Một số hiện tượng đặc biệt của trung tâm danh ngữ Tiếng Việt thế kỉ XVII-XVIII (quan các văn bản viết bằng chữ Quốc ngữ)

48

NG6N NGC & Dcn S6NG

S62(244)-2016

MOT SO HIEN TirgNG D^C BIET
CUA TRUNG TAM DANH N G C TIENG VIET THfi Ki
XVn- XVIII (Qua cac van bSn viet bSng chu- Qu6c ngir)
SOME SPECIAL PHENOMENA OF THE HEAD OF VIETNAMESE NOUN PHRASE
DURING THE XVH- XVHl CENTURIES (via National language texts)
VO THJ MINH H A
(ThS-NCS; Bai hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Ha N?!)
Abstract: From diachronic view, the paper will describe and analyze phenomenon of head
noun in Vietaamese noun phrase structure during the XVII- XVUI centuries via Nationd
language texts of CathoUc community. The linguistic data does not only reveal the role of being
the head noun of unit nouns and countable mass nouns but also shows the way in which some
mass nouns were being grammaticalized in Vietaamese more than three hundred years ago.
Key words: head noim; Vietaamese noim phrase; National language,...
1. Dinnhip
Hgo (1999), Hodng Diing-NguyinThiLyKhi
Tiong dia hgt cft ph^, danh ngtt dugc hilu Id (2008) sfl dyng. Nguyen Dhih Hda (1997)
mOt dodn ngtt cd thdnh t l tiung tdm Id danh tft. khdng chi ggi tft loai ndy Id "danh tft logi Ihi"
Vdn de xdc dinh ihdnh to tiung tdm cho danh md dng cdn ddng th&i sft dyng Ihi^t ngtt "toi
;i
\7;ft*
— -.2
I
j _ t dugc
A
>s

t*j»
ic \ ngay, tiong cling
^',
a* cuon
J sddt
jt.i'
ngtt.•* ,tilng
ViOt ,tuy
vin chua
dgt
sy ddng
tif*/_i(classifier)
mdt
thudn triOt dl cua cdc nhd nghiOn cftu nhung vl TOn ggi "logi tii" phd biin den mftc cd lat lA
CO ban, cd thi c h ^ nhgn quan diem: trung tam tdc gid dflng thudt ngtt ndy. Cd thi kl din cac
danh ngtt tilng Vigt diln htoh do Danh tft dcm vi nhd nghiOn cftu nhtr M B . Em^eau, 1951; LC
(DDV) vd Danh tft khii (DK) [+ dim dugc] Thompson, 1965; Nguyin Tai Cdn, 1975; U
ddm nhiOm. Do khudn kho cd han, bdi vilt se tgp Vdn Lt 1972; Dmh Vdn Eiftc, 1985, 2000,
tiung miOu td mOt s l hiOn tugng fflic biOt cfta 2001; Tidn Dgi Nghia, 1996; Le BiOn, 1999;
tiung tam danh ngtt tieng ViOt thi ki XVII- Luu Vdn Ldng, 1998, 2000; Ly Todn Thdng,
XVm dya tren cdc til liOu vilt bdng chtt Quic 2000; Nguyen Phu Phong, 2002; Bfti Dftc Tinh,
ngtt'. Ngtt HOu bao gim 42 bflc thu tiao doi 2003'; Phan Nggc, 2008, 2011; V. S. Panfilov,
tiong cOng dong dao TlliOn Chua vl cdc van dl 2008; Nguyen Vdn Chmh, 2010,...
UOn quan din viOc dgo. E>dy Id nhttng vdn bdn
Nhiing ten ggi khdc nhau ndy cd thi xuat
thu tin dau tien dugc ghi bdng chtt Quic ngtt vd phdt tft vi tri cua tft logi n ^ trong danh ngtt ho$c
Id nhiing cgt moc ddng tidn tigng dio mgt nin do quan niOm v l chftc ndng, ngtt ngh& khdng
van xudi mdi cfta Vigt Nam
thyc sy ding nhdt gitta cdc nha nghiOn cftu vd do
2.Van d l thdnh t l tnmg tam cua danh dd, "logi tft" cd thi dugc coi Id mOt tft logi phfc

ngir
tgp nhdt tiong cdutiflcdanh ngtt tieng Vift Dil
ZI. vin dedanh Udon vj
vdy, vdi vai trd Id tiung tdm cfta danh ngtt, vi ti
Ve lOn ggi, vi tii ndy cua danh ngtt cd rat ndy cd thi dugc goi Id: loai tft (Phan Ng?c,
nhieu
ieii tOn
t«n ggi
oni khdc
Vhs^ nham
„h»,v logi\^\. ty
„r (Tidn
f r ™ Tnpng
T
Nguyen Tai Cdn), classifier '(Thompson), danh
Kim, 1940), tiln danh tfl (Phan Khdi, 1955), tft tft don vi (Cao Xudn Hgo), (Hodng Diingchl loai (Luu Van Ldng, 1957), phd danh tii Nguyin TM Ly Kha),... Cdc ten ggi 'loai Hf
(Nguyen Kun Thdn, 1963), danh tii logi thi hay "classifiei" hay "danh tft dOn v]" cung
(categorical nouns) (Nguyin Dtah Hda, i997), khdng ldm thay ddi tinh chdt danh tft diln Hnh
danhtiichl don vj(LO Bien, 1999;f, danh tft chi cua don vj niy, khiln dio nd cd thi ddm duong
don vi ddi ftigng (Ho LO, 2000). TOn ggi: danh dugc vai trd Id trung tdm cft phdp cfta danh ngQ
til don vi (DDV) dugc cdc tdc gid nhu Cao Xudn tilng Vigt Cdch ggi danh tft don vi ddm Ho


