vd giai cdp lanh dgo hai phong trdo
Dong Kinh nghia thuc vd Dong Du ciia
Nguyin Binh Minh {Van Sd Dia, 1957, sd'
33, tr. 19-39; sd34). Nhin chung, nhQng bai
viet dd thd'ng nhat xac dinh phong trao
mang tinh chat tU san (dan tdc dan chu)
nhUng chUa triet de.
Rieng ddi vdi Phan Chau Trinh y kien
danh gia cdn cd nhQng diem khdng thd'ng
nhat. TrUdc day, nhieu nha nghien cQu cho

r i n g Phan Chau Trinh yeu nUdc tren lap
trUdng tu san, thien ve cai lUdng. Mat
khac, do anh hudng ciia quan niem bao lUc
each mang, coi dau tranh each mang chi la
d i u tranh vu trang, nen da khdng nhan
thQc het nhQng ddng gdp va cd'ng hien ciia
Phan Chau Trinh. Do dd, ve cd ban, dUdng
Idl bao ddng ciia Phan Bdi Chau dUdc danh
gia cao hdn dudng Idl "cai lUdng" cua Phan
Chau Trinh. Tham chi, cd ngudi cdn cho
Phan Chau Trinh la sd Phap, sd vu khi tdi
tan nen da lUa chgn con dUdng "cai lUdng".
Cd the do phUdng phap nhan thQc, cdng
vdi sU thieu thd'n ve tu lieu trong dieu kien
dat nUdc dang chien tranh da khien cho sd'
lUdng cac cdng trinh nghien cQu ve phong
trao Duy tan d Trung Ky va Nam Ky xuat
hien khdng nhieu. NgUdc lai, gidi sii hgc
mien Bic lai r i t quan tam den Ddng Kinh
nghia thuc vdi tU each mdt trung tam cai
each d Bic Ky. TQ nhQng nam 60 the ky
XX, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd da md cudc
thao luan ve Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, thu
hut sU tham gia cua ddng dao cac nha
nghien cQu. Trong khi Dang Viet Thanh
cho r i n g "Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc la mdt
cudc each mang van hda dau tien d nUdc ta"

Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 9.2007
(2) thi cd y kien khic lai coi Ddng Kinh

nghia thuc "chi la mdt cudc d i u tranh tU
tudng theo hudng tU san" (3). Dac biet, cudc
tranh luan xung quanh v i n de danh gia vi
tri ciia Ddng Kinh nghia thuc trong mdi
quan he giQa hai xu hUdng bao ddng va cai
each trong phong trao giai phdng dan tdc
Viet Nam dau the ky XX diin ra het sQc soi
ndi. Neu Nguyen Anh trong luan vSn dang
tren Nghien cdu Lich su! sd' 32, nam 1961
cho r i n g "Hoat dgng cua Ddng Kinh nghia
thuc n i m trong pham vi anh hudng cua xu
hudng cai lUdng lUu hanh trong each mang
Viet Nam dau the ky XX ma Phan Chau
Trinh la ngudi tieu bieu" (4) thi Nguyin
Van Kiem lai cd y kien hoan toan trai
ngUdc. Ong k h i n g dinh: "Ddng Kinh nghia
thtic la mdt bg phan cua cudc each mang
dan tdc dan chu do Phan Bdi Chau dQng
dau, trong sy chi dao trUc tiep cua Phan
Bdi Chau" (5). Tran Minh ThU (but danh
cua GS. Hd Song), tren tinh than "Cdgang
tien tdi thdng nhdt nhdn dinh ve Ddng
Kinh nghia thuc" da chu trUdng mdt each
dung hda khi cho r i n g Ddng Kinh nghia
thuc la "mdt phong t r i o boat dgng chu yeu
tren mat trSn van hda tU tudng, chiu anh
hudng cua ca hai xu hUdng bao ddng va cai
lUdng, nhUng anh hudng cua xu hudng bao
ddng cd phan dam net hdn" (6). Tuy chUa di
den mgt nhan dinh thd'ng nhit, song cac

nha s^ hgc mien Bic tQ nhieu gdc do nhin
nhan khac nhau da gdp phan nang cao mdt
budc nhan thyc ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc
va phong t r i o Duy tan.
Trong khi gidi sii hgc mien Bic dac biet
quan tam nghien cQu ve tinh chat, vi tri
cua phong t r i o Duy tan, thi cac tic gia
mien Nam lai tap trung tim hieu ndi dung,
dien bien cua phong trio. TrUdc het, phai
ke den viec Anh Minh xuat ban mgt sd
trUdc t i c cua Huynh Thuc Khang - mgt
lanh tu cua phong trao Duy Tan (7). Thyc
ra, Anh Minh (Ngd Thanh Nhin) xui't ban


