Từ chủ nghĩa yêu nước truyền thống đến chủ nghĩa yêu nước Hồ Chí Minh

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<i>Tir CHU NGHIA YEU NlfdC TRUYEN THONG </i>

DEN CHU NGHLA YEU

N U 6 C

HO CHI MINH

NGUYEN HUNG HAU'
Tu trade den nay chiing ta da noi nhieu ve chu nghia yeu
nude, nhang nude la gi? The nao la yeu nUdc, chu nghia yeu
nude Viet Nam gom nhOng noi dung gi? Nhiing van de n^y
hau nhu ehiing ta con it ban den.

Khai niem "nUdc" la thuan tuy cua ngUdi Viet va c6 til rat
<i>xa xUa, CO le tif thdi ngudi Viet chuyen iii sSn ban hai lurtm </i>
sang chan nuoi trong trot. Mot so hoc gia cho rAng Viet Nam
<b>la mot trong nhijrng trung tarn trong lua nude d^u tien tren </b>
<b>the gidi. Da trong lua nUdc thi cung vdi "d^'t", "nUdc" trd </b>
<i><b>thanh yeu to quan trong hang d^u v^ til do "nUdc" du^c </b></i>
chuyen sang nghia bong chi dat nUdc, To quoc, giang sdn.
non song... Dieu nay c6 ly bdi le eu dan tren sa mac ho khong
<i>bao gid dung "nudc" de chi To quoc cua minh. Tii nay c6 le </i>
<i>xuat hien sdm hdn nhieu so vdi txi "thuy" dUdc du nhap til </i>
Han sang.

<i>NgUdi Trung Hoa de chi nUdc. ho dung tir "Quoc" v^ din </i>
vdi ho. theo Ton Trung Sdn. chu nghia gia toe. tong too cao
hdn chu nghia quoc toe. quoc gia. Con d Viet Nam nUdc dAt

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len cao hdn het thay, tren ca dong ho, gia toe, nhat la khi cd
<i>giSc ngoai xam. NhU vky, ta va Trung Quoc cd hai cong thiic </i>
trai ngUdc nhau

Trung Quoc: Quoc (nUdc) < Gia (nha)
Viet Nam: Nudc (Quoc) > Nha (gia)

<i>6 Viet Nam, quoc gia, dan toe deu hinh t ha nh tUdng do'i </i>
sdm, do do, tinh t h a n dan toe, y thijfc cong dong dan toe cung
xuat hien kha sdm. Tinh than dan toe nay phat trien thanh
tinh than yeu nUdc va chu nghia yeu nude.

<i>Nghien etiu tit "nUdc" d Viet Nam, ta thay cd ed may noi </i>
dung sau:

1. No chi thien nhien dia ly, manh dat, non song, giang
sdn g^'m vdc, lanh tho vdi bien gidi, eUdng vUe rach roi, chi
<i>dit nUdc. </i>

2. No con chi nhiing toe ngUdi va quan he giuta ho tren
manh dat nay, cac bo toe ngUdi, dan toe va sU doan ket (c6'
ket) giiia cac dan toe.

3. Nd eon bao gom nhiing eon ngUdi; ngUdi dan, nhan dan,
dong bao lam ehu tren lanh tho cua minh.

4. Nd eon bao gom ca gia dinh, que hUdng, lang xdm. xa
hoi vdi nhiing thiet che chfnh tri kinh te ciia nd, rong hdn
niia la giai cap, t^ng Idp, quoc gia. To quoe vdi nhiing che do
chinh tri xa hoi n h a t dinh qua moi thdi ky.

5. Nd con bao gom ca nhiing phong tue, t a p quan, ngon
ngii, truyen thong lich sU, ... rpng ra chfnh la van hoa.

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chiing va neu cd ke nao xam pham den nhiing cai do thi phai
kien quyet chien dau de giii gin, bao ve chiing.

<i>Yeu khong chi hang tinh cam ma con b^ng ly tri, nhiing </i>
la'y tinh cam lam cd sd. NTiUng "chu nghia" lai nghieng ve ly
<i>tri, ly tinh. Yeu khong chi the hien hkng Idi ndi, chut viet, tho </i>
van ma con the hien bAng hanh dong. NhU v&y, chu nghia
yeu nude la lay cai dao ly (dao nghia) yeu nUdc d tren l^m
ehinh, cot yeu doi vdi moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam, nd the hien d
tinh th^n va hanh dong san sang hi sinh, xa than vi nUdc, vi
dan toe giong noi de bao ve dat nUdc.

