Tính hệ thống và quy mô của Vân Đồn, nhận thức về vai trò và vị thế của một thương cảng

TINH HE THONG VA QUY MO CUA VAN DON
NHAN THUfC VE VAI TRO VA VI THE CUA MOT THlATNG GANG

NGUYfiN VAN KIM'

1. Truyen t h o n g va vi the cua mot vung
thiidng cang
Tren lanh tho' ciia To' qud'c ta, cl hai khu
vUc Dong Bae va Tay Nam cd hai vinh bie'n
gifil vi the Dia - kinh te, Dia - chie'n liidc het
sflc quan trong. Ne'u nhu vinh Bae Bg sdm
cd nhieu moi quan he gan bd mat thie't vdi
diin tie'n lich sit, van hda, kinh te cua cac
quoc gia khu vUc Dong Bie A thi viing Bie'n
Tay, con goi la vinh Thai Lan hay vinh Xiem
(Siam Gulf), tii nhflng the ky dfiu sau Cong
nguyen, da cd moi lien he rpng Idn vdi cac
quoc gia Dong Nam A va Tay Nam A. Trong
lich sil, vung Bien Tay vdi eo bien Kra chay
xuyen qua ban dao Ma Lai {Malay
Peninsula), da la mach nguon giao thUdng
chinh yeu giiia nhieu vUdng quoc Dong Nam
A vdi An Do va Nam A. Vdi tU each la mot
The che hien, hinh thanh cl viing chau tho
song Cilu Long, sU phat trien ciia Phu Nam
(the ky II - VII) khong the tach rdi vdi tuyen
giao thudng giCla hai bd dai dUdng nay (1).
Tii khoang the ky V-VI trd di, vi nhieu
nguyen nhan, cac eo bien Malacca, Sunda
da dan thay the vai tro ciia Kra, trcl thanh
cac tuyen giao luu huyet mach, no! ket An

Do Dudng vdi Dai Tay Dudng, giiia Dong
Nam A vdi cac the gidi An Do va Tay A... De

roi, nhu lich sil da cho tha'y, tii trong truyen
thdng xa hoi, van hoa va gan vdi qua trinh
hinh thanh, phat trien ciia cac qud'c gia
Dong Nam A, cac nudc trong khu vUc deu da
chiu anh hudng manh me dong thdi tiep
nhSn nhieu gia tri van hoa, chinh tri, kinh
tetU cac nen van minh Idn nay (2).
Vdi dien tich 126.250 km^ (36.000 hai ly
vuong) Vinh Bae Bo la mot trong nhiing
vinh Idn ciia Dong Nam A va the gidi. Vinh
diidc bao boc bcli bd bien ciia hai nUdc Viet
Nam, Trung Quoc va cd khong gian md rdng
dan ve phia Nam, hudng ra Bien Dong.
Trong dd, vung bd bien Dong Bic Viet Nam
gom 10 tinh, thanh pho'vdi chieu dai 763km.
Vdi Trung Quoc, vinh giap vdi viing bien ciia
ba tinh Quang Tay, Quang Dong va Hai
Nam. Day la cac tinh cd truyen thd'ng hai
thudng va tit rat sdm da cd nhieu moi lien he
mat thie't vdi Viet Nam va cac quoc gia Dong
Nam A.
Khu vUc Vinh Bae Bg, mot bg phan quan
trgng cua Bie'n Dong, vdi tiem nang kinh te
va moi trUdng van hoa phong phii, da sdm
hinh thanh nen nen van hoa bien Ha Long
noi tie'ng. "Nhiing da'u van hda Ha Long
khong chi tim tha'y tren toan bg khu vuc

mien Bae Viet Nam hien nay ma cdn tha'y ca

• PGS.TS. Truang Dai hoc KHXH&NV- Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi


Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg S.2009
6 mien Trung, mien Nam, va xa hdn the
naa, 5 ca Nam Trung Quoc, Dong Nam a luc
dia va Dong Nam A hai dao" (3). Nen van
hoa dd, trong qua trinh hinh thanh, phat
trien thong qua cac tuyen giao thUdng va
chuoi dao, da cd nhieu mdi giao lUu mat
thie't va tUdng doi rgng Idn vdi ca khu vUc
Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A. Trong khi van
hoa Ha Long sdm cd lien he sau sic, manh
me vdi trung tam van hoa Hoa Nam thi mgt
so' dac trUng ciia nen van hoa nay nhu loai
cong cu da lUdi xoe ciing da dUdc tim tha'y c(
Philippines, Thai Lan... Ben canh dd, nhiing
hat chuoi nho, det hinh dia che tac tit v6
nhuyin the ciing dUdc phat hien nhieu d
Philippines. "Tat ca nhiing phat hien dd chu
nhan van hoa Ha Long khong chi cd moi
quan he van hoa trong pham vi Viet Nam,
Nam Trung Quoc gan ke, ma hg cdn cd
nhiing moi .quan he vUdt dai dUdng tdi ca
nhiing vung dao xa xdi d Ddng Nam A" (4).
De'n thdi van hoa Ddng Sdn va cac giai
doan lich sit tie'p theo, tie'p nhan truyen
thd'ng eiia mgt nen Vdn hoa bien nang dgng,

d i thich nghi va bie'n ddi, mgt bg phan cU
dan Viet cd' v&n tie'p tuc duy tri va phat trien
moi quan he mat thie't vdi vimg Dong Nam
Trung Qud'c nhUng m5 rgng d i n quan he vdi
Hai Nam, Dai Loan, quan dao Ryukyu (Luu
Cau), nay la tinh Okinawa va viing Kyushu
(Nhat Ban), Trieu Tien cimg cac nen van
hoa bie'n khac cl Ddng A (5). Su phan bd'
trd'ng dong va cac cong cu dong thau tren
mgt pham vi rgng Idn ci Ddng Nam A cho
tha'y sU lan toa va site so'ng manh me ciia
nen van hoa nay.
Khong chi truyen ba den cac qud'c gia
Dong Nam A ban dao (ma nhieu nha nghien
ciiu thiidng ggi va quan niem la Dong Nam
A luc dia), trong Ddng Sdn va cac trd'ng, cdng
cu loai hinh Dong Sdn cdn vUdt bien de'n cac
qud'c gia hai dao. Mat khac, theo quan diem
ciia mgt so' nha nghien ciiu, tit Nam Trung

Hoa va Bic Dong DUdng, nhQng chii nhan
ciia van hoa Dong Sdn da truyen ba van hoa
Ilia nUdc, trd'ng dong, tuc xam minh, cl nha
san len phia Bic, den khu vUc vSn hoa Ddng
Bic A (6). Ddng chay van hoa tii phUdng
Nam da hoa trgn, ngUng ket va gdp phan
tao nen sic thai dac thii ciia van hoa Nhat
Ban cd' dai (7). Theo nha khao cd' hoc ngUdi
My Wilhemlm G.Solheim thi til khoang
10.000 nam trUdc Cong nguyen, ngUdi Ddng

Nam A dii diing thuyen viidt bie'n de'n Dai
Loan va Nhat Ban, mang de'n Nhat Ban
nghe trong tare (khoai) va cac gio'ng cay
trong khac (8). Dieu dang chii y la, ngay tit
thdi bay gid, hien tUdng trao dd'i, giao
thudng tren khoang each Idn (long-distance
trade) giiia cac qud'c gia Dong A da xuat
hien. Nhiing giao luu ngi vung, ngoai vi da
dang dd da dem lai sU phong phii, site sd'ng
cho cU dan Viet cd' de roi til dd hinh thanh
nen "dudng vien van hda bien" mang dam
ye'u to' Nam Dao va la mgt trong nhiing coi
nguon ciia van hoa Viet (9). Ndi each khac,
tit trong nguon coi, van hoa Viet da sdm the
hien nhiing dac tinh va ban sic cua cU dan
ban dao. Tie'p nhan, hoi nhap va hdp luyen
dong thdi ca nhQng yeu to' luc dia va dai
dudng. Nhan xet ve dac tinh van hoa dd, OS.
Tran Qud'c Vudng titng cho rang "Ve dia van hda, ban sac van hda Viet la ban sac
ban dao" (10). Theo dd, "Tinh bien hay tinh
Md Lai, ndi rgng ra la tinh dan chai, hoa vdi
tinh Thung lung, hay la tinh Tay - Thai, ndi
rgng ra la tinh dan lam ruqng lua nitdc,
ngay tQ rat sdm (tit buo'i binh minh ciia lich
sii) da ngam dam vao nen van hda sd sii
Dong Sdn va trcl thanh mgt nhan to' hQu cd
cua cd ca'u van hda Viet cd'" (11). Co the
khdng dinh rang, moi trUdng kinh te, van
hod bien khong chi la nhiing nhdn td hc/p
thanh md con gap phdn nudi diidng cdc nen

vdn hod co vd Id dong lite phdt trien ciia vdn
minh Dai Viet.


Tinh he thd'ng va qiry m6..
La cila ngd thdng ra bien cua mien Tay Nam va Ddng - Nam Trung Qud'c, Vinh Bae
Bg ma tam diem la thUdng cang Van Don
cua Dai Viet dUdc coi la tuyen giao thUdng
chinh ye'u, la dia ban chuyen ndi giiia gifla
luc dia vdi dai dUdng. Ve vi the'. Van Don
khong chi n i m h trung diem ciia cac moi
giao lUu Dong - Tay tiic giQa Dong Nam a
ban dao vdi Dong Nam A hai dao ma cdn la
ndi ket tu cua cac moi quan he Bae - Nam
mang y nghia cua mgt trung diem thu phat
van hoa giQa hai khu vUc Ddng Bic A va
Dong Nam A va xa hdn nQa la khu vUc Nam
A va Tay A. Ndi each khac, nhd ed bien Ddng
Nam A ma 'The gidi Trung Hoa" (Chinese
World) mdi cd the giao tie'p thudng xuyen,
mat thiet vdi 'The gidi An Do" (Indian
World). Chinh mgt phan ciing nhd sU giao
tie'p thong qua moi trUdng bien dd ma hai
nen van minh Idn mdi cd the ti'ch hdp, lan
toa va the hien tam vdc cua minh. Den thdi
can hien dai, cung nhd cd vi tri va he thoiig
cang bien Ddng Nam A ma cac tau budn
phudng Tay mdi cd the de'n dUdc vdi khu vUc
Ddng Bae A va md rdng he thd'ng giao
thudng de'n nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi.