Phac qua Hnh hinh nghien curu...
cac trudc tac cua Huynh Thuc Khang cung
nhu cua Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh
khdng chi vi hgc thuat ma cdn phuc vu muc
dich chinh tri. Tuy nhien, khdng the phu
nhan cac trUdc tac nay da giiip ich rat
nhieu cho gidi nghien cQu mien Nam. La
mdt tac gia dUdc danh gia "la nha sQ gia
cua phong trao Duy tan" (8) vdi "tri nhd
tuyet hao", "nhan xet sau xa, niem tin vQng
manh va diin ta b i n g giong van tram
hung" (9), Huynh Thuc Khang trong
nghien cQu cua minh da cung cap mgt sd'tu
lieu dang tin cay. Cung dUdi ngdi but ciia
dng, mgt so' sU kien, nhan vat cua thdi ky

lich sQ nay nhU dUdc hdi sinh, linh ddng
khac thudng.
Ben canh cac trUdc tac cua Huynh Thiic
Khing, t i e pham cua mdt sd' chi si Duy tan
khac cung dUdc xuat ban rai rac d mien
Nam (10), qua dd cung cap mdt so' sii lieu
giup ich cho viec nghien cQu. Nhin chung,
gidi hgc gia mien Nam kha quan tam den
phong trao Duy tan. Tren cac tap chi d
mien Nam trUdc nSm 1975, xuat hien mgt
so' bai viet, de cap den nhieu khia canh
khac nhau cua phong trao Duy tan: tQ
nhan vat den thd van, tii Dang cd tiing bdo
d mien Bic den A^dn^ cd min dam vdi
phong trao Duy tan mien Nam... (11). Tuy
nhien, da phan trong dd chi la nhQng
nghien cQu cdn sd lUdc, chUa cd nhQng phat
hien, danh gia s i u ve mSt khoa hgc. Nhin
chung, trong cac nghien cQu ve phong trao
Duy tan d mien Nam giai doan 1954-1975,
ding chu y nhat v i n la cic cdng trinh cua
ciia cac t i c gia Nguyin Hien Le, Nguyen
v a n Xuan va Sdn Nam.
Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc do Nguyin Hien
Le bien soan, dUdc xuat ban d Sai Gdn nSm
1956. Den nam 1974, cdng trinh nay da
dUdc tai ban l i n thQ ba (12). Dieu dd chQng
td syc h i p d i n ciia cdng trinh. Tuy nhien,
day cung chi la tap sach n h i m gidi thieu sy
kien, sii li?u chQ chUa phai la mdt khao cyu

11
s i u sic, nhu chinh t i c gia cua nd thQa
nhan: "Cud'n sich nhd ddc gia dang dgc day
khdng phai la mgt cud'n sii, nd chi chya
dyng nhQng tai lieu ve sii thdi..." (13).
Sdn Nam la tac gia cua Phong trdo Duy
tdn d Bac Trung Nam do Nha xuat ban
Ddng Phd an hanh nam 1975 va Mien Nam
ddu the ky XX - Thien Dia Hgi vd cuoc
Minh Tdn in tai Nha xuit ban La Bdi nSm
1971. Ca hai cdng trinh nay da dUdc Nxb
Tre, Tp. Hd Chi Minh tai ban nam 2003.
Trong hai t i e pham nay, Sdn Nam da gidi
thieu nhQng net cd ban ve phong trao Duy
tan tren pham vi ca nUdc, nha't la da cung
cap cho chung ta kha nhieu thdng tin gii
tri ve phong trao Duy tan d mien Nam
(thudng dUdc ggi la cudc Minh Tan).
Cdng trinh nghien cQu tieu bieu va ndi
bat n h i t ve phong trio Duy tan d mien
Nam trUdc nam 1975 l i cudn sach cung ten
cua Nguyin VSn Xuan. Vao thdi diem xuat
ban lan dau nam 1969, cud'n sach dUdc coi
la cdng trinh dau tien nghien cQu kha day
du ve phong trao Duy tan, tQ ngUdi lanh
dao, td chQc, dien bien, cung nhU nhan
dinh, danh gia. Nguyen Van Xuan nhan
thay "phong trao Duy tan cd p h i n yeu kdm
ve chinh tri neu so vdi nhQng td chQc chinh