S62(244)-2016

NG6N NGC* & Bin S6NG

duoc sir nhat quan trong \dec ph§n chia danh tfi
lieng V i ^ d eSp dp mot tiieo thfi luong phan
gdm E©V va danh tfi khdi cfing nhir gat duge

nhfing khfic mSe trong su phan lo?d cfia "logi tfi"
ddi vdi cae tfi: con, cdy, cue, miing tdm. gipt....
ThSm vao 66, vdi dSc film cua mot ngdn
ngfi biSn hhih. khdng cd s\r phfi fing eh§t che vh
gioi^, so, each gifia danh tfi trung tam vdi eae
thanh phSn phu trg nen vai trd trung tam cfi p h ^
diin hmh cfia danh ngfi tieng Viet khdng chi do
danh tfi don vi dam nhi$mmfi cdn cd su gdp mat
d ^ g k i cfia danh tfi ldi6i, nhu sS trinh bay dudi
day.
2.2. Van didanh tdrkhSi
Khai niem danh tie khSi (DK) vdi Ihuat ngfi
tieng Anh tuong duong la mass nouns duge ggi
bang c ^ ^ khac nhau trong t i ^ Viet: danh tCr
chat lieu (xem: Nguyin Dhih Hda, 1997; L.C.
Thompson, 1965; Nguyin Tai Cin, 1975,...).
Ti^ nhien, Cao Xuan Hgo 1^ dua vao thuat
ngfi mass nouns mgt khai m$m Vi$t ngfi mdi:
"danh tie khdi la nhung danh tie md s& biiu la
mpt tap hpp nhieng thupc tinh khiin su vgt
duac bieu thi phdn biit v&i cdc su vgt duac
bieu thi bang nhimg danh tie khdi khdc. Dd Id
nhihig danh tie chi chiing logi hogc chdt li$u
ciia s\r vgt, chic khdng true tiip chi su vdt v&i
tinh cdch Id nhihig thvc thi cd hinh thuc tdn
tgiphdn lap" [Cao Xu§n H?o, 1998: 334].
Tfi each quan niem nay, cd the thdy,
nhfing thyc thd DK hihi thi la nhung chinh
Ihi, do dd tuySt dai bO phgn DK khdng phan
lugng hda dugc. Tuy nhi&i, trong each phSn

loai danh tfi tieng Vi^t d tdn ti bac hai, cd ihh
dua ra ket qu^ ve su phan loai: DK [+ dem
dugc] v^ DK [- d i m dugc]. Tlieo dd, "DK [+
dim duge] la loai DK ed kh^ nang ck the hda
hoae lugng hda bSng tfi chi lugng ham nghia
so v^ ed kha nang chi ph6i mgi loai dinh
ngfi" [Nguyin Thi Ly Kha, 2001; 75]. Do
vdy, DK [+ dim duge] cd ddy dfi tu c ^ h ddm
nhi$m vi tri trung tam trong danh ngu tiing
Vi?t.
2.3. Quan ni4nt vi trung tdm dtmh ngit
trong ngdn ngit hpc d?i cuang

49

Trong eac tM U?u ngdn ngfi hgc dai cuong,
^ tinh efia danh tfi trung tam cd thi dugc xac
)^nh bang ciu hue sSu cua danh ngfi hoge b&ig
ph6niemt&siQ'.
C3u hfic ^
cua danh ngfi (underlying
shucture of NP) ludn bao g6m ba phu ngfi: phu
ngfi v i chat lugng (Quality), phii ngfi ve s6
lugng (Quantity) vk phu ngfi v i vi ttf (Locative)
(xem J. Rijkhof^ 2002) nen don vi danh tfi nao
thda man dugc yeu eau ve cau trfic sau eua danh
ngfi se la tnmg tam efia danh ngfi. Ben cgnh do,
trong giao hinh ve eu phap, Ivfeggie Tallerman
da ehi ra bay dac tinh cua mdt tnmg t^ra, ma dae
tinh dau tien la: "Trung tam phdi chfia nhung