Dieu can nha'n manh la, ding sau cac tie'p
giao kinh te dd la ciic ddng chay van hda, gia
tri van minh. La mgt khu vUe phat trien
nang dgng cua Bien Dong, vinh Bic Bg la
mdi trUdng song dong thdi la khdng gian
giao tie'p giQa cac nen van hda trong va
ngoai khu vUc. Do vay, neu nhu coi Bien
Ddng la mgt "Dia Trung Hai thu nhd" (Mini
Mediterranean) cua chau A thi chinh Vinh
Bae Bd, ma cdt ldi la thUdng cang Van Don,
da dam dUdng sii menh chuyen giao, ket noi
dong thdi gdp phan sang tao cac gia tri van
hoa khu vUc (12).
Do gan ke vdi trung tam kinh te', van hoa
mien Nam Trung Hoa, tit nhQng the ky dau
sau Cdng nguyen, thUdng thuyen cua nhieu
qud'c gia chau A da de'n viing Giao Chau de

trao doi hang hoa, budn ban. Trong khoang
thdi gian dd, nhieu nha tu hanh va tin do
Phat giao, Ba La Mon giao... cung da de'n
day tu luyen, truyen ba giao phap (13). Giao
Chau titng la ndi phat trien phon thinh, la
diem den cua cae ddng thien di, diem ditng
chan cua nhieu sQ doan, thudng nhan, nha
truyen giao de'n Dong Nam A, Trung Quoc.
Cho de'n khoang the ky X, tQ trong qua trinh
hinh thanh va vUdn day cua nhieu quo'c gia
cl Ddng Nam A ban dao cung nhu Dong Nam
A hai dao, cac qud'c gia nay deu cd khuynh

hudng mud'n thiet lap va md rgng quan he
vdi Trung Qud'c, An Do. Nhung ca An Do va
Trung Hoa deu la nhQng the gidi rgng Idn
nen nhin chung cac qud'c gia khu vUc chi cd
the tiep can vdi mgt bo phan cua cac de che
dong thdi cac nen van minh dd ma thoi.
Trong y nghia dd, viing Quang Chau, Phiic
Kien (Trung Quo'c) va bien Dong Bae cua
Giao Chau trd thanh diem de'n cua nhieu
thudng thuyen, sit doan cac nUdc (14). Do
vay, day cung la ndi hgi giao cua hai nen
van minh Idn trong The gidi phiidng Bong la
Trung Hoa va An Do.
Vao the ky HI TCN, sau khi chinh phuc
nUdc Nam Viet, nha Tan (221-206 tr.Cn) roi
nha Han (206 tr.Cn-220) day manh chinh
sach khai thac, bde lot cU dan phUdng Nam.
Viec budn ban vdi khu viie Nam Hai (Quang
Dong) da dem lai nhQng nguon Idi to Idn cho
gidi quan chile va thudng nhan Trung Qud'c.
Bo sit cd' Trung Quo'c Tien Hdn thii cho rang
do mien nay "gan be, cd nhieu sUng te giac,
nga voi, doi moi, chau ngoc, bae, dong, hoa
qua, vai, ngUdi Trung Qud'c de'n buon ban
phan nhieu dUdc giiiu cd" (15). De'n thdi
Dong Han (25-220), moi quan he kinh te'vdi
vimg Nam Hai ma chu ye'u la Quang Chau
va Giao Chi da kha phat trien. Thuong
nhan, ca ngUdi Han lan ngUdi Viet thudng
chd Itia gao tQ Giao Chi dem ban cho cac

quan Cuu Chan, Hdp Pho'... Hg cung thUdng


6

qua lai Hdp Phd' de budn chau bau. Den thdi
Dudng (618-907) vung bie'n Giao Chau da
trd nen mgt ndi cd quan he giao thUdng phon
thinh. Tham chi, trong nhan quan cua gidi
chiic Quang Ddng, hoat dgng kinh te cua
viing bien Giao Chau da khien cho vai trd
thudng mai truyen thd'ng cua Quang Chau
bi suy giam nghiem trong (16).
Budc vao ky nguyen dgc lap, vdi tU each
la quoc gia dang len cl Ddng Nam A, vUdng
trieu Ly (1009-1225) da cd y thQc manh me
ve vi the cua viing bien Ddng Bic trong cac
moi quan he khu viic. Nhan thQc ro tiem
nang va nhQng dieu kien phat trie'n thuan
ldi ciia vQng bien dao dia dau cua To' quoc,
tiep nhan va ke thQa nhQng mdi quan he
truyen thd'ng dong thdi de khang dinh chu
quyen va bao ve an ninh kinh te' ddi ngoai,
nam 1149, vua Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 11381175) da cho khai mt) trang Van Don. Sau
khi dUdc t h a n h lap, Vdn Don dd trd thank
thudng cdng quoc te quan trgng nhat cua
quo'c gia Dai Viet. De'n thdi T r i n (12251400), ehinh quyen Thang Long cang cd y
thflc manh me ve vung bien Ddng Bic
trong chie'n ludc bao ve an ninh va ldi ich
kinh te. Vdi viec doi trang thanh tra'n. Van

Don da tr5 t h a n h mgt dac khu kinh te' vdi
mgt he thong cdc ben cdng, khu dinh cU,
thu phu. hdnh chinh, diem kiem soat tau
thuyen, hdng hod, thu thue'vd cdn cd phong
ve. Vao thdi Tran, tren nhieu dao d Van
Don da cd cac khu dinh cU tUdng doi trQ
mat. Vi nhu cau phat trien va cudc so'ng, 5
Van Don cQng da xua't hien rihieu di ti'ch
lich sQ, kien true tdn giao va cac khu khai
thac, che bie'n hai san... Tren thUc te. Van
Don da trcl t h a n h mgt thUc the phat trie'n
tUdng ddi hoan chinh, danh dUdc sU quan
tam dae .biet ciia cac trieu dai tQ Ly de'n
Tran, Le (1428-1788).

Hghien ctjru Lich sit. s6 S.200S
Vdi tu each la thUdng cang chinh ye'u
cua quoc gia Dai Viet va la mgt trong
nhQng thUdng cang quan trgng cila khu
vUc Ddng A, Van Don da duy tri hoat dgng
lien tuc trong sud't 7 the' ky. Vdn Bon Id
mot thitdng cdng Idn, co vai tro kinh te,
chinh tri quan trong dong thdi co qud trinh
phdt trien lien tuc, lau ddi nhat trong lich
sit cdc thUcfng cdng nUdc ta. ThUdng cang
nay, cd sii ket ndi chat che vdi cac ben cang
dao ven bd, cac cang vung cila song, vdi
vung bien viSn Van Ninh, Mong Cai, vdi
dao Idn Cat Ba va cac lang nghe det, gom
sQ cung nhieu nganh, nghe thu cong khac

vung chau thd' Sdng Hong va ca mien Dong
Bic, Tay Bae cua To' qud'c.
Trai qua thdi gian, ciing vdi sU trilclng
thanh cua cac nganh kinh te, xa hgi va van
hoa, sau nhQng t h a n g t r a m va thach thQc
lich sQ, tinh t h a n dan tgc va y thQc bao v$
chil quyen lanh tho', lanh hai cila dan too ta
ciing ngay mgt trcl nen m a n h me, sau sac
hdn. Vinh B i c Bg trd t h a n h dia ban cd vi
tri chie'n \\itic khong chi doi vdi vung Ddng
Bae ma cdn doi vdi viec bao dam an ninh va
chie'n iQdc p h a t trien kinh te cila da't nUdc.
Trong lich sil, vung Dong B i c (ma trgng
tam la hai tinh Quang Ninh, Hai Phong)
ludn la dau mdi p h a t trien kinh te doi
ngoai dong thdi la ndi ddn nhan, chiu tac
dgng thudng xuyen va m a n h me nha't ciia
cac khuynh hudng va trao lUu van hda, cila
cac cudc xam n h a p , xung dot, thach thQc
quan sU, chinh tri cila cac the lUc ben
ngoai.
2. V a n D o n va c a c k h o n g g i a n h a n h
chinh, kinh te
La mgt bg p h a n hdp t h a n h ciia lanh tho
Dai Viet va mac du cd mdi quan he vdi cac
qud'c gia khu vQc tQ ra't sdm nhUng phai
den thdi Ly (1010-1225), cu the la nam
1149, thdi Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 1138-1175)

Tinh he thOng va qirymO...
nha vua mdi chinh thQc khai m3 trang ( j ^ t )
Van Don de ddn thuyen budn cac nUdc Trao
Da, Lg Lac, Xiem La... de'n giao thUdng
dong thdi "de mua ban hang hda quy, dang
tie'n san vat dia phUdng" (18). Ten ggi Van
Don b i t dau xua't hien trong lich sil Vi$t
Nam tQ da'y. Nhu vay, ngay tQ khi thanh
lap, Van Don da la mgt khu vQc hanh
chinh cd pham vi tUdng ddi rgng Idn. Diem
khac bi$t vdi cac ddn vi hanh chinh khac la,
trang Van Don dQdc lap ra tren vung bien
dao, cQ dan chu ye'u khdng lam ndng ma
tap trung vao viec khai thac hai san va tie'n
hanh cac hoat dgng thUdng nghiep. Nguon
ldi va cac hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te
khdng chi da gdp phan khuye'n khich sii
tang trudng kinh te trong nUdc ma edn md
rgng tam kien van va tU duy chinh tri khu
vUc cila Dai Viet.
Den nam 1349, tQc 62 nam sau khi cudc
khang chien lan thQ ba chohg Mong Nguyen cha'm dQt, vua Tran Du Tdng (cq:
1341-1369) da quye't dinh nang tSra hanh
chinh cita Van Don tQ "trang" len thanh
"tra'n" ( ^ ^ ) . Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la, vUdng
trieu nay ngay cang nhan thQc ro hdn ve vi tri
dia dau, chie'n lUdc cua vimg bien dao Ddng
Bae To quoc. Song song vdi quye't dinh dd,
chinh quyen Thing Long ciing da thuc thi mgt
chit trUdng doi ngoai tUdng ddi rgng md vdi

cac qudc gia khu viic. Trong y nghia dd, cimg
vdi trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam
thdng qua vai trd cua cac cang viing Thanh,
Nghe - Tinh, sdm thiet lap mdi quan he vdi
cac qudc gia Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa; Van
Don da trd thanh trung tam kinh te doi ngoai
phia Bae, giQ vai trd quan trgng nha't cua
quoc gia Dai Viet. De'n thdi thuoc Minh
(1407-1427), chinh quyen cai tri da ddi Van
Don tQ "trail" thanh "huyen" ( | ^ ^ ) . Den the
ky XV, sau khi khoi phuc dudc qud'c thd'ng,
VUdng trieu Le (1428-1527) da cho doi vung
cang dao Ddng Bae tQ "huyen" thanh "chau"