tri Idn lao, cd lanh dao chat che, cd sach
lUdc vQng vang cd kinh nghiem tranh diu
sau nay, nhUng chUa td chQc nao hdn nd ve
dai van dgng Tan van hda, t i n sinh hoat,
p h i t trien toan dien giao due, cdng, ndng
thUdng" (14), nhUng ddng thdi dng cung chi
ra nhQng han che cua phong trio: Cac lanh
tu cua phong trio chi hieu ve dan quyen
mgt each thd sd nhUng lai qua tin vao dan
quyen, Phan Chau Trinh l i n Idn dan quyen
vdi ngUdi Phap, ao tudng cd the: y Phap cau
tien bg de den khi sang Phap vd mong, td
chQc, ky luat ndi bd yeu k6m (15). Ve
phUdng phap, ben canh khai thac tdi da
ngudn tu lieu, tic gia da di dien da va
phdng vin dUdc nhieu nhan chyng nhU dng


12

cQ LUdng Trgng Hdi, dng Cii Hd Ngai, dng
Le Am (con re Phan Chau Trinh), dng Vd
Hoan (mdt than si d Quang Nam), dng
Nguyen XUdng Thai (nguyen quan ly Bao
Tieng Ddn). Nhd viy, cdng trinh nay la mdt
trong khdng nhieu nghien cQu d mien Nam
dUdc danh gia cao ve mat hgc thuat va sii
lieu. Tat nhien, cud'n sach cung cd mdt vai
khuyet diem. Ban than t i c gia cung k h i n g
dinh, dng viet cdng trinh nay trong tinh

trang rat thieu thd'n ve mat tU lieu. Cac tai
lieu dien da du cd ich den d i u cung khdng
the thay the hoan toan cic ngudn sQ lieu
chinh thQc. Ong da danh mdt phan rieng
de khao ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc vdi tU
cich la mdt bd phan thd'ng nhat cua phong
trao Duy tan ca nUdc nhUng lai khdng he
de cap den phong t r i o Duy t i n d mien
Nam. Mat khac, Nguyen Van Xuan viet
phong trdo Duy tdn vdi tam hdn ndng nhiet
cua mdt nha van, khien phong trao Duy
tan mang day mau sic, thi vi nhUng cung
vi the ma ddi khi, mdt vai nhan dinh trong
cud'n sach cdn mang tinh chu quan.
Sau nam 1975, dat nUdc hoan toan
thd'ng nha't, nen sQ hgc hai mien cd dieu
kien xich lai g i n nhau, bd sung cho nhau.
Trong cac khao cQu cd lien quan den phong
trao Duy tan, d i n g chu y la cudn Dong
Kinh Nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch
van hoa ddu the' ky XX cua ChUdng T h i u
nam 1982 - cdng trinh dUdc xem la tdng
hdp nhat ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc cho den
nay. Ben canh viec phac hga nhQng ndt
chung n h i t ve tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te,
xa hdi Viet Nam dau the ky XX, t i c gia da
dyng lai mgt bQc chan dung kha chi tiet ve
Ddng Kinh nghia thuc tren ca ba mat boat
ddng: van hda giao due, xa hdi va kinh te,
ddng thdi dUa ra dUdc nhQng danh gia ve vi

tri cua Ddng Kinh nghia thuc trong phong
trao giai phdng dan tgc Viet Nam. So vdi
cac nghien cQu trUdc dd ve de tai nay, cdng
trinh cua ChUdng T h i u da vUdt len d mgt
mQc do nhat dinh ve tai ligu va danh gia.

Rghien curu L|ch sit. s6 9.2007
nhan dinh. Tuy nhien, quan diem cua
ChUdng Thau ve vi tri cua Ddng Kinh
nghia thuc cung khdng khac may so vdi
Tran Minh ThU khi cho ring: Ddng Kinh
nghia thuc "vln dQng lai d mQc do cua mdt
phong trao duy tan cai cich cd xu hudng
thien ve phong trao cai cich cua Phan Bdi
Chau, mdt phong trao tien bd nha't d nUdc
ta dau the ky XX" (16). De lam s i n g td van
de nay, t i c gia Nguyen Van K h i n h da gdi y
mdt hudng tiep can mdi: tren cd sd danh gia
s i u sic va chat che cac dieu kien nhQng
dieu kien ben trong va ben ngoai, can phan
tich s i u hdn nhQng dieu kien chu quan va
khach quan cua cac xu hudng yeu nUdc d
Viet Nam dau the ky XX, n h i m giai thich
t h i u dio hien tUdng phan hda trong phong
trao each mang thdi ky nay (17).
TQ khi dat nUdc budc vao thdi ky Doi
mdi, nghien cQu lich sQ ndi chung, nghien
cyu phong trao Duy tan ndi rieng da cd
nhQng bUdc tien manh me. Mdt trong
nhQng bUdc tien rd ret nha't trong nghien