thdng tin efi phap quan trpng nhit trong ngu"
Uallennan, 2005: 98]'*. Vdi ph6 n i ^ tk suy
(impUcational universal) cua logi hinh hge, dac
tmh cfia danh tfi trui^ tSm dugc xkc dinh cung
vdi cac phu i ^ cfia nd, William Croft da dua ra
sau md hinh ve trat t^r phy i ^ cua danh tfi trung
tam cua cac ngdn ngfi tren the gidi. Theo do,
tieng Viet tiiupc vao md Idnh 4b: pMn phu trudc
cua danh tfi tiui^ tam la: lugng ngfi O^um N);
ph&i phu sau cCia danh tfi trung t&n let: tfi chi
dinh (NDem) & tfnh tu (NA) & sd hfiu (NG) &
manhde(NRelJ^
TrSn thye te, eau true danh ngft tieng Viet
hi?n dai cdn cd su xuat hi^n cua tfi chi xuat cdi
trong phSn phy trudc vk cde d ^ ngft d phdn
phy sau cd thi duge ehia nhd hon nfia (xem
Hoang Dung - N g u y ^ Thi Ly Kha, 2008)
nhung ve co ban, cdc DDV va ede DK [+ dim
dugc] trong tiing Viet cd tiii Ihda mSn cdc tiSu
chi ve loai hinh hge va pho ni$m tat suy cua
ngdn ngfi hpc dgi cuong.
Tfi nhung dieu da trinh bdy d tren, ed thi
nhgn thSy vai trd trung tdm danh ngfi dien Wnh
cfia tiing Viet do cde DDV va DK [+ d&n dugc]
dam nhi&n. Qua hinh khao sat 42VB cfing cho
thiy DDY va DK [+ dim dugc] hodn todn dap
fing dugc cde yeu cdu ve cfi phdp 6k ddm nhi&n
vai trd tnmg tam trong eau true danh ngfi tieng
Vi?t Tuy nhien, do ddy la cdc vdn banti*aoddi
v i vi?c dgo trong ndi bO cdng dong ThiSn Chua

^ao, ngudi viit (dac bift la ngudi ViSt) chua


50

NG6N NGtr & B(n S6NG

S6 2 (244)-2016

quen vdi loi hanh van tiieo phong each van joidi, danh sdch cac DDV nhir Cao Xuan Hgo, Luu
cde vSn ban mang ^ m tinh khdu ngft va mgt Van Ldng, Truong Vinh K;^ hay M.B. Emeneau
yeu ^ khdr^ k€ra phiin quan trpng khdc, do la: Tuy nhidn, qua khdo Ididt, dd eho thiy c6 sj^
khoang cddi ttitt gian eua cac vdn ban so vdi tuong fing vdi cac DDV nhu; thu (ed trong danh
ngay nay Id Idioang 300 nSm nen cac danh n ^ sdch cac E ^ V tiiuan tuy hinh tiific cCia Cao
trong edc vdn ban tiidi ki nay cimg cd 'van de'. Xuan Hgo vd danh sadi cdc danh tfi si ciia
Truong Vmh K^ [xem Cao Xudn Hgo, 1999:
Din5d day la eac hien higng cu tiii:
343-345]) hogc cm. chiec (cd trong danh sdch
3. Cdc danh tir don v\ dSc bift t r o i ^ 42 VB
cac DDV thuan t i ^ hinh thfic efia Cao Xuan
3.L Dank tit khoi 'id^&42VB.
Day Id mpt hien tugng dge biet bdi danh tfi Hgo [xem Cao Xuan Hgo, 1999:343-345]).
nay xuat hien 26 lln vdi tu cddi "kep"- vfia Id ngfi canh xuit hifn cfia do trong 42VB; nhiiu <
cdcdddgon^
DDV [- nOi dung] vfia nhu mOt DK. Cac K gidi thd (VB2), cdc do dgo (VB6),
ttong Tie diin Vi$t- Bd- La (T& vdn h^ch: Logi^ nai (VB^, hit cdc S ldm li (VB7), dd dim
trong
nhd
(VBl
1),