Vfty, Ho Chi Minh da khac phue nhOng han che nao. ke
thiia phat trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua chii nghia yeu nUdc
truyen thong de tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin, hinh th^nh
len ehu nghia yeu nUdc Ho Chi Minh?

Trude het, ta xem nhiing han che cua chu nghia yeu nUdc
truyen thong la d dau*^

1. Chu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong gSn lien vdi chu
nghia yeu nUdc cua mot gia toe, mot dong ho, mot trieu vua
tien bo

2. Trong ehu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong cd khuynh
hudng yeu nUdc chi bang Idi ndi, ngon ngii van thd m^ khong
g4n vdi hanh dong, tao ra cai goi la khuynh hudng yem the,
tieu cUc trong chu nghia yeu nUdc.

3. Lai cd xu hudng yeu nude nghieng ve bao luc quan sU de
danh duoi giac ngoai xam nhu Hoang Hoa Tham, Nguyen
Thai Hoc.

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chinh nhu Phan Boi Chau. Khuynh hudng nay, nhu Bac ndi:
"duo'i hiim cvfa trUde, rudc sdi ciia sau".

5. Cd khuynh hudng "y Phap e^u tien" tiic ehdng trieu
dinh phong kien bao thu lac h$u, eai each ehi'nh tri, phat
<i>trien kinh te, van hoa de tUdng dudng vdi Phap, t\X do lam </i>
<i>cho Phap phai eong nhan tu ehu, binh dkng cua Viet Nam. </i>
Do la chu trUdng cua Tay Ho ma thUc chat la mong dich ru
long thUdng.

T^'t ca nhiing khuynh hudng tren deu la yeu nUdc song
moi khuynh hUdng deu cd nhiing han che cua minh. Vay, Ho
Chi Minh da ke thifa va p h a t trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua
chu nghia yeu nude truyen thong.

Trudc het quan niem yeu nUdc ci Ho Chi Minh eiing hoan
to^n khac vdi truyen thong.

Theo Ho Chi Minh, da la ngudi Viet Nam, da la con Lac
chau Hong it hay nhieu ai eiing ed long yeu nUdc. Cd the ed
ngUdi vi nhat thdi ma quen nghia Idn, ehii nhin chung khong
ai lai khong cd long yeu nude. Day la cai nhin mang tinh chat
nhan dao cao ca va g^n gui vdi triet hoc phudng Dong cho
ring trong moi con ngUdi deu cd ban the eiia vii tru, dong
thdi day eiing la quan diem triet hoe uyen t h a m , sau sac.
Khong phai ai eiing cd cai nhin nhU vay va khong phai ai
eiing nhin ra dieu do. Quan diem "ai eiing cd long yeu nUdc"
da vUdt qua quan diem cua nhiing nha tU tUdng phUdng
Dong va Viet Nam trUdc kia.

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To quoc bi xam lang thi tinh than ay lai sdi ndi, nd ket thanh
mot Ian sdng vd cung manh me, to Idn, nd ludt qua moi su
<i>nguy hiem, khd khan, nd nhan chim tat ea \u ban nUdc v^ Jii </i>
cudp nude"'. Nhu vay, d Bac. long yeu nUdc eiing chinh la
tinh than yeu nudc. Ma tinh than trong triet hoe lai hau nhu
triing vdi y thiic gom hai yeu to cd ban ehu yeu la tri thuc va
tinh cam. NhU vay, vUdt len tren cac nha tU tUdng trUdc. long
yeu nudc, tinh than yeu nUdc con bao gom trong dd tri thite
chii dau ehi ed tinh cam ddn thuan.