cQu phong trao Duy tan thdi gian gan day
chinh la cdng t i c tap hdp va cdng bd tU
lieu. Nam 1990, bg sach Phan Boi Chdu
todn tap ra ddi va nhanh chdng trd thanh
"cam nang cho nhQng ngUdi nghien cQu
Phan Bdi Chiu. Mudi lam nam sau sau,
vao nam 2005, Nha x u i t ban Da Ning da
cdng bd' toan bd khdi lUdng "di cao" dd so
cua Phan Chau Trinh qua 3 tap sach Phan
Chdu Trinh todn tap. Cd the ndi day l i mgt
cdng trinh diy du nha't ve cac trUdc tic cua
Phan C h i u Trinh nhan ky niem 80 nam
ngay mat cua nha chi si (24-3-2006). Bd sich
cdn sUu tap cac bai viet, cac y kien cua
nhQng nha each mang, nhQng nha nghien
cQu trong va ngoai nUdc viet ve Phan Chiu
Trinh, nhu "nhQng ldi binh" ve thd van va tU
tudng, sU nghiep cua Cu. Ngoii ra, mgt sd
trUde tic cua Huynh Thuc Khing, nhQng
nghien cQu cd gia tri xui't ban d mien Nam
trUdc nam 1975 ciia Sdn Nam, Nguyen Q.
Thing, Nguyin Van Xuan Ian lUdt dUdc tai


Phac qua Hnh hinh nghien curu...
ban (18), cung mdt so' cdng trinh mdi ra
m i t nhu Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhdng tU
lieu mdi, Nxb Da Ning, 2003 cua Le Thi
Kinh va Vdn thd Dong Kinh Nghia thuc,
Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, 1997, da cung cap

them nhieu tai lieu tham khao cho nhQng
ai quan tam den phong trao Duy tan.
Mdt trong nhQng hudng nghien cQu
dUdc quan tam nQa trong thdi gian gin day
la di sau tim hieu phong trao Duy tan qua
nhQng nhan vat, dia phUdng cu the, tieu
bieu nhu ChUdng Thau vdi Dong Kinh
nghia thuc vd phong trdo Nghia thuc d cdc
dia phuang, Nghien cdu Lich sir, 1997, sd 4
(293), Hai Nggc Thai Nhan Hda vdi Tdng
Bgt Ho - tinh thdn yeu nUdc gdn lien vdi tU
tudng canh tdn, XUa vd Nay, sd'48B, t h i n g
2, 1998; Ly Tung Hieu vdi Luang Vdn Can
vd phong trdo Duy tdn, Dong Du, Nxb. Van
hda Sai Gdn, Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 2005.
Quang Nam la que hUdng cua phong trao
Duy tan vdi nhieu nhan vat xuat sic. Dieu
dd ly giai tai sao cd nhieu cdng trinh gidi
thieu ve phong trao Duy tan tren dat
Quang Nam (19). Tat ca nhQng cdng trinh
dd, d nhQng mQc do khac nhau, dem lai cho
chung ta cai nhin diy dii, toan dien, sdng
dgng va chan thUc hdn ve mdt trong nhQng
phong t r i o yeu nUdc Idn nhat dau the ky
XX d Viet Nam.
Thanh cdng trong nghien cQu phong
t r i o Duy tan nhQng nam gin day khdng
chi n i m d sdlUdng cdng trinh dUdc cdng bd,
ma cdn d trong nhan thQc ve tam vdc, vi tri
va y nghia cua nd ddi vdi phong trao giai

phdng dan tgc dau the ky XX va vdi ca thyc
tiin ddi sd'ng dat nUdc hdm nay.
Thay ddi trong nhan thyc ve phong trio
Duy t i n trUdc het n i m 0 thay ddi trong
each danh gia ve Phan Chau Trinh. Theo
quan niem phd bien trUdc day thi cai lUdng
la tieu cue, phai dau tranh chdng lai den
cung. Ngay nay, d giac do tien bg xa hdi,
tren cd sd nghien cQu ky yeu cau cu the ciia