do
dimg
cho
tdt
(VBl i), m
biia cha md nffi&i ta dun^ gidy viit diiu die di
nguyin rua ke Ididc, vd ddt no tru&c ban th& quy dn (VB40) flii lufn ro sy tuong dong vi ngfl
thdn, cdu xin quy thdn cho diiu die ay xdy ra) nghia vd ngfi dyng efia dd trong moi tuong quan
hay Tie vj Annam- Latinh (T&: t& gfdy, gfdy td vdi cdi, chiic, thie. Ve mdt cau tgo, do ed thi ^ft
cdng cdng) vk Dgi Nam Qudc amtievj (T&: mdt vai trd lam t n n ^ tam eua mft danh ngfi vdi ffiiy
tdm g^dy nguyen, vd bdng thdng, ffdy bien viet dfi cac phan ^hy trudc va phy sau, vi dy: nhiiu
sy: gi) khdng eho ta biit chinh xdc vao thdi ki do thd, cdc d!5 dgo mpi nai, hit cdc dd ldm li,...
£»o cd tiie di vdi edc lugng tfi, ehfia dyng cfic
ndy, td da tiiyc sy dugc biet hda thanh mOt DDV
hay ehua. Ndi m0t edeh Ididc, sy xuat hi?n efia logi (^nh ngfi: hgn dinh trong: dd dgo, m dn;
td ttong 42VB la mpt dau hi$u eho thiy qud mieu td trong: dd dung cho tdt, ehi tr6 vj tri
trinh hu hda fliye tfi- mOt hien tugng pho biin trong: cdc dd dgo mpi nai, dd dimg trong rM,
trong tiing Vi^t- dang dien ra d tiidi Id nay, do qy. Dgc bift Id, danh ngft: cdc dd dy trong
khien cho cd sy t^n tgi song song gifia t& vdi tu ngft ednh: Qudn linh thdy si^ ldm v^ tM cdo m
cdch Id mOt DDV tiiudn tfiy hhih thfic va m^t quan trdn thii, ngu&i nghe tin ^ liin sai bdn ong
chinh dpi tru&ng vd ndm muai qudn cho du(fc
DK.
tim Phatiri dy tron^ xd nhiiu nai: md bdi^ (?%
Khi la mgt E ^ V , t& (xuat hi?n 8 Ian, chiem chdng thdy thi bdt bdn dgo md khdo cimg bdtm
30.8% ting so Ian xuat hien) lam trung tdm cho Ipn. bdt trau bdmddn biit la ngdn ndo, /(rf/^
danh ngft, vdi day du cdc phdn phy trudc va phy nlneng nhd thdnh, citng bdt cdc dd dgo md r4p
sau. Vf dy: mdt t& li dodn phgt Due Cy (VB 18), bdn dgo cimg cdc dd dy cho quan trdn tM
mpt td ly dodn thay cd Bdo Lpc (VB21); hodc (VB6) da cho Ally hr cdch ra)V eua danh tfi d^.
ehi ed phin phu sau: t& thdn (VB7), ta thm dy Trong i ^ canh tren, danh ngfi; cdc dd dy IMi
(VB7), t d ^ Ididng (VB17). Ben canh dd, do b i ngu eho dOng tii ôpp vd vi Id m^t DDV nen

tinh chat dĐe trung cfia DDN, ta cdn ed tiii d§t dinh ngft han djnh dgo cua danh ngfi dSdgo^
sau dpng tfi lam tieu diim thdng bao cua p h ^ bi lupc bd. Danh ngft ndy cd flte dugc phyc
thiQ-eL Vi dy; qv is t& Due vit vd cdu nme&i dyng mgt edch diy dfi la: cdc ^o d ^ ^.
(VB20). Tuy nhien, van cdn 69.2%, tdng sd ldn
t& xuit hi?n vdi Ur cdeh la mdt DK, vd day Id
^ Trong clu tgo cfia phan phy trudc danh n^,
diim khdc bift so vdi vj tri cfia E©V tdhxmg cu
dd duge cae lugng tfi chi todn the vd lugng tit
p h ^ tiing Viet hi?n dai.
dli so lugng phy tn? khi can d i c|p din s6 lupng
3.x Danh tie khdi'^dd"
nhiiu efia danh ngfi cd chfia S. Tiong 42VB
Day la mOt danh tfi khdng ndm trong danh khdo sdt, lugng tfi dli s6 lugng l i hgp vdi d;^ 14
sdch I ® V cfia edc nha nghien cfiu cd di c ^ din cae lugng tfi; «ft/iu va cdc; lugng tfi chi todn thS


S62(244)-2016

NG6N NGtJ" & B(n S6NG

cW ed^duy nhat lugng tfi: hit. Lugng tfi ehi todn
till het kit hgp vdi lugng tii chi s6 lugng cdc
ttong danh ngfi: hit cdc dd ldm li (VBT) di ehi
higng torn tiii vdi y mhia tdt cd. W vgy, tfi tiiyc
^ndy, ^ nendugcxq) vdo danh sdch cdc DDW
[- n0i dung] ttong flidi ki cfia 42VB- flii ki