(O'H ) va de'n thdi Nguyin thi Van Don lai trS
ve vdi mgt ddn vi hanh chi'nh ca'p huyen cua
mgt qud'c gia tho'ng nha't.
Ve sii bien ddi cua cac ddn vi hanh
chinh, trong phan Dii dia chi cua Lich trieu
hie'n chUcMg loai chi, nha dia ly hge - lich
sQ Phan Huy Chii ghi ro: "Nam Quang
Thuan thQ 7 (1466) Le Thanh Tdng dat ra
12 dao thQa tuyen la: Thanh Hoa, Ngh?
An, Thuan Hoa, Thien TrUdng, Nam Sach,
Quoc Cai, Bic Giang, An Bang, Hung Hoa,
Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn va
phu Trung Dd. Ddi Id lam phu, ddi tra'n lam
chau. Roi sai cac chQc thQa tuyen x6t nui
sdng trong cho minh eai quan, lam thanh
dia do" (19). Nhu vay, den thdi Le sd, trong

chu trQdng chung ve chuyen ddi ddn vi
hanh ehinh, "tra'n Van Don" thdi Tran da
dUdc ddi t h a n h "chau" thuoc thQa tuyen An
Bang. Chau Van Don da dudo mcl rgng ve
quy mo va dia gidi bao gom 10 trang, 1
phUdng (20).
Dua theo sach Thien Nam dii ha trong
Dai Viet dia dU todn bien, Nguyin Van Sieu
cung viet rang: ThQa tuyen An Bang cd mgt
phu la Hai Ddng, cd 3 huyen la Hoanh Bo,
Yen Hong, Chi Phong, cd 4 chau la Tan An,
Van Ninh, Van Don, \'inh An. Cung theo
nha sit hge hg Nguyin thi vao thdi Le, ehau
Van Don thudc thQa tuyen An Bang. Van
Don gom cd 37 dgng. Trong Dai Viet dia dii
todn bien, tac gia cung da d i n sach Thien hg,
quan qudc ldi benh thU p h i n An Nam cUOng
viic bi luc va cho biet rang vao nam Vinh
Lac thQ 5 (1407) nha Minh, Van Don la mgt
trong 8 huyen cua chau Tinh An. Den nSm
1409 nha Minh da dat 12 T u i n kiem ty cl cac
ndi va mot trong so" dd la Ty t u i n kiem Van
Don thudc huyen Van Don (22). Ve dia diem
mil Van Don sach nay viet: "Nui Van Don cl
phia ddng b i c phu Giao Chau, huy$n Van
Don d trong bien Idn. Hai nui ddi nhau, mgt


Rghian cuu Lich sir, sg 9.2009
ddng nudc chay qua d giQa, thuyen budn cac

nudc phien qud'c p h i n nhieu hgp d da'y" (23).
Ra't cd the, md ta tren day la nham de chi
dia diem cac dao Van Sdn - Cai Ban ndi cd
sdng Cd'ng Don, sdng Mang (hay Con Mang)
chay d giQa hai dao ma de'n nay van la luong
nUdc Idn. Dieu chae c h i n la, sdng Mang phai
la hudng di chinh tQ Bie'n Ddng tie'n vao
vung dao va thudng cang. De'n nay, tuy da hi
cat bdi nhung dien mao ciia ddng sdng v i n
cdn ra't ro. Dieu quan trgng la, vet tich cua
)chu cang cd' v i n cdn dQdc minh chQng bdi
mgt dai bd bien va nhieu vung bien day dac
nhQng manh sanh, gd'm sQ Viet Nam, Trung
Qud'c qua cac thdi dai. Chie'n cdng oanh liet
trong viec chan bUdc tie'n cua quan Nguyen
xam ludc cung cudc sd'ng, hoat'ddng hung
thinh mgt thdi cua khu thudng cang v i n
dUdc khac hoa sau sic trong ky Qc truyen
ndi cua bao Idp cU dan dia phudng.
Den thdi Nguyen (1802-1945) Van Don
thudc huyen Hoa Phong, phu Hai Ddng.
Nam Minh Menh thQ 17 (1836) trieu dinh
Hue' lai cat chau Van Don ddi lam to'ng Van
Hai nhap vao huyen Hoa Phong. Nam Thieu
Tri thQ nha't (1841) ddi ggi la huyen Nghieu
Phong va Van Don v i n thuoc huyen ay.
Huyen Nghieu Phong sau lai ddi la Cat Hai
tQc Cat Ba. Trong phan viet ve huyen
Nghieu Phong, sach Dong Khanh dU dia chi
ghi kha eu the: "Dao Van Don d giQa bien,

ngoai cila bien Van Don". Cu the hdn: "CQa
bien Van Don d hai phan xa Quan Lan phia
ngoai cd dao Mai nen cd ten ggi la cita Mai
(Mai hai khau). Phia ben phai cd dao Ngge
Viing, ben trai cd dag Canh Cudc, trong
vung bien cd dao PhUdng Hoang dung sQng
trong nudc, phia ddng dao la cQa bien Van
Don, phia tay bien la cQa bien Trao Lai.
Thuy trieu len sau 1 trUdng 8 thudc; thuy
trieu xudng sau 1 trQdng, rgng 140 trQdng"
(24).

Nhu vay, ve pham vi va dia gidi hanh
chi'nh Van Don cd nhieu sQ thay ddi qua cac
thdi ky lich sil. Van Don, vdi tu each la mgt
ddn vi hanh chinh, da cd nhQng bie'n ddi
theo thdi gian. Do vay, khi nghien cQu ve
Van Don can cd cai nhin lich sit ve pham vi
khdng gian cua khu viic nay. Hdn the nQa,
ve dia danh Van Don, cung c i n phan biet ro
nhQng khai niem nhQ: "Cita bien Van Don",
"Nui Van", "Don Van", "Trang Van Don",
"Trdn Vdn Don", "Chdu Vdn Don", "Huyen
Vdn Don" va "Cdng Vdh Don". Tuy cd nhiing
diem chung nhUng giQa cac dia danh va
trong y nghia cua moi each ggi cd nhieu ham
y khac nhau ve pham vi dia gidi, chQc nang
va tam quan trgng. TQ viec phan tich cac
nguon sQ lieu ket hdp vdi khao sat thiic te ed
the cho rang cac dia danh nhQ "Ciia bien

Van Don", "Cda Ngi" deu ra't g i n vdi CQa
Ddi edn "Nui Vdn" hay "Vdn Scfn" hay "Cu
lao Ldn Loi" chae chan la hdn dao n i m giQa
hai dao Cai Ban va Van Hai, dQdc bao bgc
bdi sdng Con Mang hien nay. "Don Vdn"
nhieu kha nang ddng tren dao Con Quy va
Cua Ndi cung d dd. Do tinh dac thu ciia mgt
ddn vi hanh chinh dUdc thie't lap tren dao,
pham vi cda cac ddn vi h a n h chinh qua tQng
thdi gian ra't khd xac dinh mgt each cu the.
Ben canh dd, viec lam ro trung tam eua cac
ddn vi hanh chinh tQc tri sd cua Van Don
qua eac thdi ky lich sit eung khdng he la
cdng viec d i dang. Mac du cd sQ chuyen
dich, bien ddi qua thdi gian nhUng vung
trung tam, h a t nhan co't loi, mau thit va hon
thieng cua khu thQdng cang Van Don, gin
vdi chil quyen ba't kha xam pham cua qudc
gia Dai Viet v i n la vung bien dao. Trong dd,
khu Cong Ddng - Cd'ng Tay va Cai Lang Quan Lan cd y nghla dac biet quan trong.
Ke thQa quan die'm va nhQng chi bao cua
cac sQ gia, nha dia ly hge lich su trieu dai
trudc dac biet la trieu Nguyin, mgt so' nha
sit hge hien dai da cd nhieu cd' gang de di


Tinh ha thgng va qiry mg..
de'n xac dinh khdng gian va pham vi eu the
ciia Van Don. TQ nam 1936, chuyen gia
Ddng Nam A hge hang dau ciia Nhat Ban

GS. Yamamoto Tasturo cho rang: "Diia theo
cho nhQng ghi chep cua An Nam ggi Van
Don la td'ng Van Hai thi nhan dinh cho rang
trung tam cua huyen Van Don, chau Van
Don cd le d tren dao Van Hai" (25). Theo GS.
sQ hge Tran Qud'c Vudng thi "td'ng Van Hai d
tren mdt hdn dao trong vinh Ha Long, dao
a'y ggi la dao Van Hai hay thudng ggi la Cu
lao Ldn Ldi, d sat phia ngoai Cu lao Cai Ban.
Thdi Duy Tan la'y dao Van Hai cung vdi cac
dao xung quanh lap nen huyen Van Hai"
(26). Cung chung quan diem dd, trong p h i n
ehu giai tac p h i m Dii dia chi cua Nguyin
Trai, GS. Ha Van T i n cung xac dinh: 'Van
Don la mgt hdn dao trong vinh Ha Long, d
phia ddng dao Cai Ban, ggi la dao Van Hai
hay Cu lao Ldn Ldi" (27). Tudng tii nhu vay,
trong cuori Huyen dao Vdn Don, tac gia Do
Van Ninh, ngUdi da nhieu nam gan bo vdi
Van Don cho rang: "NhQng ben thuyen co,
nhQng di vat cd va vd sd' nhQng di tich kien
true da cho phep khang dinh thUdng cang
Van Don vdi mgt he thd'ng ben thuyen ma
trung tam la ben Cai Lang va ben Sdn Hao
ngay nay van edn chQa hang nghin, hang
van hien vat phe thai nem di tQ nhQng Ian
khuan vac len ben xudng thuyen sudi nhQng
the ky Ly - Tran - Le" (28). NhQ vay, tac gia
la ngUdi d i u tien dQa ra quan niem "he
tho'ng" ve thQdng cang Van Don. NhQng he

thd'ng dd, trong cam nhgin cua nha nghien
cQu, chi bao gom cac cang va vung bien
thuge xa Quan Lan va mdt so' ben thuge xa
Minh Chau hien nay. Mac du, cud'n sach neu
tren cung da viet ve nhieu dia danh, vet tich
ben cang hinh thanh tQ cac t h e k y trUdc.
Tren cd sd cac ddt khao sat dQdc thQc
hien lien tuc trong cac nam 1990 va dac biet
la dQa vao ket qua tham sat, khai quat
trong eac nam 2002 - 2003 tai cac xa Thing