13
xa hdi Viet Nam luc bay gid, gidi nghien
cyu ngay cang nhan rd hdn tam tU duy cua
dng, ty mgt ldi tU duy truyen thdng, bao
thu chuyen sang tU duy mdi hUdng ra ben
ngoai, tiep can nhQng gia tri mdi me cua
van minh phUdng Tiy, phu hdp vdi xu the
van ddng va hdi nhap cua the gidi. Diy
cung la y kien chung cua nhieu nha sQ hgc
trong cudc Hgi thao ky niem 80 nSm ngay
m i t Phan Chiu Trinh diin ra vao thing 32006 tai Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh. GS Dinh
Xuan Lam da nhan xdt: "Xu hUdng chinh
tri va nhQng boat ddng cua Phan Chau
Trinh da cd t i e dung tich cQc den phong
trao each mang thdi dd, do chd yeu cau dan
chii, k b i t vgng nhan quyen Cu de xUdng l i
phu hdp vdi thdi dai, phu hdp vdi bUdc tien
ciia each mang Viet Nam dang chuyen tQ
pham tru cu - phong kien sang pham tru
mdi - cd tinh chit tU san. Dudi anh hudng

ciia xu hudng chinh tri va nhQng hoat ddng
sdi ndi ciia Cu, mdt cudc van ddng cai each
dan chil rdng Idn da dUdc phat dgng tai
mien Trung va nhanh chdng lan rgng ra ca
nUdc, tan cdng kha quye't liet vao he tU
tudng phong kie'n, thUc hien cai each phong
tuc, day manh phat trien cdng thUdng
nghiep... Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi nQa, Phan
Chau Trinh la ngudi d i u tien cd tU tudng
dan chu d Viet Nam. Vdi tU cich dd, Cu
that xQng dang chiem mdt vi tri cao trong
lich sii dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc cua
nhan dan ta".
Tren cd sd nhin nhan lai mdt each khach
quan hdn nhQng ddng gdp ciia Phan Chau
Trinh, mdt so' nha nghien cQu gin day da
di tim va ly giai sdi day lien he giQa phong
trio Duy t i n va sU nghiep ddi mdi cua d i t
nUdc ta hien nay. Nam 1997, nhan ky ni$m
90 nam Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, trong bai
viet "Gop them vdo sU ddnh gid Dong Kinh
Nghia thuc", t i c gia Hd Song thdng qua tim
hieu Vdn minh tdn hoc sdch vk Quoc ddn
dgc bdn cho ring: trong suy nghi ciia cac
nha lanh dao Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc da


14
"phac thao mdt ly luan ve sU phat trien, tuy
chUa that hoan hao, song cung khdng k6m

phan sau sic, cap nhat; va cho den nay v l n
cdn tinh thdi sU ndng hdi". "NhQng i p u, hy
vgng va mdi chi thUc hien dUdc mdt p h i n
r i t nhd b6 dd, thi nay dang dUdc Dang va
Nha nUdc ta tich eye thyc hien trong cdng
cudc xay dUng dat nUdc" (20). Nam 2005,
Hai Nggc Thii Nhan Hda cho ra m i t cud'n
Xu hudng canh tdn, Phong trdo Duy tdn,
Su nghiep ddi mdi (Tii gida the'ky XIX den
cuoi the ky XX), trong dd cd nhQng tim tdi
dang tran trgng. Di theo hudng nay, nha
lich sii kinh te Dang Phong lai cd' ging so
sanh nhQng diem gid'ng va khac giQa phong
trao Duy tan va sU nghiep ddi mdi va di
den ket luin: Tuy thdi gian dien ra xa
nhau, hoan canh, con ngudi, ddi tUdng khac
nhau va ket qua cung khac nhau nhUng ca
hai phong trao deu lya chgn cii mdi, cii
tien bg nhU giai phap cd ban cua phat
trien. Ca hai deu cd ndi dung cd ban la
khic phuc nhQng dinh kien va le thdi cu,
ke ca nhQng cai tQng dUdc ngd nhan la
khudn vang, thUdc nggc mdt thdi. Ca hai
deu cd chung nhQng khudn vang, thUdc
nggc mudn thud la: dan giau, nUdc manh,
cdng bing, hQu ai, van minh. "On cd' nhi tri
tan", cd the xem day la mdt hudng di mdi
trong nghien cQu phong trao Duy tan.