51

ngft p h ^ chfi khd cd thi ndi ring vao flie ki

XVn- XVni ngudi ta sfi dung to hgp DDV

4. Cac danh tur k h i i dac bift trong 42 VB
4.1. Hipi tugfng danh tie khoi lam thdi Idm
demhtitdarnvi
Danh tii khii (DK) chiim s6 lugng a^ ddo
xvn-xvin.
trong bdng tiiong kS ve danh tfi tieng Vift* va do
3 . H i ^ tirgng "danh tir don vj gh^p"
edc
ddc d i ^ ehinh nhir khdng tham gja vao
BChi khdo sdt edc danh ngfi cd trong cde vdn
ban, cd mOt hifn tugng khd flifi vj, dd Id cdc phgm trfi so, khdng bao ham,thih xac dinh,
tnidng hgp xudt hifn cfia cdc ' T © V gh^p". Cdc Ididng phan lugng hda dupc,...nM kha nang
'VBV ghep" nay cd flil Id cdc E©V fliuin tuy ldm trung tam danh ngft cfia danh khdi thudng
Wnhfliuchodc edc L©V ed ed hai mat Wnh thfic khdng dien hinh bdng YXSV. Txsy nhien, tren
vd nOi dung. Cy flii Id hai "DDV ^idp"; s^ + thyc te van cd mdt s6 DK Idm thdi chuyen loai
vi$c vk ddng + b^, trong cdc danh i ^ : su vi4c flidnh DDV M dam nhifm chfic nang lam trung
tam danh ngft vdi ddy dfi eae dac tinh efia mdt
dgo (VB6) va ddng bi ldm vua (VB42).
Xet flieo ed hf fliong edc DDV ttong 42VB DDV.
till 2 ttudi^ hgp ndi tren chiim 2,5% - mgt eon
Qud trinh khdo sdt cdc van bdn chft quie ngft
s6 qud nhd so vdi toan bg hf fliing vd dfi di ndi the ki XVn- XVffi eiing eho thiy hifn tugt^ eae
I€n sy khdc la cua hai t n ^ g hgp ndy. Ben canh DK lam thdi chuyen logi thanh cac DDV de
dd, r^odi vifc xuat hifn ding fli6i cd sw- va vi^c thyc hifn chfic nang lam tnmg tam danh ngfi.
trong danh ngfi 5V vi'^c dgo thi bdn thdn DDV sy: Cdc DK chi^en loai ndy khdng chi bao gdm cdc
xuit hifn 323 lln, DDV vi^c xuat hifn 66 !an vd danh tfi chi dd dyng, cdc tfi chi quan hf than
vdi danh ngft ddng bi ldm vua thi I ^ V bi xuit thuOe md cdn cd edc danh tfi dupc cpng ddng
hifn 5 lln, DDV ddng xuit hifn 46 lln. X ^ tit IhiSn Chfia gjdo sfi dyng nhu cde danh tfi

cd edc tiirdng hgp xuat hifn khde efia s^r vk vi$c, ehuygn bift
ddng vk bi thi chfing diu xuit hifn trong thi b i
4.LL Qua tiinh khdo sat 42 VB fliu duge 6
tiic, tfic Id cd sy loai trfi nhau tixmg mOt d ngft DK lam tiidi dam nhan chfic ndng EE)V, do la
phap. Thi b i tfic ndy khiin cho niu A xuit hifn edc danh tfi: ban. cdy, chen, cu, man, dng. Trong
tiii B khdng xuit hifn nfia (tiic Id d vi tri ldm so eac DK lam thdi lam DDN ndy, ^ n g chfi y
tiung tam danh ngfi thi chi ed sy xuit hifn cua nhat la man Danh tfi mdn xuit h i ^ trong cac
mgt trong hai DDV su hoac vi$c vk ddng hoSc danh ngfi: mdn dnh (VB2), s^e sdm mdn dnh
bi). Cdn neu cho ring ddy cd thi la nhfing DDV (VB41) trong cdc ngfi ednh: md cdc quan trdn
gh6p thi sg cd mft so d i nhu sau:
thucdcxucd quan nhgt ldm, cdm bdt ngfeai ta
ddt hit nhiiu dd thd dm^ mdn dnh niea (VB2),
Oi
O2
v/|c taphdi Io bdng su sdm mdn dnh cimg nhiiu
sy
vifc
gidng khde vi viec tha phugng mdc long thi
( ^
bi
Theo 66, chfing ta sa ed m0t tiung tam danh chdng cdn Id bao nhiiu (VB41). Qua cac ngu
ngft la mgt td hgp g h ^ cfia edc DDV vd nhu canh, cd thi thay mdn ddm rihiem hai vi tri:
v$y till O2 la mgt sy Idng phi, khdng tudn tiieo trung tam danh i ^ (mm dnh) vk dfinh ngfi chi
nguy&i tie tiet kifm cfia ngdn ngft. Chhih do tin xuit (sv sdm mdn dnh). Dieu ndy khien eho jndn
so xuit hifn rat fli^, khdng mang tmh hf thong ed v6 nhu cd tu cadi cua mdt DDV. Tiy nhirai,
nen cd flii nh$n djnh ring: niu nhu ddy khdng khi kilm ehung r^hia cua mdn trong cdc tfi ^en
phdi Id fiudng hgp tdc gid viit nham thi theo cua A. de Rhodes, PJ* de Behaine hay H i ^ ^
cdch nWn dong C^, eung Id hifn tugng viet sai Tinh Paulus Cua tM thiy dudng nhu mdn cd