Ldi va Minh Chau, Quan Lan... tQ nam 2002
trong bao cao ket qua khao sat, khai quat
khao CO hge va trong cac budi trao ddi, lam
viec vdi lanh dao, cac nha nghien cQu, quan ly
van hoa tinh Quang Ninh chiing tdi da chil
trUdng rang: Trong vdng 7 the ky, thiidng
cdng Vdn Don dd hinh thanh vd phdt trien
vdi tii cdch la mgt he thd'ng cdc ben cdng chit
khong phdi la mgt cdng hay khu vitc cdng
ddn biet. NhQ vay, ngay tQ khi thanh lap,
nhieu kha nang thQdng cang Van Don da la
mgt khdng gian tQdng ddi rdng md. Quan he
giao thQdng, trao ddi vdi cae qud'c gia khu vQc
da dong thdi dien ra d nhieu dia diem khac
nhau.
Thiic te lich sQ cung cho tha'y, qua tQng
thdi ky lich sQ, dac biet la tren phUdng dien
kinh te, hanh chinh d thudng cang Van
Don da ndi len vi tri trung tam cua mdt

khu vUc cang ben nha't dinh. Vi tri trung
tam nay cd sQ chuyen dich qua thdi gian.
Dua tren nhieu cQ lieu ed the k h i n g dinh
rang, khu vQc Cd'ng Ddng - Co'ng Tay la
trung tam quan trgng nha't cua Van Don
thdi ky Ly - Tran. Thdi thuge Minh, nhieu
kha nang trung tam hanh chinh Van Don
v i n ddng d day. Su xua't hien cua dia danh
"Vtxng huyen" d dao Cd'ng Ddng khien cho
chung ta cd the dUa ra gia thuyet dd. De'n
thdi Le sd, cd the b i t d i u tQ thdi Le Thanh
Tong (cq: 1460-1497), trong xu the y thQc
ve vi the dat nudc, chu quyen lanh tho va
bien dao ngay cang manh me, ehinh quyen
Thang Long da hudng manh sQ quan tam
va quan che de'n vung Ddng Bae. Do vay,
trung tam cua thUdng cang bat dau dich
chuyen ve phia Ddng, tie'n xa hdn ra Bien
Ddng, tQc hudng ra phia eac xa Quan Lan,
Minh Chau. Dd chinh la can nguyen d i n
de'n sQ phat trien trdi vUdt cua cac ben ldn
nhQ Cai Lang, Sdn Hao, Con Quy... vao cac
t h e k y XVI-XVIII.


10
Tren cd sd khao cQu cac nguon sQ lieu
ket hdp vdi nghien cQu dia danh, nhQng
hien vat xua't Id tren mat da't, vet tich cua
nhieu cdng trinh kien true tdn giao va ket

qua ciia cac cudc dieu tra, khai quat khao
cd hoc, cd the cho rang tQ thdi Ly - Tran
thudng cang Van Don da dQdc hinh t h a n h
tren mgt vung tQdng ddi rgng ldn (29). Theo
do, de'n thdi Mac (1527-1593) va dac biet la
thdi Le Trung Hung (1583-1788), chiu tac
dgng va hgi nhap vdi sQ phat trien chung
cua he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A, thQdng
cang da khdng ngQng dQdc md rgng ve quy
md vdi mgt he thd'ng cac ben, bai de" hinh
thanh nen cac cum cang, ben ma theo quan
diem Khu vQc hge (Area studies) cd the ggi
dd la cac vung (region) va tieu vung (subregion). Hien nhien, giQa cac vung va tieu
vung ludn cd sii lien ket chat che vdi tU
each la nhQng bg phan hdp thanh cua mgt
he thd'ng chung nhat. Trong he thd'ng dd,
theo quan niem cua chung toi, Vdn Don
khong chi co cdc cdng bien md cdn co sii dii
nhgp cua cdc cdng song, khong chi cd cdc
thiidng nhdn, thuyen budn trong nitdc md
con CO thUdng nhdn, thUdng thuyen quo'c te',
khong chi co quan he ngi vdng md con cd
quan he ngoai vi, khdng chi thiet lap vd
duy tri quan he vdi cdc qudc gia Dong Bde
A md con phdt trien cdc mdi giao lUu vdi
khu viic Dong Nam, Tdy Nam A. Ta't ca cac
hoat dgng dd deu dQdc dat trong sQ dieu
hanh, quan ly chung ciia chinh quyen cac
ca'p. Dieu cd the tha'y dUdc la, hoat ddng
cung nhu nhQng sii bie'n, thUdng vu ldn

dien ra d Van Don deu tac dgng triic tie'p
de'n kinh t h a n h Thang Long. De bao ve
trung tam quan trgng nha't trong cac boat
dgng kinh te' ddi ngoai chinh quyen Thang
Long han cung da cd nhieu no liic de thiet
lap va vQdn t i m kiem soat ra toan bg khu
thQdng cang.

Rghien cmi Lich sit, sg 9.2009
3. Tinh he thd'ng va quy m o cua Van Don
Theo quan diem cua chung tdi, tQ thdi Ly
- Tran, vung cang bien Van Don da hinh
thanh ba tieu vung. Tieu vdng thd nhat
tap trung d dao Cd'ng Dong va Cd'ng Tay nay
thuoc dia phan xa T h i n g Ldi. Nhieu kha
nang, day chinh la ndi dat tri sd cua "trang
Van Ddn" thdi Ly, "tra'n Van Don" thdi T r i n
va "huyen Van Ddn" thdi thuoc Minh (30).
S Q xua't hien cac cdng trinh kien true Phat
giao vdi cac chua: Chua La'm, chua Cat,
chua Trong... cho ph^p chiing ta k h i n g dinh
ve sQ hinh t h a n h mgt trung tam van hoa,
hanh chinh cua cQ dan hai dao tha'm dQdm
sac thai tam linh Phat giao. Sii hien dien
cua cac ngdi chua d vung bien dao khdng chi
cho tha'y anh hudng rgng ldn ciia Phat giao,
tam nhin hudng bien cua vQdng trieu T r i n
ma dQdng nhQ vQdng trieu nay cdn thau
hieu nhu ciu, tinh cam tdn giao cua cac
thQdng nhan trong nQdc, quoc te nhQng

ngudi thQdng xuyen de'n day sinh sdng, trao
ddi hang hda. Cugc sd'ng, thuyen budn va
ngudn hang hoa gia tri cua hg ludn phai ddi
chgi vdi nhQng thach thQc cua bien khdi va
biet bao trd ngai, hiem nguy khac. Tam the
dd khien hg ludn phai cau mong sQ che trd
ciia cac da'ng than linh va dQc Phat. Hdn
the, thdi bay gid, P h a t giao khdng chi la
"qud'c giao" ciia Dai Viet ma cdn la the gidi
tam linh cd the tim gap sQ chia se chung vdi
CQ dan cac qud'c gia khu viic. Qua vet tich
vat lieu kien true cdn lai, cd the cho r i n g cac
ngdi chua nay deu dQdc xay dUng vao nila
sau the ky XIV (31). NhQng, trQdc dd cd the
cung da cd nhQng cdng trinh kien true tdn
giao gian ddn hdn dQdc xay diing d vung
thQdng cang. Tiec r i n g , cac ngdi chua ldn
nhu chua La'm, chiia Cat, chua Trdng... da h\
huy hoai va chi cdn la cac phe ti'ch. Chung c6
the da hi thieu huy vao thdi thuoc Minh
hoac suy tan d i n cung vdi sQ chuyen dich
cua vung trung tam h a n h chinh cua thQdng


Tinh h6 thgng va guy mO...
cang ra vung Cai Lang khoang cudi the' ky
XV d i u t h e k y XVI.
CQng vdi cac cdng trinh kien tnic tdn
giao, ve't tich gd'm sQ trong eac ben do
thuyen cung cho tha'y vai trd kinh te cua

Cd'ng Ddng va nhieu vung ben d ca hai phia
cua dao Cd'ng Tay. Ngoai vet tich gd'm sQ
xua't Id dgc theo cac vung bien phia Tay Bic tQc tQ thdn 1 de'n thdn 5, tai phia Ddng
- Nam cua dao Cd'ng Tay cung cd nhieu
vung bien dung chQa ra't nhieu hien vat gd'm
sQ. Cd the ndi, vung Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay
la mdt "kho gd'm sQ khdng Id" cd gia tri
nghien cQu, bao tdn het sQc quy bau khong
chi doi vdi di tich ThQa Cd'ng ma cdn vdi ca
vung thQdng cang Van Ddn xQa (32). Trong
sd' cac vung bien d phia Dong - Nam cua dao
Cd'ng Tay nhieu kha nang vung "Chudng
Bd", "Khe San" la nhQng ndi cd mat do hign
vat tap trung cao nhat. Do cd dieu kien tit
nhien hit site thuan ldi, viing Thiia Cdng
(cdn ggi la song Thong Ddng) chinh Id trung
tdm kinh te, vdn hod, bang giao ldn nhat ciia
Vdn Don thdi ky Ly - Trdn. Mac du dien mao
cila khu thudng cang cd da hi bie'n ddi nhQng
sQ xuat Id cua cac loai hinh hien vat tren
mat da't va ven cac bd vung cd the dQa ra gia
thuyet ve kha nang ndi day da xuat hien
nhieu Idp, nhieu loai thUdng nhan va giQa
cac thudng nhan da cd sU phan lap nghe
nghiep, chuyen mdn hoa tQdng doi cao (33).
Nhieu kha nang, thuyen budn cac nQdc
trong khu vQc da de'n day de trao ddi, budn
ban, dang tie'n san vat dia phQdng ddng thdi
thiic hien cac hoat ddng bang giao vdi Dai
Viet. Dieu kien budn ban theo chu trinh gid

mua cung khien chung ta luan suy ve kha
nang mdt sd' cdng ddng thQdng nhan ngoai
kieu da thudng xuyen sinh sd'ng d vung
thQdng cang. Dieu quan trgng la, trong khi
thiet lap che do bao ve an ninh chi'nh tri kha
chat che thi chinh quyen trung Qdng va cac