Phong trao Duy tan la mdt trong nhQng

sU kien quan trgng nhat ciia lich sii Viet
Nam dau the ky XX. Tai Viet Nam, phong
trio Duy t i n dUdc nhieu the he hgc gia
quan tam dUdi nhieu gdc do: van hgc, sii
hgc, triet hgc, van hda...
Rieng tren phUdng dien sQ hgc, qua mdt
the ky, nghien cyu phong trao Duy tan d
Viet Nam da dat dUdc mgt so' thanh tUu
dang ghi nhan: Cac trUdc t i c cua cac chi si
Duy tan cung cic tai lieu cd lien quan dUdc
sUu tam va gidi thieu rgng rai, cung cap
cho cac n h i nghien cyu nhQng tU lieu can

Rghien curu Lich si3r, sg 9.2007
thiet. Cung vdi thdi gian, hieu biet ve
phong t r i o Duy tan ngay mdt sau sic hdn
ve dien bien, ndi dung va dac diem ciia
phong trao d ca ba mien; diem tUdng ddng
va di biet giQa phong t r i o Duy t i n d cic dia
phUdng; so phan, h i n h trang cua mdt sd
nhan vat cu the... da dUdc lam sing td
them. Ve cd ban cho den nay, gidi sii hgc
cung da thd'ng nha't vdi nhau khi nhin
nhan tinh chat va lUc lUdng lanh dao phong
trio. Ddng thdi, nhQng han che trong nhan
thQc va danh gii ve phong trao Duy tan
cung nhu ve Phan Chau Trinh cung din
dUdc k h i c phuc. Tuy nhien, cho den nay
v l n cdn mdt sd' van de chUa thUc sU thdng
nhat, trong dd cd van de quan he giQa

phong trao Duy tan va phong trao Ddng Du
ndi chung va quan he giQa hai nha lanh tu
dai dien cho hai phong trao ndi rieng.
Nhu ta da biet, Phan Bdi Chau v i Phan
Chu Trinh la hai nha yeu nUdc ddng vai trd
khdi xUdng va d i n dao hai khuynh hUdng
tieu bieu nhat trong phong trao giai phdng
d i n tdc Viet Nam dau the ky XX. Mac du
khdng t i n thanh dUdng Idl cQu nUdc cua
nhau, nhUng Phan Bdi Chau va Phan Chu
Trinh khdng he d i u tranh, bai trQ nhau
ma v l n hdp t i e trong mQc do n h i t dinh.
Tren thUc te, Phan Chau Trinh tuy cUc lyc
phan ddi dUdng ldi bao ddng va ciu ngoai
vien song lai chu trUdng bdi dUdng nhan tai
n h i m cha'n hUng dan tri va dan khi, phat
trien dat nUdc. NgUdc lai, Phan Bdi Chau
mac du chu trUdng dudng Idl bao dgng
nhUng v l n hudng den tU tudng cdng hda va
nen dan chu tU san. Thdng qua phong trao
Ddng Du, dng da chQng td la mgt nha duy
tan tien phong va triet de. Hy vgng ring,
trong khdng khi cua cdng cudc ddi mdi ca
ve kinh te, tU tudng va hgc t h u i t hdm nay,
nhQng ban che va dinh kien trong nhin
thQc ve hai phong t r i o dan toe cung chiu
anh hudng cua tU tudng tU san vdi hai
n h i n vat dai dien la Phan Bdi Chau va
Phan Chau Trinh se dUde k h i c phuc, tQ dd

P h a c qua Hnh hinh nghien ciru...
cd cai n h i n d u n g d i n va k h i c h q u a n hdn ve
vai trd vi t r i c u a h a i k h u y n h hUdng bao
dgng va cai each t r o n g p h o n g t r a o yeu nUdc
Viet N a m d i u t h e ky XX.
Ben c a n h p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n , Ddng
K i n h n g h i a t h u c c u n g la mdt de t a i ludn
d a n h dUdc sU q u a n t a m cua cac n h a n g h i e n
cQu t r o n g n h i e u t h a p ky q u a . T r o n g k h i
mdt so' n h a sQ hgc coi Ddng K i n h n g h i a
t h u c va p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n la h a i p h o n g
t r i o r i e n g biet t h i mdt sd' k h a c lai cho r i n g
dd chi la "mdt p h o n g t r a o dUdc ap d u n g t a i
hai diem" (21). Ve cd b a n , ndi d u n g h o a t
dgng cua Ddng K i n h n g h i a t h u c k h a g i n
vdi p h o n g t r a o D u y t a n d T r u n g Ky. Cd t h e
coi Ddng K i n h n g h i a t h u c la p h o n g t r a o
Duy t a n d B i c Ky n h u each ggi cua N g u y e n
V a n X u a n . V i n de d a t r a la Ddng Kinh

CHU

15
nghia t h u c chiu a n h h u d n g cua P h a n C h a u
T r i n h h a y P h a n Bdi C h i u ? Day cung la chu
de ciia cudc t r a n h l u a n d i i n r a tQ nhQng
nSm 60 t h e ky XX den n a y cQng chUa cd hdi
ket. Mgt k e t l u a n thd'ng n h i t tQ gidi sQ hgc
v l n cdn d p h i a trUdc.