NGON NGtr & Ddi S 6 N G

nghia cda mgt thuc tir. Cu the Id; man: bijrc mdn
[TCI 6ikn Viet- BO- La, 1991: 145]; man: man.
Man chdng: Cn. [Tu vi Annam- Latinh, 1999:
283]: mdn. n. Hang, vdi IcOt lai tit bufC do md che
md gidng cho dgp hodc cho khuit tich (Dai Nam
Quic dm tg vi, 1895:12- tdp 2]. Tinh each thgc
tir cda mdn dugc xdc nhdn trong Ti dien liing
Viet mdn d. 1 D^ diing lam l)§ng vdi dgt thua
d^u dk n ^ ru6i muoi. Mdc mdn. 2 Ob ddng
bdng vdi de che chdn. Mdn cia,... [Tir dien tieng
ViOt, 2002: 608]. Cum tir mdn dnh, theo ngtt
cdnh c6 ihO ddn den suy dodn rdng no c6 su
tuong dng vol cum tu tdm dnh hay buc dnh
vhung theo cdch gidi thich ve tir mdn trong cdc
tir dien thi lai co the dan den suy ludn idng mdn
dnh Id nOi v^ mOt tdm vdi ddng de che hue dnh
thd. BOn canh do, Irong cu6n Phip gidng Idm
ngdy ciia A. de Rhodes cung c6 sir xuat hiOn ciia
mdn trong: cdi mdn che din Ihdnh dnh trong
ngG cdnh:feiicdn/i ^ . Nhu vdy, vdo the Id XVn
(thong qua tdc phdm Phip gidng tdm ngdy,
1651), mart vd dnh Id cdc DK, vdy dieu gi khien
ciing ngay d thO ki XVH (1687, VB2) vd the ki
XDC (1818, VB41), hai DK mart vd dnh lai kit
hgp v6i nhau dO tao thdnh danh ngii mdn dnhl
LiOu mdn trong mdn dnh c6 su tucmg dOng ndo
vin mdn hong mdn Mch hay khong? Qud thuc,
can c6 them tu UOu dO co thi khdng dinh vO tu

cdch danh ng& cua mdn dnh. Tuy lihiOn, can cii
vdo ngO cdnh xuat hign ciia t6 hgp mart dnft; dii
con tin nghi nhimg CO tho tam thdi coi man dn/i
Id mgt danh ngO vd xep mdn vdo nh6m cdc DK
ldm th6i ddm nhigm chiic ndng DDV, cimg voi
cdc DK khdc co tong 42VB: bdn, cdy, chen, cu,
ong

S62(244)-2016

]

(VB9), Unh sdm truyin (VB6), Unh tdi (VB22),
Unh ciu Ihiin than (VB22), ISMissa (VBT), li
trpng (VBll), li Id (VB40), li phuc siii
(VB40), liblo (VB40), IIB.C. phisitdsantdhifn
xudng (VB40), thiy cd (VB37), Ihdy
(VB23), thdy gidng (VB20). Ttong sfl cdc DK
chuyOn diing cho Thien Chiia gido nfli tren, cde
danh nga cfl DK Ih^ lam tnmg tdm xudt hi^
173 lan, trong dfl, pho bien nhit Id cdc danh ngii
diing de noi v l cdc chiic vy trong cgng dodntOi^
gido nay. Vi dy: thiy cd, Ihiy ddng Ihiy gidng.
Nhu vdy, ciing v6i cdc DDV thuan tuy hinh thiic
nhu: be, ding due, D., ke, cdc DK nhu: cha,
ddu, Unh, phep, Ihiy dd tao thdnh mgt nhom cac
danh tir cfl khd ndng tam trung tdm trong cdc
danh ngii chuyen biOt, rieng cfl trong Thi&i
4.2. Cic danh Ur khoi tnfc dep ket hgp wK
lugng ti chi sibrgng

DN diln hinh trong tieng ViOt luon co du ba
thanh phdn, phy trudc (lugng tir chi toan thi,
lugng tir chi s6 lugng), phdn tning tdm, phdn
phy sau (cdc dinh n ^ : han dinh, mieu Id, chi v;
ti). De dam bdo cdu tnic diln hinh nay, tmng
tdm DN phdi Id cdc DDV hodc cdc DK [+ dim
dugc] bfli cdc DK [- dim dugc] v6n khflng the
phdn lugng hfla dugc nen khflng thi tilp nhan
phdn phy trudc Id cdc lugng tir chl sfl lugng.
Tuy nhien, qud t i n h khdo sdt 42 VB cho thdy,
trong thfli ki ndy, do ngucri vilt chiu anh
huflng iB rOt cua ngO phdp chdu Au khi dien ta
mOt danh tir sfl nhilu nOn cfl hiOn tugng DK
t y c a l p kit hgp voi so tit, t?o thanh mgt danh
ngO mang hdm nghia so. Cy thi Id: hai phic
die iy (VB38). Ben c?nh dfl, cung do tdc gii
Id ngufli nuflc ngodi nOn t o n g vdn bdn 40 vi
41, cfln cfl hien tugng chuyin loai tir lo^i tir
tfah tur thdnh danh tir vd kit hgp tiuc tilp vdi
s l Kr vd tit chi lugng d l tao ra danh ngii s6
nhilu. Cy thi la: ba nhdn die riing (VB 40),
cdc nhdn due (VB41). Cdc cdch ket hgp ndy
khiln cho cdc danh ngii k l tOn trirnOn thilu ty
nhiOn, khong thuan Vigt