11
ca'p quan ly, chinh quyen vung bien dao vin
ludn tdn trgng truyen thdng van hoa, phong
tuc cua cac khaeh thQdng. Vao d i u the ky
XV, trong Du dia chi Nguyen Trai tQng
nhan xet; "PhQdng phuc nghia la theo tuc hg
chQ khdng theo mgt le nhQ nhau" (34). Dd la
sQ the hien tQ duy mem deo, nang ddng va
nhan quan van hoa cua chinh quyen Thang
Long mgt thdi dai.
Trong khi dd, Tieu vung thd hai dUdc
xac dinh gdm cac xa Minh Chau, Quan Lan
hien nay. Vao eac the ky XII-XV, day chinh
Id viing dia dau To qudc, cd vai tro quan
trong trong viec bao ve an ninh vd kiem sodt
thue quan, bdo ddm cho cdc hogt dgng bang
giao vd giao thUdng sdn pham cao cap cua
Tieu viing thd nhat tiic khu vitc trung tdm
cda thUchig cdng the ky. Song song vdi cac
hoat ddng va chQc nang bao dam an ninh dd,
tieu vung nay cung ddng thdi thiic hien eac
hoat dgng trao ddi, giao iQu kinh te vdi ben
ngoai. SQ xua't hien cua eac loai hinh gd'm sQ

Dai Viet thdi T r i n va Td'ng, Nguyen (Trung
Qud'c) tap trung trong cac vung bien, trai
dgc theo cac ben tQ vung CQa Ddi de'n cac
ben Con Quy, Sdn Hao, Cai Lang... chQng
minh cho quan diem dd. TQ khoang cudi the
ky XV d i u the ky XVI, thay cho khu vUc
Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, tieu vung nay da
dan ndi len thanh trung tam ldn va quan
trgng nhat cua Van Ddn. Vi the dd lien tuc
dUdc duy tri cho de'n khoang dau the ky
XVIII. Do trii mat cao cua cac hien vat sanh,
gd'm sQ Chu Dau va loai hinh Chu Dau cung
nhieu loai s i n pham ehe tac tai cac trung
tam san xua't gd'm sQ Ddng Bae (Dai Viet),
gd^m sQ Trung Qud'c tap trung vao cac thdi
Minh, Thanh chQng td dieu dd. Them vao
dd, da'u vet cua cac khu dinh cQ ed, gieng
nQdc va cum di tich dinh, chua, mie'u (dQgc
di chuyen qua va tao diing d Quan Lan


12
khoang the ky XIX)... cung cho thay da'u a'n
cila mgt khu viic phat trien, tap trung dan
cQ ddng due. NhQng tQ cudi the ky XVII dau
the ky XVIII ve sau, vi nhieu nguyen nhan,
cung vdi sQ suy thoai cua khu thQdng cang
mgt thiet che xa hdi (Nho giao) b i t d i u lan
chi phoi manh de'n vung bien dao.
Ngoai hai tieu vung tren, vao thdi Ly Tran cung da hinh thanh Tieu viing thd ba

la nhdm dao phia Ddng - Nam cua thQdng
cang thudc xa Ngge VQng. Trong lich sQ,
hoat dgng giao thQdng cd the da diin ra
ehu yeu d cac vung bien thudc dao Cd'ng
Yen, Cd'ng Hep. Theo nhQng ket qua khao
sat ban dau, hien vat gd'm sQ, sanh d khu
vQc nay cung cho tha'y nhQng dac tinh
gio'ng nhQ vung Cai Lang va Co'ng Ddng Cd'ng Tay nhQng hien vat cd nien dai the
ky XVI-XVIII cd do tru mat cao hdn. Theo
chung tdi, vting dao Ngoc Viing khdng chi
la mot khu vitc buon bdn, giao thUdng qudc
te md cdn la khu viic bdo ddm an ninh phia
Nam cho khu thUdng cdng.
NhQ vay, ba tieu vung dd da hdp t h a n h
mdt he thd'ng. Cd the ggi dd la Khu viic
thii nhat. Khu vQc nay gdm cac tieu vung:
Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, khu vQc Cai Lang
va vung dao Ngge VQng. Day chinh la khu
trung tdm, co vai tro quan trgng nhat trong
cdc hoat dgng chinh tri, kinh te, xd hgi sudt
7 the ky hinh thanh, phdt trien cda khu
thuang cdng.
Trong khoang thdi gian dd, hien nhien
Van Ddn khdng the tdn tai va hoat dgng
trong nhQng dieu kien phat trien biet lap.
ThQdng cang nay ludn dQdc dat trong sii
quan ly, dieu tiet va ngudn cung cap hang
hoa tQ trong da't lien tQc cac trung tam san
xua't thu cdng vung chau thd sdng Hdng va
chae c h i n ca nhiing ngudn cung ca'p lam,

tho', hai san cua cac vung nui Ddng Bae va

Rghien cuu Ljch sir, sg 9.2009
Tay B i c cila To qud'c. He tho'ng kiem soat
dQdc thie't lap d cac vung cQa sdng, ven bien
khdng chi n h i m t a n thu cac mdi ldi tQ hoat
dgng giao thQdng ma cdn n h i m bao dam an
ninh cho khu vQc thQdng cang Van Ddn va
cac trung t a m chinh tri, kinh te trong ngi
dia (35). Trong y nghia do, sQ hinh thanh
cum ben, cang ven bd bao gdm cac tieu
vung: Yen Hung (36), CQa Luc - Bay Chay
(37), CQa Ong (38), Cai Bau (39) keo dai
de'n vung dia d i u Tien Yen - Van Ninh d
phia Bae vdi sQ t h a m gia, hd trd cua Cat Ba
d phia Nam (40), va vung dao Cd Td giau
tai nguyen tii nhien (dac biet la ngge trai),
cd vi tri dac thu d phia Ddng Bae. Ket qua
khao sat thiic dia cho tha'y d Cat Ba, Yen
Hung, Van Ninh... van tha'y xua't Id nhieu
ben bai rgng ldn vdi do tru mat cao cua
nhieu loai gd'm, sanh Viet Nam, Trung
Qud'c. S Q tQdng hdp ve kieu dang va nien
dai cua cac loai hinh hien vat d vung nay
cung nhQ sQ hien dien cila cac cang dao cho
tha'y mdi lien he mat thiet giQa cac ben cvta
song vdi cac hoat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai d
Van Ddn. Day chinh la Khu viic thii hai
hinh t h a n h tai cac vung cQa sdng va dao
ven bd thuge thQdng cang Van Ddn. Khu

vUc ndy cd y nghla het sde quan trong trong
viec cung cdp, ludn chuyen hdng hda tii cdc
trung tdm kinh te ddi ngi ra khu viic cdng
dd'i ngoai; bdo ddm an ninh cho cdc cdng
bien, trung tdm chinh tri, kinh te trong ngi
dia dong thdi don nhgn vd tieu thu, dieu
phoi hdng hod cda Khu viic thd nhat.
Dieu c i n chu y la, theo quan die'm va
bang each tie'p can he thd'ng, cung vdi
nhQng mdi lien he mat thie't vdi cac ben va
cang bie'n, giQa cac tieu vung cua Khu vitc
thd hai nay ciing cd mdi lien ket vdi nhau
theo chieu dgc tQc mdi lien he Nam - Bic.
Mdi lien he nay dat trgng t a m d hai khu
viic Yen HQng (khdi d i u ) va Van Ninh (ket


Tinh he thdng va quy mg..
thuc). Theo dd,
gd'm sQ cung nhieu
loai hang hoa khac
dQdc dua len vung
Dong - Bae de
phuc vu muc tieu
xuat khau. Song
song vdi qua trinh
dd la sQ luan
chuyen
ngudn

13
Sol dd 1: Phac diing he thdng thiidng cang Van Don

;ViinNinh I

Ciia Ong;

f Cii'd Lite
hang
nhap
tQ
phQdng Bae ve.
NhQ vay, theo chu
Yen Iluiifi
trinh nay, vi tri
cua Van Ninh va
Yen Hung lai cd sQ
hoan ddi. Trong du ky Nhiing chuyen di vd
phdt hien (Voyages and Discoveries) viet
nam 1688 nha tham hiem ngQdi Anh
William Dampier da md ta tuyen hai trinh
tQ cQa song Thai Binh de'n Tenam (Tien An
hay Tien Yen). Theo dd, tuyen di "chii ye'u
men theo da't lien, qua cac con laeh nhd va
ddng nudc hep, vd sd' giQa nhQng hdn dao d
phia Ddng cua dai vinh" (41). Ket qua khao
sat cho tha'y d Van Ninh, ngay ben sdng Ka
Long, cd sQ xua't Id cua cac bai hien vat
gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c co quy
md ldn. Tai mgt sd' khu vQc thudc thdn

Ddng nhQ: Thoi Sanh, Va Dat, RQng
Miiu... hien vat v i n ken day, cd ndi tang
van hda day 1,5m de'n hdn 2m. Thuc te dd
khien chung ta khdng the khdng iQdng tinh
den mQc do giao thQdng va tam anh hudng
cua trung tam dau mdi nay trong cac boat
dgng kinh te ddi ngoai. Trong nhieu the ky,
mgt sd san pham xua't khau cua vung chau
thd sdng Hdng da vQdn manh len phia Bic,
den cac thi trQdng qud'c te. Chic h i n thdi
ba'y gid, cung vdi cac ngudn thQdng pham
khac nhQ td lua, lam thd, hai san thi gd'm
sQ, sanh "An Nam" da dQdc thQdng nhan

ngoai quo'c trong dd dac biet la thi trUdng
mien Nam Trung Hoa Qa chuong. DQdc
thanh lap tQ thdi Ly, Van Ninh la mgt
trung tam melu dieh qud'c te cua Dai Viet
va hoat dgng lien tuc cho de'n the ky XVIIIXIX (42). Dieu dang chu y la, trong ky Qc
cua nhan dan, cho de'n nay ngudi ta van ggi
vung Va Dat la 'Van Ddn" va v i n cd dia
danh "Chd Van Ddn" d dd.
Ben canh dd, vdi tQ each la mdt thQdng
cang qud'c te, giQ vai trd quan trgng trong
cac boat ddng kinh te' ddi ngoai qua nhieu
the ky, thudng cang Van Ddn cdn cd va md
rdng hoat dgng giao thUdng vdi trung tam
kinh te mien Nam Trung Hoa va cac qud'c
gia Ddng A. Theo quan diem cua chuyen gia
nghien cQu thUOng mai ndi tie'ng Kenneth R.

