Đối chiếu sự hiện diện và không hiện diện của giới từ Tiến Hán với giới từ Tiếng Việt

S62(244)-2016

N G 6 N N G f & Ddi S 6 N G

77

gjgQALNGir VOl BAN NGUl

DOI CHIEU SV HIEN DIEN VA K H 6 N G HIEN DIEN
CUA Gldfl T f TIENG HAN V6l GI61 TU" TIENG VIET
A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF COVERT
ON THE PREPOSITION OF CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE
LY YftN CHAU (LI YANZHOU)
(ThS-NCS; D»i hpc KHXH & NV, DHQG H i Npi)
(ThS-NCS; Dji hpc KHKT Quang T4y, Trung Qudc)
Abstract: In this essay, we will discuss the covert on the preposition of Chinese and
Vietnamese from the three aspects theory: syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and find out their
own similarities and differences in the mechanism of covert on the two languages. The
results of research: the rules of covert on the preposition of Chinese and Vietnamese affected
by the following factors: grammar, semantics ofthe sentence, "The Principle of Economy",
and the gerue of writing (documents, law,...), the genre of literature (poetry, prose) and the
dialogues background, etc,...
Key words; contrastive study of covert; preposition; Chinese; Vietnamese.
1. M& ddu
(3) a » y l * R » f f i a 4 ' t t * t t ^ « . Trong bdi ndy, chung t6i khdo sdt, phdn • a y A R * f f i S l + W * < i ¥ ^ . (4'l^AR
tich s\r hien dipn vd khong hien di^n cua gidi
tCr tiong cau tidng Han va tieng Vi^t theo ba »«HKi*aM)
binh dipn: kit hpc, nghta hpc va dyng hpc.
(4)iiai®@*4, smm-xn^'n
ViSc gi6i tit hiln dien hay khong trong cdu
chiu anh hudng cua hang lo^t cdc nhan to nhu:

6 cdc vi dy tien, gidi ttt ft (d), »t (ddi vdi)
ngii phdp, ngii nghia cua cau, "nguyen 11 tilt
kipm ngon ngQ", vd vdn ban (vdn kien, phdp trong edu 1, cau 2 khi dttng d ddu cau thi cd
ludt,...), thd tai vdn hpc (vdn, tha) vd hodn canh thi khdng hipn dien md khdng dnh hudng din
ddi thoai, v.v.
y nghia cua cdu; khi gidi ttt S (khi), SR?,
(theo) dung d gitta cdu 3, cau 4 thi chung
2. Bdi chieu cv the
fliudng phdi hi$n dipn, nlu khdng se dnh
2.1. Xdt tir binh difn ci phdp
Vi tri cii phdp cda doan ngtt gidi tCr (gidi hudng ddn cau tnic va ^ nghia cila cda
Gidi ttt tidng Vipt:
ngtt) c6 dnh hudng ldn doi vdi s\r hipn dipn vd
khdng hien d i ^ ciia gidi ttt. Thdng thuong,
(5) vi vifc rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt
nhttng gidi tir trong gidi ngtt dirng d ddu cdu ngng. —• Vi^c rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt
de luiyc bd, cdn gidi tu trong gidi ngii dimg d ndng. (Budc dudng cung)
gifla cdu hodc piia chii ngtt va vi ngtt thi khd
(6) Trone trudng hfip thgt cdn thiit vt li do
lupc bd dupc. Vidu:
qudc phong, an ninh vd vi lgi ich quoc gia,
Gidi tir tilng Han:
Nhd nude tnmg mua hogc trung dyng cd boi
(1) ^x\iU' Sffl"SSia"3ft'ret"?^;d-"iX thudng Idi sdn ciia cd nhdn hoic Id chic theo
^ i i l _ 4^8. tffl"^B)|"*««"?^7^"S thdi gid Ihi trudng. - • Trudng h(?p thit cdn
^iSl. (W4>:^*)
thiit vi // do qudc phdng, an ninh vd vi lgi ich
(2) M ^ ^ * ' ^ss^fflffi'J^•l:.-. -* ft quoc gia, Nhd nude trttng mua hodc tntng
dung cd boi thudng tdi sdn cita cd nhdn hoifc