Cudc v a n ddng Duy t a n dien r a tuy n g i n
n g u i va k e t cue t h a t bai, song n h i e u v i n de
ma nd d a t r a nhU d a n chu, d a n quyen, cai
each giao due, c h i n hUng thUc nghiep...
v l n cd y nghia thdi sy t r o n g cdng cudc ddi
mdi cua d a t nUdc h i e n nay. N h i n lai phong
t r i o Duy t a n , k h d n g chi n h i m tiep tuc
k h a m p h i , n h a n thQc d u n g d i n va day du
hdn nhQng v i n de thudc ve qua khQ, ma
cdn de due r u t nhQng bai hgc lich sQ va tim
r a ldi giai cho nhQng v i n de cua d i t nUdc
hdm nay.

THICH

(3). To Trung, Phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia
(1). Mgt so cong trinh xufi't ban tru6c nfim
thuc
- mot cudc cdi cdch xd hoi ddu tien (trao doi y
1954: Bdi dien thuyet dgo diic, ludn ly Dong Tdy
vd doan litac sCt cu Phan Chdu Trinh, S. Nhfi in kie'n vdi dng Dang Viet Thanh), Tap chf Nghien
Xiia Nay, 1926; Phan Chau Trinh, Lich sH quoc cUu Lich si, 1961, tr. 53-55.
gia huyet le, Thinh Quang, 1926; Ngo Diic Ke,
(4). Nguyin Anh, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc cd
Phan Tdy Hd di thao, Thinh Quang, 1926; Tap phdi cudc vdn ddng cdch mang vdn hda ddn tdc
diin van cita dng Huynh Thuc Khdng, Chan khdng? Tap chi Nghien cUu Lich sit, 1961, so 32,
phUdng a'n quan, 1926; Sii Binh Tii (Huj^nh Thiic
tr. 38-46.
Khang), Thi van vdi thdi da\, Nhfi in Tieng Dan,
(5). Nguyen Vfin Kifm, Tim hieu xu hiidng vd

Hue, 1937; Thi van cdc nhd chi sl Viet Nam cua
Huynh Thuc Khdng, Dan Thanh, Hue, 1937; Dfio thiic chd't cda Ddng Kinh nghia thuc. Tap chf
Trinh Nhfi't, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc, Nhfi in Mai Nghien ciiu Lich siC, 1964, so 66, tr. 39-45.
Linh, Hfi Noi, 1937; Minh Vien Huynh Thiic
(6). Tran Minh ThU, Co gang tien tdi th&ng
Khang, Biic thii trd ldi chung, Nhfi in Tieng dan, nhdt nhdn dinh ve Ddng Kinh nghia thuc. Tap chf
1945; Duong Bd Trac - Tieu siC vd thii van, Dong Nghien cihi Lich su", 1965, so 81, tr. 31-37.
Tay, 1945; The' Nguyen, Huynh ThUc Khdng, S.
(7). Huynh ThUc Khdng tU truyen, Anh Minh
Tfin Vift, 1950; The Nguyen, Phan Chdu Trinh
dich vfi xufi't ban. Hue, 1963; Biic thU bi mdt gid
(1872-1926), S. Tan Vi?t, 1950.
Ky ngoai hdu Ciidng De, Anh Minh xufi't ban, HuS',
(2). Dfing Vi?t Thanh, Phong trdo Ddng Kinh
1967. Hai cuon sach nfiy dU(?c nhfi xufi't ban Vfin
nghia thuc • cuoc cdch mang vdn hda ddn tdc ddn h6a Thong tin in lai nfim 2000 vdi tiJa de Huynh
chu ddu tien a nUdc ta. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich
Thuc Khdng nien pho: Huynh ThUc Khdng tii
Si?, 1961, so 25, tr. 14-24.
truyen vd Thdgiti Ky Ngoai hdu CUdng De.


16

Rghien ciiru Lich stir, sg 9.2007

(8). Nguyen Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy tdn,
Nxb. La Boi, Sai Gon, 1970, Nxb, Da Nfing in lai,
1995, tr. 9.
(9). Nguyin Vfin Xuan, sdd, tr. 10.