4.L2. Do cdc vdn bdn khdo sdt Id cdc Ihu tir
trao doi v l vice dsio cua cgng dong Tiiien Chda
gido Or Viet Nam vdo thO ki XVlI-XVffl nOn dd
c6 mgt so DK lam thoi dam nhiOm chirc ndng
DDV nhung mang ddm bdn sdc cua Thien Chiia

gido. Do Id cdc danh tir: cha, ddu, kink phip,
thiy. Cdc danh tir ndy tt* thdnh tung tdm cdc
danh ngO vd mang ngQ ngMa vl cdc chiic vy,
cdc Io?i kinh sdch hay thdnh l l phyc vy dcri sing
Trong cdc tai heu ngfln ngii hgc dai cuong,
riOng CO tong xa hgi Cflng gido. Vi dy: cha cd cdc nhd nghien curu da chi ra rdng, cdc chi tfl so


S62(244)-2016

NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG

53

nhieu trong m^t sd ngdn i ^ nhu: tiii^ Vift, ddc, ba/ cdc Siu nhdn ^ec, ba/ c&: vi$c nhdn
tiii^ Hdn, tiing Triiu Ti&i, tiing Nfing, tieng due.
Nfien Difn khdng dugc ddnh diu mOt edch bdt
4.3. Cdc danh ngit cd danh tit khoi ldm
buOctixmgdanhtils6 nhiiu nhutiingHd Lan vd trung^mcd cdu trdcd^bi^
tiing Anh (xem AusterUtz. 1980: 242, din tiieo Phia sau tnn^ tam DN la vi tii cfia edc dinh
J. Rijkhof^ 2002,153) nen niu ehi hiiu ddn ngfi hgn dinh, djnh ngfi mieu td vd djnh i ^ chi
thuin nd theo edchfliemlugng tii chi s6 nhiiu vi tit Quatiinhkhdo sdt cho thiy, vitiitiongndi
vdo trudc danh ngu (nhu trong cac vi dutroi) thi bO &ih ngfi miSu td va dinh i ^ dii vi tri cd the
s5 ldm cho danh ngu ndy tid nen xa la vdi ngudi ed su dich chiq^ Trong khi dd, #ih ngft han
ban ngfi. Di cho danh ngfi nayti^nhi&i hon. dinhfliudngdfing sdt tmng tam, tryc ti^ Idm ro
chfing ta chi can tuan thu quy tic clu tgo danh nglna eho danh tfi tiung tam (tiiudng Id cac
ngfitiingVift, nghia la them vdo dd phin tiung DDV hay DK [+ dim duge]). Tuy nhi&i, cd hao
tam cfia danh ngft, mpt danh tfi dan vi. Danh tfi danh ngfi cd e&i tnic khdc la: hcd vgn dong trdn
don vi cd thi dugc de xuat Id: vi^c, diiu, vk danh bgc (VB6) vd cd vd hai gfd thu (VB6),
i ^ ndy s€ Id: hai viecphdc diec, hai dieu phuc

Cau tiuc thfi nhit: hai vgn ddng trdn bgc
Phin dSnh ngft cua danh ngfi ndy cho thiy sy hodn ddi giua dinh ngfi mieu ta vd djnh ngfi hgn
dinh. Ngdy nay, trong ti^ Vift, vi tri cfia dinh ngft hgn dinh bao gjd cung dung sdt ngay tnmg tam,
tiip dd Id dinh ngft midu td. Do dd, mft danh ngft cd ngfi nghia tuong tytiiudngdugc diln dgt, vi dy:
mffj' ddngtiinle. Cdc danh ngft ndy cdfliidugc phan tich nhu sau:
DN
L g T ^
—DN
DDV

^
Hgn dinh

Ha vgn

\
Mie^ td

dong trdn bgc

So do 1: Danh ngft hai vgn ddng trdn bgc
DN

Mi8utd
May
ding
So di 2: Danh ngft mdy dong tiin li
Cihi chu: DN: danh ngft; LN: lugng ngft; DDV; danh tfi don vi; DN; dinh ngfi

NGON NGtr & B(n

54

S6NG

s i 2 (244)-2016

hudng tfi eau trfic danh ngft tiing Hdn, cy tfeS i
Id vdi danh tfi trdn bgc (viSn ngdn). Dfi vfy,
6h cd the khing dinh vd thih xdc thuc efia m^t
danh ngft cd trdt tu md dinh ngft mieu td nam
tnrdc dinh ngft han dinh nhu hai vgn 3Q^
trdn bgc cln ed them thdi gian vd cfi Ufu.
c l u tific thfi hai: cd vd hai gid thie
Trong clu trfie tren, dinh ngft han dinh thu
da duge tach ra dfing sau dinh ngft mieu ta
gid. Diiu ndy cho thay rd idng, danh ngft nM
da ed anh hudng ro rft tfi clu tnic danh u p
tiing Han, theo dd, tinh tfi diing d i mieu tC
dting trudc danh tfi trung tdm.