Truyen thong nay da dUdc lich sU ehdng ngoai xam cua ta
chifng minh. Va khong chi lich sU ma cuoe khang chien
ehdng Phap eiing chiing minh hung hon dieu dd. Bac viet:
"Dong bao ta ngay nay cung rat xiing dang vdi to tien ta ngay
trude. Tir cac cu gia tdc bac den cac chau nhi dong tre thd, tiJ
nhung kieu bao d nude ngoai den nhiing dong bao d viing tam
chiem, tir nhan dan mien ngUde den mien xudi, ai ciing mpt
long nong nan yeu nUdc, giet giAc. Tir nhung chien si ngoAi
<i>mat tran chiu ddi m4'y ngay de bam sat 1^'y giAc dkng lieu </i>
diet giac, den nhiing cong chiic d hau phudng nhin an de ung
ho bo doi, tir nhiing phu nii khuyen ehdng con tong quan va
minh thi xung phong viec van tai, cho den cac ba mc chien si
san sdc thUdng yeu bo doi nhU eon cua minh. Tir nhiing nam
nii cong nhan va nong dan thi dua t^ng gia san xuat khong
quan khd nhoe de gdp mot phan vao cupc khang chien, cho
den nhiing dong bao dien chu quyen dii't ruong cho Chinh
phu. nhiing cu chi cao quy dd» tuy khac nhau nhUng deu

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giong nhau ndi long nong nan yeu nude"'. NhU v$y, yeu nude

khong chi la e l m siing duTng d tien tuyen true tiep tieu diet
quan thu ma con t h e hien d nhiing cong vice cu the v6 ciing
phong phu am t h i m dien ra d moi liic, moi ndi, d moi lira
tuoi, nhung deu nham mot muc di'ch giiip cho khang chien
mau ehdng den thang Idi. Trong thU gUi cac chien sy tre
quyet tU quan Thu dd, Bac cho rang tinh th^n tU ton tu lap
cua dan toe - mot ph^n cua tinh than yeu nudc - la bat diet.
Do dd, tinh than yeu nUdc, long yeu nude cua dong bao ta
ciing la bat diet. Theo Bac, tinh th^n yeu nude - nhOng cua
quy ma chiing ta e^n phai nang niu, quy trong - ed khi ro
rang, de thay, nhUng eiing ed khi an giau kin dao rat khd
nhan ra. Nhiem vu cua chiing ta la lam sao cho nhiing cua
quy kin dao ay dUde dem ra trUng bay de ai ciing thay, bang
• each ra siie giai thieh, tuyen truyen, to chite, lanh dao de tinh
than yeu nUde cua moi ngUdi deu dUdc thUc hanh vao edng
cuoc khang chien. Bac viet "Tinh than yeu nUde eiing nhU cae
thii cua quy, cd khi dUdc t r u n g bay trong tii kinh, trong binh
pha le. ro rang de th^'y. NhUng eiing cd khi eat giau kin dao
trong rUdng. trong hdm. Bon phan eua chiing ta la lam cho
nhiing ciia quy kin dao ay dUde dua ra trUng bay. Nghia la
phai ra siic giai thi'eh, tuyen truyen, to ehtte lanh dao lam cho
tinh th^n yeu nUdc cua t a t ca moi ngUdi deu ditdc thuc hanh
vao cong viec yeu nUdc, cong viec k h a n g chien""^.

Day la mot van de triet hoc ly thii d cho trong moi con
<i>ngUdi deu ed mot thii cua quy, do la ehu nghia yeu nude, la </i>

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long ai quoc. Nd eiing giong nhu Phat tich trong moi con
ngUdi. NhUng neu Phat tich md hay to phu thupc vao miic dp
cua tam doc, nd tUdng ddi triTu tUdng; thi long ai quoc, theo

Bac, eiing ed the' vi Idi nho ma nhat thdi quen lang. nhung n6
tUdng ddi cu the. Tinh than yeu nUdc d Ho Chi Minh khac
han vdi tinh than "vi quoc" cua bon de quoc phan dong.

Nhu v4y, quan niem ve chu nghia yeu nudc d Ho Chi Minh
da ed bude phat trien mdi ve eh^t so vdi chu nghia yeu nudc
trong lich sU. Long ai quoc nay la cai von quy gia trong moi
eon ngUdi, trong suot cuoc ddi, la gia tri ben vOng v^ trUdng
ton cung vdi con ngUdi, dan toe Viet Nam.

V|iy, nhiing tinh hoa nao trong chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen
thong dude Ho Chi Minh ke thiia phat trien len mot budc mdi
tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin?