Hall thi de'n the ky XIV the gidi da hinh
thanh it nha't 6 vung thUdng mai (trade
zones). Nhd cd sQ boat dgng va kien ket cua
cac vung thQdng mai dd ma hang hoa tQ
phudng Ddng (Trung Quoc) dUdc dUa den
chau Au. Trong 6 vung dd thi khu vi,Ic kinh
te mien Nam Trung Hoa cung vdi cac cang
ven bien Viet Nam cd vi the het sQc quan
trgng. He tho'ng nay keo dai den vinh Siam,
ban dao Ma Lai va mdt sd' khu vUc thuge


Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9.2009

14

Java de tQ dd thiic sQ hinh thanh nen vung
thQdng mai thQ hai d cac qud'c gia Ddng
Nam A hai dao (43).
NhQ vay, cung vdi nhan td' h i n g xuyen la
cac hoat dgng khai thac hai san, budn ban
cua gidi Hoa thQdng, Van Ddn cdn la diem
de'n tQ ra't sdm ciia cac doan thuyen buon tQ
cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A va nhieu kha
nang cdn la ndi hudng neo cua ca mgt so'
thuyen budn - sQ doan tQ Ryukyu (Nhat
Ban) (44). Theo "Con dUdng td lua tren bien"
tuye'n can duyen, nhieu doan thQdng thuyen
tQ Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A da ddn tu ve
Van Ddn. NhQ vay, cac cang vimg Thanh Nghe Tinh (chau Hoan, chau Ai va sau nam

1306 md rdng ve phia Nam vdi Thuan chau,
Hoa chau) khdng chi ddng vai trd la vung
kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam eua Dai Viet ma
cdn la cac cang trung chuyen cua trung tam
kinh te phia Ddng Bic tQc Van Ddn. Cdc
hog,t dgng trao doi, budn bdn, bang giao,
trieu co'ng... dd tao nen sac thdi da dien vd
hogt dgng nhgn nhip cua khu thUdng cdng
trong lich sd. Hogt dgng giao thUdng da
dgng dd dd dem lgi sinh lite phdt trien
manh me, Idu ddi cho thUcfng cdng. Dd
chinh la Khu viic t h i i b a cua thUdng cang.
Khu vQc nay dung chQa nhieu moi giao iQu
kinh te, bang giao da dang, phQc tap nhQng
cung ddng thdi the hien sQ nhay cam
chinh tri, tinh than chu dgng, nang
liic thich Qng, ddi Qng cao cua cac the
che chinh tri Thang Long va tiem liic,
sQc manh cua kinh te Dai Viet.
Hdn the nQa, trong cac the ky XVIXVIII, chiu tac dgng manh me cua cac
hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te, hoat
dong thQdng mai cila Dai Viet dan
dUdc md rgng ddng thdi tie'n vao sau
trong da't lien. ThQdng nhan ngoai
qud'c cd the den trao ddi va mua ban
tnIc tiep tai nhieu trung tam kinh te,

chinh tri, dan cU va khu vQc san xua't thu
cdng. S Q hinh t h a n h he thd'ng cang sdng da
tac dgng khdng nhd de'n vi the trung tam

kinh te ddi ngoai cua Van Ddn nhiing du vay
nd cung khdng the la tac nhan dan de'n sQ
suy tan mau chdng cua thQdng cang. Ndi
each khac, trong quan he giao thQdng Dang
Ngoai the ky XVT-XVIII, mac du cd sii troi
day cua he thd'ng cang sdng vung Ddng Bae
vdi Domea (Tien Lang,.Hai Phong) (46), Phd
Hie'n (HQng Yen) va Thang Long nhQng
thQdng cang Van Ddn van duy tri dQdc phan
nao vi the va hoat dgng giao thUdng qudc te.
Tham chi, nhan thQc rd ve tam quan trgng
cua vimg cang dag Ddng Bic, trong-quan he
vdi Dang Ngoai, nam 1661 Cdng ty Ddng An
Ha Lan (VQC) cdn dat muc tieu md rgng moi
quan he vdi khu viic nay (47). NhQ vay, ciing
vdi he thdng cdng song, nen kinh teddi ngoai
ciia Dgi Viet vdn phdt huy the manh vd tiem
ndng ciia he thd'ng cdng bien.
Ben canh dd, cung cd the dQa ra gia
thuye't la, nhieu kha nang, trong khi chinh
quyen Le - Trinh tap trung sQ quan tam den
he thd'ng cang sdng thi he thd'ng cang bien
v a n Ddn da cd dQdc mgt khdng gian va mdi
trQdng thoang md cho cac hoat dgng kinh te
quan phQdng - phi quan phQdng, trung Qdng
- dia phQdng cung ddng thdi diin ra d vung
bien dao. Chi rieng sQ xua't hien day dac cua

Sd dd 2: Thiidng cang Van don va moi quan he vdi
mang iQcrt giao thiitfng quoc te

Tinh he thdng va guy mg..
cac manh v3 gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung
Qud'c phan bo' tren mdt dien rdng d khu viic
Cai Lang - Sdn Hao - Con Quy cung du cho
tha'y mQc do budn ban, luan chuyen hang
hoa ra't ldn eua khu thQdng cang Van Ddn
(48). Dieu chae c h i n la, sau giai doan phat
trien phdn thinh thdi Trin, trong Thdi dgi
hodng kim cua he tho'ng hai thQdng chau A
(1450-1680) (49), Van Ddn v i n la die'm de'n,
la dia ban ddi iQu cac ddng mach kinh te
trong nudc vdi qud'c te, giQa hai khu vQc
Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa phQdng
Ddng vdi phQdng Tay. Chinh cac hoat ddng
kinh te da dang, da chieu dd da dem lai cho
Van Ddn sQc sd'ng va the hien day dii t i m
vdc cua mdt thQdng cang quan trgng ciia
khu VQc Ddng A.
Do vay, hieu Van Ddn vdi vi tri la mgt
trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam
trong lich sQ phai cd mgt cai nhin td'ng the,
he thd'ng trong mdi tQdng quan va lien he da
chieu cua nd vdi vung bien Ddng Bic ciia Td
qud'c cung nhQ sQ bien thien eua cae moi
quan he, bang giao vdi cac qud'c gia khu vQc.
SQ hinh thanh ba khu vQc cua khu thQdng
cang cd y nghia het sQc quan trgng trong
viec bao dam nhQng boat ddng va lam tien

de, ddng liic phat trien cho nhau. Trong cac
hoat dgng kinh te', van hoa, chinh tri da
dang dd, Khu vQc thQ nha't tQc vung trung
tam thQdng cang cd vai trd het sQc quan
trgng. NhUng, nd chi cd the thQc hien dUdc
vai trd va the hien vi the cua minh trong sQ
hd trd va mdi quan he tQdng ho cua Khu vQc
thQ hai va Khu vQc thQ ba. CQng can phai

15
ndi them la, he thd'ng dd vdi tQ each la mdt
chinh the khdng ngQng phat trien hoan
thien theo thdi gian nhUng mat khac, trai
qua thdi gian nd cung khdng ngQng bien ddi
theo cae hoat ddng thQc te, mdi trUdng kinh
te qud'c te cung nhQ chu trQdng, chinh sach
cua cac the che.
Ngay nay, trong xu the hdi nhap khu vQc,
qud'c te, ^vinh Bae Bg cd vi tri chie'n iQdc vdi
Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c ea ve kinh te cung
nhQ qudc phdng, an ninh. Vinh Bic Bg ma
trung diem la thudng cang Van Ddn la ndi
chQa dQng nhieu ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien dac biet la cac ngudn ldi hai san, d i u
khi, du hch... ddng thdi la cQa ngd, la ndi tap
trung mgt sd' tuye'n giao thQdng tren bien
ndi ket giQa khu vQc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng
Nam A, giQa vung Dong Bic cila Viet Nam
vdi mien Ddng Nam va Tay Nam Trung
Qud'c. Trong cac tiem nang, gia tri cua Van

Ddn, di san van hda truyen thd'ng cua mdt
thdi dai, vi the trong cac mdi giao thUdng
quo'c te cung nhQng chien cdng oanh liet
trong khang chie'n ehd'ng ngoai xam chic
chin se trd thanh nhQng ddng lUc phat trien
cho vung bien Ddng Bad. Vdi tiem nang, vi
the chien iQdc, vinh Bae Bg ndi rieng, Bien
Ddng ndi chung da va hoan toan ed kha
nang trd thanh mgt khu vQe phat trien kinh
te sdi dgng, dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi Idn
nhQng cung an chQa nhQng tharri vgng cua
mgt so' qud'c gia mud'n thdng qua cac chQdng
trinh khai thac, bao dam an ninh va hdp tac
phat trien... de tranh gianh, md rgng anh
hQdng ddi vdi khu vQc.

CHU THICH
(1). Hpi Kloa hoc Lich sil Viet Nam: Van hod ddu cdc nen vdn hod co, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, H^
Oc Eo - Vuang qud'c Phii Nam. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr. 833-847.
(2). t3eogre Coedes: The Indianized States ofSoutheast
Noi, 2008. Tham khao them: H4 Van T4'n: 6c Eo Asia, University of Hawaii press, Honolulu, 1968.
NhUngyeu to ngi sinh va ngoai sinh, trong: Theo


Rghien cixu Lich siSr, s g 9 . 2 0 0 9

15
(3). Ha Van Ta'n (Cb.): Khao cd hoc Viet Nam,

(10). T r i n Qudc VUdng: Truyen thong van hoa

Tip I, Thdi do da, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi,

Viet Nam trong hoi canh Bong Nam A vd Bong A,

1998, tr. 267. Tham khao them Trinh Nang Chung:

trong: Vdn hoa Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ng&m, Nxb.

Moi quan he van hoa thdi tien sd giiia Bde Viet Nam

Van hda Dan toe - Tap cU Van hda Ngh$ thuSt, H i

vaNam Trung Qudc. Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2009.

Noi, 2000, tr. 20.

(4). Ha HQu Nga - Ngnyin Van Hao: Hg Long
thdi tien sit. Ban Quan ly vinh Ha Long, 2002, tr.
233.

Viet Nam: Khd ndng ling bien, trong: Vdn hoa Viet

(11). T r i n Quo'c Vudng: Mgt net bdn sic van hoa
Nam tim tbi vd suy ngam, Sdd, tr. 41.