(10). Thai Bach, Tha vdn quoc cam thdi Phdp
thudc, Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1968; Nguyin Thieu
Dung, Vdn hoc thdi Duy Tdn, Bach Khoa, so' 389390, Sfii Gon, 1973; Nguyin Vfin TUcIng vfi Pham
Lieu, Ddng Diiang chinh tri ludn: Mdt di thao chiia
dUdc cdng bd'cua Phan Chdu Trinh, Bach Khoa, so
406, Sai Gon, 1974...

(16). ChUdng Thau, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc vd
phong trdo cdi cdch van hda Viet Nam ddu the ky
XX, Nxb. Ha Noi, Hfi Noi, 1982, tr. 91.
(17). Nguyin Van Khanh, Doc sdch "Ddng Kinh
Nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch vdn hda ddu the
ky XX, Tap chf Nghien cUu Lich sH, so 5 (283),
1983, tr. 82-85.

(18). Huynh ThUc Khdng nien phd: Huynh
Thdc Khdng tii truyen vd Tha giti Ky Ngoai hdu
Ciidng De, Anh Minh dich, Nxb. Vfin h6a Thong tin.
Ha Noi, 2000; Nguyen Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy
tan, Nxb. Da Nfing vfi Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc
(11). Co the ke ra day mot so bfii viet tieu bieu;
hoc, 2000; Nguyin Quyet Thfing, Huynh Thuc
Thai Bach, Thd van quoc cdm thdi Phdp thudc,
Khdng • Con ngitdi vd tha vdn (1876-1947), Nxb.
Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1968; Vu Dfic Bang, Dai hoc tii
Vfin hoc, Hfi Noi, 2001; Nguyin Hie'n Le, Ddng Kinh
lap ddu tien d Viet Nam hien dai, Tu tiidng, Sfii
Nghia thuc, Nxb. Vfin hoa Thong tin, Hfi Noi, 2002;
Gon, so 1-2/1975; Pham Long Dien, Vai trd cua
Sdn Nam, Phong trdo Duy tdn d Bac Trung Nam;

Ndng CO mim dam trong phong trdo Duy tdn miin
Mien Nam ddu the ky XX - Thien Dia Hdi vd cudc
Nam, Bach Khoa, so 425, Sfii Gon, 1975; Lam
Minh Tdn, Nxb Tre, Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 2003.
Giang, Trdn Quy Cdp vd tii trdo cdch mang ddn
quyen ddu the ky XX, Dong A xufi't ban, Sfii Gon,
(19). Trdn Quy Cdp - Nhd chi sl Duy tdn Viet
1970; Phan Khoang, Nhiing ngitdi Viet Nam cd
Nam ddu the ky XX, Nxb. Dfi NSng, 1995; Phan
tinh thdn cdi cdch Duy tdn khi niidc nha mdi tiep
Thtic Duyen trong phong trdo Duy tdn Viet Nam,
xuc vdi vdn minh Tdy phuang. Bach Khoa, so 71, Nxb. Vfin h6a, 1996; Phan Chdu Trinh - nhd chi sl
thang 12-1959. Thieu Sdn, Mot thieu sdt quan yeu nitdc, nhd canh tdn ddu the ky XX, UBND thi
trong: Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc trong vdn hoc sic Viet xfi Tam Kj>, Quang Nam, 2002; 100 ndm trUdng
Nam, Pho thong, so 86, thang 8-1962...
Tdn hoc Phil Ldm vd nhd thiic hdnh Duy tdn xudt
(12). Nguyin Hie'n Le, Ddng Kinh Nghia thuc,
Tac gia xufi't ban tai Sfii Gon nfim 1956, Nxb. La
Boi, Sfii Gon xufi't ban lin thit hai nfim 1968, lin
thii 3 nfim 1974.
(13). Nguyen Hien Le, sdd, tr. 13.
(14). Nguyin Vfin Xuan, Phong trdo Duy tan,
Nxb. Dfi Ning vfi Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc hoc,
2000, tr. 301.
(15). Nguyen Vfin Xuan, sdd, tr. 299.

sdc: Le Ca (Ky yeu hdi thao), Sd Vfin hoa Thong tin
Quang Nam, 2006; Qudng Nam trong hdnh trinh
md cdi vd giii; nitdc, Nxb. Tong hcjp Thfinh pho Ho
Chf Minh, 2005 cua Nguyen Q. Thfing...

(20). Gdp them vdo sU ddnh gid Ddng Kinh
Nghia thuc. Tap chf Nghien cihi Lich sit, so 44
(293), 1997, tr. 1.
(21). Nguyin Q. Thfing, Qudng Nam trong hdnh
trinh md cdi vd giQ nudc - nhin tit gdc dp vdn hda,
Nxb. Tdng h?lp Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tr. 304.