1. Chu nghia yeu nudc chan ehinh the hien ro nhd't khi c6
giac ngoai xam thi viec lam ếp bach trUdc het la danh duoi
<i>quan xam lUdc. Bdi vky, truyen thong danh giSc ngoai xam \k </i>
<i>tinh hoa dku tien cua ehu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong m^ </i>
tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ke thilạ Chinh vi khat vong giai
phdng dan toe ma 21 tudi, NgUdi da phai ra di tim dUdngctru
nudẹ Khi da cd cai "cam nang", NgUdi da xae djnh trd ve
nudc, di vao qu^n chiing, thue tinh ho, to chiic ho, doan ket
ho ra dau tranh gianh lai tu do doc lap.

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1^: "Di bat bien iing van bien". Tham thia noi nhuc cua ngUdi
dan mat nUdc, miit t u do, "cay dang chi bang ma't tu do",
NgUdi da phat huy tinh th^n da'u t r a n h ba't khua't cua dan
tdc, 'Tha chet t u do con hdn song due", "Chet trong con hdn
song due'*. Ddi vdi dan toe bi vong quoc nd thi eufu giong ndi
ra khoi nude sdi lua bong, giai phdng dan toe la cao hdn het

thay, phai dat Idi ieh eua To quoc len tren het. Ke tiep truyen
thong "Nam quoc Sdn ha", "Hich Tudng si", "Binh Ngd dai
cao", NgUdi keu goi toan quoc dutng day dap ach pha xieng:
"Hdn hai mUdi trieu con chau Lac Hong quyet khong chiu
lam vong qudc nd mai", "toan quoc dong bao hay diing day
dem siie ta ma giai phdng cho ta", "chiing ta tha hy sinh tat
ca chii nhat dinh khong chiu mat nude, n h a t dinh khong chiu
l^m nd le"; "Chung ta tha chet khong chiu lam vong quoe
dan", "Khong cd gi quy hdn doc lap tU do". NgUdi da nang
each mang giai phdng dan toe len tam cao mdi bang each
phat huy het moi kha nang tiem lUc cua moi eon ngUdi; hdn
niia con gan each mang Viet Nam vdi each mang the gidi.
Hudng ling Idi keu goi cua NgUdi, toan dan toe Viet Nam da
nhat te diing len t a p t a n chii nghia thuc dan Phap, giai
phdng hoan toan mien Bae 1954 va giai phdng mien Nam
thong nhat dat nude 1975, hoan t h a n h nhiem vu giai phdng
dan toe, dem lai doc lap tu do cho dat nUdc.

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ludn cd y dd banh trUdng nen dan tdc Viet Nam mudn ton t«u.
budc phai doan ket vdi nhau. Chinh vi doan ket ma chiing ta
<i>da tao nen s\lc manh thang Han. DUdng, Tdng, Nguyen, </i>
Minh, Thanh. Nhiing cau chuyen bo Idi ieh rieng ma nghi
den Idi ieh chung. bo mdi thu rieng ma nghi den dai cupc cua
Dudng Van Nga. Tran Qudc Tuan that vd cung xiic dong long
ngUdi. Phat trien truyen thdng doan ket la siie manh. Ho Chi
Minh eho rang doan ket la thang Idi. doan ket la thanh cong

<i>Doan kit, doan ket, dai doan ket </i>

<i>Thanh cong, thanh cong, dai thanh cong </i>

Ho Chi Minh da ke thita phat trien truyen thong doan kft
len mot tam cao mdi tren cd sd chu nghia Mac-Lenin d cho
NgUdi keu goi doan ket khong chi giOa cac t^ng Idp giai c&'p,
dan toe, ma eon doan ket vdi cac lUc lUdng tien bo. phong tr&o
each mang va giai cA'p vd san the gidi. NgUdi cho rang hat
nhan doan ket la hai giai cA'p. dd la edng nhan va nong dan.
Tit dd trong titng thdi ky. NgUdi lap ra Mat tran doan ket
nham thong nhat lUc lUdng ea nUdc de dat den muc tieu
chung.

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goc, mud'n giii dUdc nUdc can phai dUde long dan, hay mat
nghin vang chd de mat Idng dan cua Nguyen Binh Khiem;
long dan cd the xoay chuyen trdi dat cua Ngd Thi Nham;
<i>NgUdi lam ehinh tri khong d\X(ic trai y mud'n eiia dan, phai </i>
yeu cai dan yeu, ghet eai dan ghet eua Minh Menh...