(5). Karashima Noburu: Trade Relations between

(12). Nguyen Van Kim - Nguyen Manh Diing:

South India and China during the 13th and 14th

Truy4n thong vd hogt dong thiidng mgi ciia nguifi

Centuries;

and

Merchants'

Visits

Nagasluma
to Japan;

Hiromu:
in:

Muslim

East-

West

Viet: ThUc te tich sit vd nhgn thiic, trong: Viet Nam
trong he thong thUcfng mgi chdu A theky

XVI-XVII,

Maritime Relations, Vol.1, The Middle Eastern

Nxb. The Gidi, 2007, tr. 315. Nam 1988, hoc gia

Cultural Center in Japan, 1989, p. 59-82, 1-30.

ngudi Phap Denys Lombard trong bai viet cua minh

(6). Trong An Nam chi luge, ve pliam cha't,
phong tuc va nep song cua cU dan An Nam, Le T4c
viet: "Dan ong lo lam ruong, di buon; dan ba lo nuoi
tam, det vai, each noi pho hien hoa, it long ham
muon. Ngudi 6 xil xa phieu dat tdi nUdc ho, ho hay
hoi tham 4'y la tinh thucing cua ho. Ngudi sinh ra d
Giao Chau v4 Ai Chau tlii rong rai, co muu tri;
ngUcIi cl Chau Hoan, Chau Dien thi thudn tu, ham
hoc. Du nQa thi khd dai thiet th4. Dan hay ve minh.
Vi trdi nong sot, dan Ua t i m cl song, nen ho cheo do
va loi nudc ra't gioi. Tie'p khaeh thi dai trSu cau.
Tinh.Ua an dUa mam va nhQng vat dudi bien", Nxb.
Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa Ngdn ngQ Dong
Tay, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 70.

dang tren Tap clii Bia ly Phdp (French Geographical
Journal) cung da dUa ra quan niem cd mot "Dia
Trung

Hai

khac"

"Mediterrannean"

cl Ddng

Nam

A

(Another

in Southeast Asia). Quan diem

chu dao ciia bai viei la di tdi phan ti'ch nhQng ye'u td
ben trong, chii the va gia tri sang tao cua van hoa
Dong Nam A ma trong dd mdi trudng bien (Bien
Dong Nam A) cd vai trd het sQc quan trong. Cd the
tham khao ban dich Anh ngQ cua Nola Cooke.
(13). Nguyen Tai Thu (Cb.): Lich sd Phat Gido
Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1988, tr.
12-70.
(14). Wang Gungwu: The Nanhai

Trade - The

Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China
(7). Keiji Imamura: Prehistoric Japan • New
Perspectives on Insular East Asia, University of
Tokyo, Tokyo 1996. Tham khao them T r i n Qudc
VUdng: Ve mgt ddi vdn hoa Nam Bdo ven bd Bien
Dong, Tap chi Nghien cdu Bong Nam A sd 2, 1998,

tr.60.
(8). Xem Ha Van Ta'n: Tiin si hoc Bong Nam A Tri thiic vd khuynh hudng, trong: Theo da'u cac nen
van hoa co, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr.
26.
(9). Ha Van Ta'n: Thuyin, mo vd mo thuyen,
trong: Theo da'u cac nen van hoa co, Sdd, tr.
717.

Sea, Times Accademic press, 1998.
(15). Tiin Hdn thu, Q.28 ha, td 21b; d i n theo
TrUdng Minh Hang: Buon bdn qua bien gidi Viet Trung: Lick sd, hien trgng vd trien vgng, Nxb. Khoa
hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 15.
(16). Le Tac: An Nam chi luge, Sdd, tr. 289.
(17). Trong bao cdo: The Bisappearance

of Van

Bon: Trade and State in Fifteen Century Dai Viet - A
Changing Regime?, trinh bay tai Hdi thao: A Mini
Mediterranean Sea - Gulf of Tongking through
History (Dia Trung Hai thu nhd - Vinh Bic B9
trong lich si) do Dai hoc Qudc gia Australia va Vi^n
Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, Vien Khoa hoc Xa hpi


Tinh he thgng va guy mg..
Quang Tay to' chQc ngay 14-15/3/2008 tai Nam Ninh
(Trung Qudc), GS. John KWhitmore cho rang
thUdng cang Van Don xua't hien vio giQa thS' ky XII
va suy tan (bien ma't) vao cuol the ky XV (1467).

Tren thUc te, cac ngudn tU lieu Viet Nam va cac
bang chQng ve khao cd hoc, nhan hoc... cho tha'y
mac dd cd nhQng khoang thdi gian tUdng doi trim
lang nhung thudng cang Van Don da hoat ddng lien
tuc cho d§'n khoang d i u theky XVIII.
(18). Ngd Si Lien va cac sQ t h i n nha Le: Bai Viet
sd ky toan thd. Tap I, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha
Npi, 1993, tr. 317.
(19). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chddng logi
chi, Tap I, Nxb. Sil hoc, Ha Ndi, 1960, tr. 35-36.
(20). Ve sQ bie'n ddi ddn vi hanh chinh cua Vdn
Ddn cd t h i xem Nguyen Van Kim: He thd'ng thddng
cdng Van Bon qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc,
Tap chi Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr. 46-65.
(21). Nguyen Van Sieu: Dgi Viet dia dd todn
bien, Vien SQ hoc - Nxb. Van hda, Hd Noi, 1997, tr.
162.
(22). Nguyen Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn
bien, Sdd, tr. 66.
(23). Nguyin Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn
6ien, Sdd, tr. 112.
(24). Bong Khanh dd dia chi. Tap I, (Ngo DQc
Tho - Nguyen Vdn Nguyen - Philippe Papin dich,
gidi thi§u), Nxb. The Gidi, Hd Noi, 2003, tr. 422.
(25), Yamamoto Tasturo: Thddng cdng Vdn Bon
cua An Nam, Ddng PhUdng hoc bao, sd 9-1936. Bai
viet cung da dUdc xuit ban bang tie'ng Anh: Vdn
Bon - A Trade Port in Vietnam, Toyo Bunko (Dong
DUdng vdn khd). Memoirs of the Research
Department of the Toyo Bunko, the Oriental

Library, No. 39, 1981, p. 2-14.

17
(27). Xem Bd dia chi, trong: Nguyen Trdi todn
tap idn bien, Nxb. Van hoc - Trung tdm Nghien cQu
Qudc hoc, Ha Noi, 2001, Hd Van Tin hieu dinh va
chu thich, tr. 587.
(28). Do Van Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, tJy ban
Nhan dan huyen Van Ddn, 1997, tr. 145-146.
(29). Xem Do Van Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Bon,
Sdd; Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng Vdn
Bdn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cdhgc, Tap chi Khao
cd hoc, sd 4-2006 va Bao cao khai quat KCH d dao
Cdng Tay nam 2002 cua Han Van Kha'n; Bao cao
khai quat nam 2003 tai Cai Lang cua nha KCH
Pham NhQ Hd. Xem Pham NhQ Hd:. NhCtng phdt
hien mdi ve khao cd hoc ndm 2003, Nxb. Khoa hoc
Xa hdi, Ha Noi, 2004, tr! 356-358.
(30). Cd the coi viec xdc dinh trung tam hanh
chinh va thUdng cang Van Ddn thdi L^ d viing ThQa
Cdng la mot gia thuye't khoa hoc. Mot sd nhd ngliien
cQu dat vin de phai cd sQ phat hien gdm thdi L^ thi
mdi cd the bao dam ludn cQ. Tuy nhien, mdt sd
manh gdm sQ, sanh thdi Td'ng da dQcJc phat hi§n.
Chung tdi cho rang, thQ nha't: Cho den nay ngliien
cQu khao cd hoc d vdng ThQa Cdng ndi rieng vd Van
Ddn noi chung v i n chi diing lai d mot sd cuoc tham
sdt, khai qudt quy md tUdng ddi nhd. Sau nQa, nhQ
cac ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, vao thdi Ly hoat dong
budn ban d Van Ddn chii yeu id cac hang nhe, hang

la, cd gia tri nhu hUdng lieu, vai lua, san hd, ngoc
trai, chim vet nen r i t khd de lai diu tich. Ben canh
dd, han la vao thdi h^, gdm xuit khiu ciia Dai Viet
cdn nhieu han che va khd cd the canh tranh vdi gdm
sQ Tdng tren thQdng trQdng. Hdn the nQa, trong
nghien cQu, gd'm sfl chi la mot trong nhQng bing
chQng quan trong chQ khdng the id cd sd duy nhit
de dinh tudi va xac dinh vi the cua mot dia diem
hay khu thudng cang. Day thQc sQ la vin de thu vi
trong qua trinh nghien cQu v^ lich sQ liinh thanh,
phat trien ciia thQdng cang Van Ddn.

(26). T r i n Qud'c VUdng: Ve dia diem Vdn Bin
(bai viet rieng cho Quang Ninh), Phdng Tu lieu
Khoa Lich sQ, TrQdng DH JCHXH & NV, DHQG HN,
sd DM/130.

(31). Dd v a n Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, Sdd, tr.
177-200 va Ha v a n Tin: Chua Viet Nam, trong:
De'n vdi lich sd vdn hod Viet Nam, Nxb. Hoi nha van,


Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg 9.2009

18
Ha Noi, 2005, tr. 223-227. Dua tren phat Men khao

Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hie'n chdong logi chi. Tap

cd hoc, tac gia viet: "d chQa Lim, ngdi chinh dien cd

I, Nxb. Sil hoc, Hd Noi, 1960, tr. 114. Theo dd, t u i n

the dUdc Idp ngdi iQu ly phu men xanh, ndi len vi tri

S u i t Ty d Quynh Lau cd nhidm vu kiem sodt thuyen

dac biet cua nd so vdi nhiing ngdi nha khac, chi dQdc

tQ sdng Bach Dang, sdng Chanh ra bien cdn t u i n

Idp ngdi mui hdi binh thudng", Chua Viet Nam, tr.