78

NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG

td chuc theo thdi gid thi trudng. (Hidn phdp
VietNam)
(7) Chi Ddu chimg cung rdt rudi vi su
phdm dn ctia con —> * Chi Ddu chimg cUng
rdt ruOl s^phdm dn cua con. (Tdt den)
(8) Thing be hdu ddi nudt vdi miing khoai
trong mi$ng.~*
*Thing
be hdu ddi
nuot vdi mieng khoai mieng. (Tdt ddn)
Trong cac vi du tren, gidi ttt 'Vl", "trong"
trong cdu 5, cdu 6 khi diing d ddu cdu thi cd
thd khdng hi$n di$n md khdng dnh hudng ddn
^ nghia cila cau, nhung khi gidi ttt 'Vd",
"trong" diing d gifla cau cau 7, cau 8 thi
thudng phdi hi^n dien, ndu khdng se dnh
hudng den cau tnic vd -y nghia cua cau.
Ben canh dd, syr hi^n difin vd khdng hi$n
di$n cua gidi ttt cd lien quan ddn mttc dp phlic
tap v l cdu tliic cila cau. Cy thd, dOng ttt chinh
trong cdu khi mang theo thanh phdn cd lifin
quan cdng nhieu, cdu tnic cau cang phttc t ^ ,
thi c ^ g phdi ddi hdi sy hi$n d i ^ cda gidi ttt
dl ldm noi bdt tinh chdt ciia cdc thdnh phfin dd,
vd ldm rS quan h$ cdu tnic gitta dpng ttt chinh

vdi cdc thdnh phdn cd hdn quan. Vi dy:

(9)as-*"ai«sigft"i?.
(10) «^5f*1!e3C-*"jffiltiggft"
H.) (ft, tji: gidi ttt chi dia dilm)
) g S - * " j a i * i g i g S " 1 5 . ( * T , dd/vi:
gidi ttt chi myc dich)
(12) ; * & 7 W f t « l « S i g t t ,
9.m\%^

iSM-m^mr-* "mmmmm-^a. (^,
cho: gidi ttt chi ddi tupng)

i a f e " 1 i . ( I f S , theo: gidi ttt chi Cdn cft)
Trong cdc thi dy tifin, cdu (14) la phftc tap
nhdt, cy Uil Id dd stt dyng 4 gidi ttt: " ^ 7
"(diM), "ffiS"(cdn ctt), "ft"(tai), "^"(cho),
dd bilu fl4 myc dich, can cft, dia dilm vd ddi
tudng; nlu lupc bd nhflng gidi ttt tren, cau ndy
sS trd nen khd hilu h o ^ khdng hilu dupc.
2.2. Xdt tir binh difn ngir nghid

s d 2 (244)-2016

Thft nhdt, nhflng gidi ttt chl ddi tuprng, dli
ra vai tham td (participant role) thudng khdng
thd lupc bd; ndu lugrc bd chiing thi dnh hudng
ddn y nghia hojc ctt phdp cua cdu. Vi dy:
(14):t5fe4. a f i B « » « W . ( a « i ) - . ' J

(15) ttsaôiiiaôô*, 0Mn-mm
(16) msm-R^mknsm. mằ) -ãam
(17) Toi da ndi vdi cu Nghi Qui d thdn Doai.
(Fit den) —> *Toi dd noi cy Nghi Qui d thdn Doai
(IS) Sao u lgi di chj ay ngd d ben ay? (Til din)
—> * Sao u lgi chi ay ngu dbSniy?
(K)si ngudi chit vt hin cting khd nhiiu. (Si{
£>d) —>* So ngudi chit hin cimg khd nhiiu.
Thu hai, nhttng gidi ttt chi flidi gian, gidi
ttt chi noi chdn, gidi ttt chi phuong di$n vi
gidi ttt chi ph^m vi, trong mdt sd trudng hpp
cd fill khdng hipn di$n md khdng dnh hudng
den y nghia vd oil phdp ctia cdu. Vi dy:
- Gidi tir chi thdi gian;

(20) m-sss*a*s?w*4, M'^m
(21) Khong biit trong luc dau Sm, lgi bf hdnh
hg nhu thi, anh dy co thi sing dugc den mai hay
khdng. (Fit den) —» Khdng biet luc dau 6m, lgi b}
hdnh hg nhu Ihi, anh dy c6 the sdng dufrc den mfli
hay khdng.
-Gidi ttt chl noi chon:

(22) BPffigaE#^jis±, iija^sAtfflR
aW;d«ffl*#*l»l.
(23) Khdng dupc cutriid nhimg nai da bi cim
cu tru; chap hdnh nghiem chinh cam kit cua minli
Irong viec tudn thti phc^ ludt. (Ludt thi hanh dn
MnhsifnudcCHXHCNVN) -^ Khdng dugc at tri
nhiing nai da bi cam cu trd; ch^ hdnh n^iem

chinh cam kit cua minh Irong vi^c ludn thuj^
lugt.
Gidi ttt chl phuong di$n:

(24) ^fwmi^i.^. nen^mifi. m
ii»7. (i*t>^*) - f^#w4T, mim


Mle4^2016

N G 6 N N G C & Bcn S 6 N G

79

(30). VM cdi sdc khde mgnh, vdi cdi tinh
_l.^}J^^ """ '^'^ngi' f™ ^>do chiec changndt,
'd'chlDdudntSnhdichdngyitinhlmhIrongnhd
nhanh nhdu, vdi cdi dire chiu thuang chiu Uto
tit^ghdmquadingid.
(Tat den) -*Mdi mu Cuu trong nghi c^ thuS cudc mudn, nhOng ndm
ngqi tgm vao chiec chong not, rii chi Dgu on tin son rdi, vft chdng nhd anh cOng v&t Uim dirftc
hoi chdng linh hinh trang nhd lit sdng hdm qua din ftoadn(Tdtden).
get.
Gidi ttt 'Vdi" trong vi dy tien cd flil chi
-Gidi ttt chi pham vi:
hipn dipn 1 ldn, cung khdng dnh hudng ddn
(26) ^ S t t A * , « 1 f e ^ f f i « ' J \ -> & S A
ngtt nghia va cdu.
Thtt hai, mdt s6 dodn ngft (hai am tidt ho|c
(27) T^dch rihiem cua ca quan, td chdc, cd

nhdn c6 lien quan trong Ihi hdnh dn hinh su, bien nhieu dm tidt) chi cdng cy, phuang fliftc,
nguyfin
nhan, flidi gian, Ufin ddi, flieo ngtt cdnh
phdp lu phdp. (Lugl Ihi hdnh dn hinh sir nu&c
CHXHCNVN) —. Trdch nhi?m cua ca quan, td hojc nguyen U tidt kipm thi chttng cung khdng
chiic, cd nhdn cd lien qucm Ihi hdnh dn hinh sv. cdn gidi ttt ndi h i a Vi du:
Khdng cd gidi
bi?n ph^ tuphdp.
cd gidi ttt
2.3. Xit tir hinh difn ngit dttng
Chi
Chet do
Chel vi ddi Chit
Andre Martinet (1960) dng xudt phdt ttt
nguyen
Chil benh
yibenh
chftc ndng giao tidp cua ngdn ngtt da dua ra
nhan
Nguyfin li tilt kipm (The Principle of
Chi cdng Phdt dien hgt Phdt di^ I
Economy) ctta ngdn ngtt [Dan tiieo 5].Sy
cy
nhdn
hgt nhdn
khdng hi^n dipn cua gidi ttt phtt hpp nguyfin
(phuong
Dich mieng
Dich
i

litifitkipm ctta ngdn ngu. Trong giao tiep, cd
fliiic)
mifng
ngudi ndi va ngudi nhdn ddu hi vpng tim
Chi ttidi CUQC Ihi giOa Cudc thi d_giila
dupc mpt each dan gidn va dat dupc hipu qud
gian
h
^J^ ki
cao nhat trong qua trinh giao tidp. Vi du:
Chi lien Vgn chuyen Vi vgn chuySn
(28) A: Cgu sang Viet Nam bdng cdch
ddi
hdnghda
\ hdnghoa
ndo?
3. Ketlu^n
B: Ta di tdu hda (Td dibing Idu hda).
Cd the ndi, sy hipn dipn va khdng hi$n dipn
Vi dy trfin Id mOt doan ddi flioai fliuemg cua gidi ttt tidng Hdn va tidng Vi$t chiu anh
dilng trong cudc sdng giao tidp hang ngdy: hudng tft nhilu phuang difin khdc nhau. Vi flid,
gidi ttt chi cdng cu "Aa«g" cd thi khdng hi^n can cdn ctt vao ngtt cdnh d l xem xdt chftng.
T A I L i f u THAM KHAO
dien (hlnh thdi Zero) nhung ciing khong dnh
.hudng ddn giao tifip.
1. Nguyen Diic Dan (2005), NhOng gidi lit
Ndu trong bai vdn cd ngtt cdnh, mpt gidi khdng gian: str chuyin nghia vd in dvi. Tap chi
til cd thd chi phdi (Governing) cttng Ittc Ngdn ngtt, Sd (9),ti-.42-50.
nhilu ddi tupng, didu nay ciing phu hpp vdi
2. Ldm Quang Ddng (2005), Vi sir hifn

nguyen li tidt kipm. Vi dy:
difn/khdng hifn difn cda giai lu "cho" trong
cdu chia vi Ut cd ^ nghia cho/ldng, Tjp chi
(29) Anh ta ludn ludn trung thdnh vdi sif
nghiep cdch mgng, quan chung nhdn ddn. Id Ngdn ngtt, sd (12), ti-.26-33.
j l / d ' c v r * ' . (Khau ngtt)
^
Gidi ttt "vdi" d cdu trfin cd thd chi phoi 3
cym danh ttt: "sy nghipp each mpig", "qudn
chung nhan dan" vd "td qudc vi dai".
Ddi khi, do s\f ddi hdi cua ngO cdnh, phdi
cd mdt hi|u qud ngin gpn va fliong nhat, cdu
rdt can sy hi^n di$n cua gidi ttt, vi dy:

3. ^Mt (1996), xis^fi-mmi/i-isimm.

4. nn^m (2001), g;am'Ksmmm

5. mmm am),

^T/^g^^ffaMm