Quan niem ve dan cua Ho Chi Minh da cd thay doi ve
chat. Dan d NgUdi la nhan dan, quan chung, dong bao ma
cong nong la ndng cot.

Bac cho rang trong bau trdi nay khdng gi quy bang nhan
dan. Bac ndi:

<i>"Nudc lay ddn lam goc </i>
<i>Goc CO vitng cay mdi hen </i>

<i>Xay Idu thdng Ic/i tren nen nhan ddn"^ </i>

<i>6 day eiing mot cau ndi "Nudc lay dan lam goc" nhUng noi </i>

dung khac han nhau. Mot ben coi dan la ngUdi bi tri, thu
<i>dong. khdng ed sxic sang tao; con Bac cho dan la quy nha't, la </i>
lUc lUdng vd dich, la ngUdi san xua't ra moi cua cai vat cha't
va tinh than eho xa hoi, la nguon sang tao ba't tan, la dong
lUc cua lich sU. Bac cho rang nhijtng sang tac cua nhan dan la
nhutng vien ngoc quy. Theo Bac, d l mUdi Ian khdng dan eiing
chiu, khd tram Ian dan lieu cung xong. Tit dd Bae ehu trUdng
xay dung Nha nude ciia dan, do dan, vi dan. Bac coi dan nhU
nudc, each mang (che do) chinh quyen nhu thuyen, can bo
nhu ca. Dang la ngUdi cam lai, ehu nghia la tri khdn, la ban.
Bac eho rang cac ed quan eua Chinh phu tit toan quoc eho

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den cac lang deu la day td cua dan, nghia la de phat tri^n
<i>viec chung cho dan chii khdng phai la de dau cUdi cd dkn. </i>
Nhu vay, dan khdng chi la goc. nen mdng ma con la chu. Bac
ndi:

<i>"Nitdc ta la nitdc ddn chu </i>
<i>Bao nhieu M ieh deu vi ddn </i>
<i>Bao nhieu quyen han deu cua ddn </i>

<i>Chinh quyen tit xa den Chinh phu Trung Ucfng do ddn ci </i>
<i>ra. </i>

<i>Noi torn lai quyen hanh vd lUc lUcfng deu d ncfi ddn". </i>
Theo Bac, dan chu se dong vien khai thae dudc moi tiem
<i>nang cua con ngUdi, til do tao nen dong lUc siie manh. </i>

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cac dng mud'n diet nhiing ndi kho nay cho moi ngUdi. Dd la ly
do cd ban khien cae dng xua't gia.

Ke thifa va p h a t trien tU tUdng n h a n van dd, tU tUdng eiiu
kho cho dan khdng chi khoi nan ngoai xam, nan vong qud'c,
ma cdn mudn ciiu kho cho dan khoi ndi kho thUdng nhat, va
<i>phat trien len tinn cao tren ed sd ehu nghia Mac-Lenin, </i>
NgUdi da tim ra con dUdng va lanh dao toan dan tien h a n h
cupc khang chien t h a n t h a n h dem lai doe lap eho dan tdc. Di
xa hdn NgUdi cdn eho rang neu doe lap ma dan khdng dude tU
do, hanh phue thi doc lap chang ed nghia ly gi, bdi vay, NgUdi
da gan giai phdng dan tdc vdi ehu nghia xa hoi. Da lam each
mang, theo NgUdi, thi nen lam cho den ndi, the mdi khoi phai
hy sinh nhieu Ian.

Nhung khac vdi thdi Ly - Tr^n, cae dng vua thdi nay vdi
tam huyet nguyen vong nhU tren nhUng ed may ai thoat kho,
<i>con chiing ta sau khi gianh dxiOc doe lap va tien len ehu </i>
<i>nghia xa hoi thi dan ta dang dxiOc hUdng tu do, hanh phiic va </i>
dan chu that su. Mot ben hau nhU chi la nguyen vong, cdn
mot ben da, dang va se trd t h a n h hien thue ngay mot sinh
dong vdi nhiing dudng Idi ehinh sach cu the thiet thUc. Toan
Dang, toan dan ta dang doan ket mot long hudng den muc
tieu dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi edng bang, dan chu, van
minh.

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