An LUdng dat d cQa sdng Bach Long Vi tQ Trung

226. Qua cac vet ti'ch kien true da, chua Ld'm cQng

Qudc chay sang nham kiem soat thuyen budn qua

nhu cdc ngoi chua khac tren dao mang ddm d i u i n

lai budn ban d vQng bien gidi Viet - Trung.

van hoa cudi Tran, chua t h i y cd diu hieu trung tu,
tdn tao cua cdc thdi ky sau.
(32). Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng
Vdn Ddn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc. Tap chi
Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr. 56.
(33). Trong ddt khai qudt thang 7 nam 2002 tai
thdn 5, vdi dien tich 12m^ (3m x 4m) trong tdng so'

1.976 hien vat phat hien dQdc cd 599 manh sanh vd
747 manh sQ Trung Qud'c. H i u het hien vat dd sQ
tim dQdc deu Id sQ Long Tuyen cd nien dai khoang
cuoi the ky XIV. Tuy dien tich khai qudt tudng ddi
hep nhQng dd id di tich phat hien dQdc niiieu sQ
L,ong Tuyen n h i t a nudc ta. NhQ vay, sau ba cudc
cliie'n tranh tdn khdc, Dai Viet v i n chu trQdng duy
tri quan he giao thQdng vdi Trung Qudc va v i n cho
nhap ve nhieu san p h i m cao cip cua nUdc nay. Ben
canh dd, qua phan tich liien vdt khai quat dQdc ket
hdp vdi dieu tra tren mat d i t chung tdi cho rang
giQa cdc vung bien d dao Cd'ng Tay co sQ phdn ISp ve
hien vat kha rd. Cd the dd id ben dd truyen thdng,
lau ddi cua cac ddng ho, chu thuyen chuyen budn
ban mot loai (hay vai loai) san phim n h i t dinh.
Dieu dd cho t h i y sQ phan cdng vd tinh chuyen
nghiep hoa cao cua gidi doanh thQdng d Vdn Ddn.
Tham khao Han Van Khin: Bdo cdo khai quat khu
di tich Cdng Tdy, thudng Ninh. thang 8-2002; Tu
Ueu Khoa Lich sQ, TrQdng DH KHXH & NV, DHQG
HN, 2002.

(36). Trong cac mua dien da tQ 1992 de'n 2006,
chung tdi da de'n khao sat tai cac xa Hoang Tan,
Tan An, Ha An va Hoang Tien. Tai khu vQc DUdng
Hac, Go Vat, Sed Be, Hon Dau... tha'y xuit 16 nhieu
bai sanh, gd'm men cac thdi Trin, Mac, Le. O DQdng
Hac xd Hoang Tan cdn cd d i u vet ciia Id nung gd'm
vd diu vet cua den thap thdi Trin.
(37). Qua CQa Luc di ngQdc ve phia Tay de'n ben

Gao Rang, ndi co thdnh nha Mac, cd the t h i y mot
vung sdng - bien day dac hien vat gd'm sanh. CQng
nhu d Yen HQng, hien vat phat hien dQdc cl khu vQc
ndy tiidng tQ nhQ cdc manh gd'm, sanh d Van Ddn.
Vdi vQng T u i n Chau - Bai Chay, g i n day cac nha
khoa hoc da tim dQdc nhidu hien vdt thdi Han, Luc
Trieu va thdi Dudng. Nam 1997, S Bai Chay dd tim
dQdc gd'm TrQdng Sa the ky IX-X. Theo mot sd
thdng tin chuyen mdn, d T u i n Chau da phat hien
t h i y vet tich ciia Id nung gdm the ky VIII-IX.
(38). Khu vQc nay cd den CQa Ong gin vdi cdng
tich vd anh linh cua Hung nhQdng Dai vQdng Trin
Qudc Tang va tQdng Hoang Can. Tai day cung cd
tram t u i n CQa Suo't. Theo W,Dampier thi khu vQc
ven bien Quang Ninh cd 5-6 sd tuin.
(39). Trong dot khad sdt g i n day (15-6-2008) cho
tha'y tai vung hien thon Bi Lip, xa Van Yen, dao Cai
B i u cung x u i t 16 mot khu vuc cd sdnh va gd'm Viet
thdi Trin, Le; sQ Trung Qudc thdi Thanh. Theo anh

(34). Nguyen Trai: Dddia chi, Sdd, tr. 466.
(35). D6 danh thue va Idem soat tinh hinh budn

Le Van Phuc (1961) sdng tai vung bien thi trQdc
nam 1978 d thdn Bi L i p cung cd mot sd gia dinh

ban d khu vQc Dong Bic, cung vdi viec thie't Idp he

ngudi Hoa iQu tru. Nhan day, xin dQdc tran trong

thdng kiem tra cl khu vuc CQa Dd'i, Ngoc VQng (?)...

cam dn TS. Trinh Ndng Chung, Vien Khao cd hoc,

vao the ky XVII-XVIII, chinh quyen Le - Trinh con

da clii bao cho chung tdi dia diem khao sat nay.

cho lap cac tram t u i n ty cl cac vdng cQa sdng. Theo

(40). Ket qua khao sat cua chung tdi vao thang

Phan Huy Chu thi cd 2 t u i n chinh la t u i n Suit Ty 3

7-2007 cho t h i y d vung Lang Cu, xa Xuan Dam

vung Yen HQng va An LQdng d Van Ninh. Xem

(nay la Tram nuoi t6m gidng sd I Mien Bic) xuit


19

Tinh h& >h6'ng va guy m6.,
hien kha nhieu gom siJt Viet Nam thuoc cac 16 Chu
Dau, My Xa va sanh thdi Tr^n, Le. 6 day cung c6
nhieu gom sii Trung Quoc thcJi Nguyen, Minh. Cif
dan dia phUdng cho hiet trUdc day (1978) vung Lang
Cu CO nhieu gia dinh ngitdi Hoa sinh song. TCf phat
hien d6, c6 the cho rang, neu mcl rong pham vi

nghien ctiu, nhieu kha nang cl Cat B^ v^n con
nhQng vung bien co gSn v6i hoat dong cua Van Don
vk h§ thong cang Dong Bae trong nhieu the ky.
(41). William Dampier: Mot chuyen du hdnh
den Ddng Ngoai nam 1688, Nxb. The Gidi, 2006,
tr. 105.
(42). 0 Van Ninh cung tim tha'y da'u v^'t cua mgt
so 16 nung co. Nhieu kha nang, ciing vdi nhiing
nguon hang dUa tdi tii cac trung tam gom sii viing
chau tho song Hong thi cii dan Van Ninh cung dong
thdi san xua't mgt so san phllm dia phUdng. Vdi Van
Ninh, cCmg vdi khaeh thiidng Trung Hoa chic chan
con c6 mgt so" thitdng nhan tOr Ddng Nam A den
buon ban.
(43). Kenneth R. Hall: Maritime

Trade and

Development in Early Southeast Asia, University of
Hawaii press, Honolulu, 1985, p.223-225.
(44). Nguyen Van Kim: Quan he cda Nhat Bdn
vdi Ddng Nam A the ky XV- XVII, Nxb. Dai hoc
Quo'c gia Ha Ngi. Ha Ngi, 2003, tr. 83-89. Xem them
Atsushi Kobata & Mitsugu Matsuda: Ryukyuan
Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries,
Kawakita printing Co., Ltd, Kyoto, 1969, p. 18G.
(45). Theo An Nam chi luac cua Le TSc thi viing
Cvfu Chan, Nhat Nam san tr^m hiidng, b6 tot, voi
d6 la nhiing vat pha'm gia tri thitdng dem trieu co'ng.
vao thdi Ly - Triln, viing cang Nghe - Tinh la d^u

moi giao tiep vdi Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa. Cac
quoc gia nay, de tien hanh quan h§ vdi Trung Hoa
deu phai di qua lanh tho va viing bidn cua Dai Viet.
NgUdc lai, Champa cd vi tri ra't quan trgng trong
tuyen giao thadng cua Trung Qud'c vdi phUdng Nam.
Trong phan viet ve Chiem Thanh, Le Tic cho rang:
'T.ap quoc tai m6 bien, thiidng thuyen Trung Quoc
v\S(^ hi di qua cac niidc phien phuc, thudng tap
trung tai da'y de chiia cui va nifdc. la ben tau ldn
nha't tai phia Nam", Sdd, tr. 72.

(46). John Kleinen - Bert van der Zwan - Hans
Moors - Ton van Zeeland: SU tii vd Rong - Bon the
ky quan he Hd Lan - Viet Nam, Nxb. The Gidi, Ha
Ngi, 2008.
(47). Hoang Anh Tua'n: Hdi cdng mien Dong Bde
vd he thong thitang mat Ddng Ngoai the ky XVII
(qua cdc nguon Ui lieu phitcfng T&y), Tap chi Nghien
cthi Lich sii, so 2 (370), 2007, tr. 58-59.
(48). Xem Do Van Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Don,
Sdd, tr.146-157: Nguyen Van Kim: He thong
thi£0ng cdng Vdn Don qua tii lieu lich sd vd khao
cd hoc. Tap chi Khao co hoc, so 4-2006; Bao cao
khai quat nam 2003 tai Cai Lang cua nha KCH
Pham Nhu Ho. Xem Pham NhU Ho: Nhitng phdt
hien mdi ve khao co hoc ndm 2003, Nxb. KHXH, Ha
Noi, 2004, tr. 356-358. Tuy nhien, chiing toi khdng
cho rang day la nhiing "hien vat phe thai n6m di"
nhii la nhiing vat diing, hao chiia hang hoa nhU mat
ong, hiidng lieu... khi cac tau, thuyen budn ngoai

qud'c den an hang. Ndi each khac, trong giao thiidng
quoc t§' thdi ba'y gid gd'm sii, sanh Viet Nam la
nhiing san ph^m thiidng mai thUc sii. Viec tim tha'y
nhieu gd'm sanh "An Nam" trong nhiing l^n tning
tu thanh Sakai, Osaka, Edo cung nhu cac khai quat
cl Nagasaki., cho tha'y go'm sii Viet Nam phat hien
dUdc kha nhieu tai Nhat Ban. Mat khac go'm sii Viet
Nam cung tim dUdc tai tren 30 dia diem d Ddng
Nam A va mgt so" thiTdng cang quoc te. Xem Hasebe
Gakuji: TYm hieu moi quan he Viet - Nhat qua dd
gom sii; va Aoyagi Yoji: Do gom Viet Nam ddo diidc
d qudn ddo Dong Nam A, trong: Do thi co Hoi An,
Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1991, tr.81-85 &
113-123 va cac bai nghien ciiu cua cac chuyen gia
Nhat Ban; Kin Seiki, Ojiura Masayoshi, Tsuzuki
Shinchiro va Mori Tsuyoshi ve cac phat hien gom
sii, sanh Viet Nam tai Nhat Ban. Ky yeu Hgi thao
Quo'c te: Quan he Viet - Nhai the ky XV-XVII qua
giao lUu gom sii, do Trung tam Hdp tac NCVN DHQG HN va Vien Nghien ciiu Van hoa Quo'c te,
Tnidng Dai hge Chieu Hda phoi hdp to' chiic, Ha
Ngi, thang 12-1999.
(49). Anthony Reid: Southeast Asian in the Age
Commerce 1450-1680, Yale University Press, 1993.