Kit qua kiim ehung vdi dnh bdn da cho
thiy dp xdc tiiuc cua vdn ban phien chuyin.
N i u can cfi vao li do eho rdi^ cdc van bdn thu
tii Cdng giao tiling 42VB mang dam tfnh
khiu ngfi vd la cdc van bdn viit tay it tiy xda
thi cd tiii gia dinh danh r ^ hai vgn ddng trdn
bgc Id do tac gid viit nhim. Neu cdn cfi vdo
pho niem tit suy v i trat ty danh ngft tieng

Vift, cung khd xac djnh ve trgt ty efia danh
ngft ndi tren. Tuy nhiSn, ngdy xua d Tmng
Quoc cd logi bgc trdn (yoian yin- vien ngdn).
Niu hiiu trdn trong danh ngfi ndi tr§n Id hinh
trdn chfi khdng phdi Id chdn sd tien thi danh
ngft hai vgn ddng trdn bgc dung la bi dnh

Cau tnic gidn luge cua danh ngfi tieng Hdn ed thi dugc md ta nhu sau:
Danh tfi
Trung tam
Tinh tii
Solugng tfi
DSnRtu
Dgi tfi sd hftu
dirong bi
hai tfi
cJong m3i
dich hong
Tha dich
nhat song
VD:
Tha dich
nhdt song cuang mai dich hdng duang bi hdi tir.
Cfia cd ay
mpt doi
mdi mua mdu hong
da de
ddi gidy.
(Doi g^dy da di mdu do cd dy mdi mua)
Trong tieng Vift, ngdy nay, cau tnic ndy phdi dugc ndi: toan bp hai Id/ biic thu gid

Cac danh ngft nay co the dupc phan tich nhu sau:
DN

LgT2
Ca va

hai

DN
gia thu

So do danh ngft: Cd vd hai gid thu
Ghi chu: DN: danh ngft; LN: lugng ngft; LgTi: Lugng tfi chi todn the; LgTa: Lugng tur chi si
lugng; DN: djnh ngft
DN

DN2
Tatca
hai
la
thu
So di danh ngft: Tdt cd hai Id thu gid

I

gia


S6 2 (244JJ016

N G 6 N N G P & Ddi S 6 N G

55

Ghi chii: DN: danh ngii; LN: lugng ngii; LgTi: Lugng tir chi todn the; LgTj: Lugng tii chi so
lugng; DNi: djnh ngit h?n dinh; DN2; dinh ngO mieu td
5,Nh$n set
Trung t&n c6 sir pllSn h6 gidng tote t)$ ngit, trung t&n
Cac hifn
J™U
.-, *i- tugng
, , . - d$c bift , cfia, trung
, . tam
-i.
danh ngu heng Vi?t to)ng cdc van ban viet
bang chft (Juoc ngfi the ki XVII- XVIII xay ra
vdi cd cac E®V vd DK. NhGng biiu hifn cy
tiie mang tmh Ueh dgi ndy cd thi xuat phdt tfi
nhiiu nguyen itiidn: ngudi viit la ngudi nude
ngodi ^ndn mang ndng dnh hudng ngft p h ^
chau Au; ngudi viet la nguW ban ngft nhung
do day la thdi ki manh nha cua chft Quie ngfi
va the logi van viit tran thugt nen ngudi viit
da cd nhihig^ 'sao c h ^ ' ve mat clu trfic i ^
ph£^ cfia tieng Hdn ho$c *lfing tung* trong
vife su dyng edc danh tfi don vi d thi phdn
jdiii bd tue. Thdng qua nhfing trudng hgp
dugc phan tich d trSn, bing each nltin ding
dai, ngudn ngft lifu cung cho thay rd con
dudng 'hu hda' efia edc DK trong tiing Vift

each day hon ba trdm ndm. Hifn tugng ede
DK hi bdo mdn ngft nghia raOt phin hodc
hodn toan d thdi ki dd vd cdc thdi kl tiip sau
da di lgitironghf thong danh tfi tiing Vift cdc
DDV tiiuin tiiy hmh thfic vd cdc DDV vfia ed
nfi dung vfia cd hinh thux;.

^^
2" c(ia
* ^ ,mOt
* ^ tP^v^"
"^rf^
"!? khi
P^^bfit
thuOc
i losu cv
th6; S'^J**'"'If
nhOng ngO ngiy d6i
b„^. ^ Tnmg tSm thudng yen du c4c i h ^ phiin phv
hpp v6i mOt ho$c m^t vii d$c diim ngO phiip cua tning
t ^ ; vii. Tnmg tfim thu&ng y6« c ^ cSc ngtt dmh tii phv
thu^c xu^ hifin trong mfit cfich ngtt phfip cy thi.
* Following the head noun: NDan & NA & NG & NRel;
preceding flie head noun: NumN. Trong dd, Dcm=
demonstrative (ti chi djnh), A= adj (tfnh Mi), G=
genitive (phy ngft sinh cfich chl sd hftu), Rel= Relational
( m ^ dl quan hfi) [xemWilliam Croft, 2003:123J.
' Xem: Nguyin Thj Ly Kha (2001), Danh tie khoi trong
tieng Vi0t hi4n dgi (so sdnh vdi tiSng Hdn hi^n dgi),
Lu^nfintiln sT khoa hpc ngft vSn, TP H6 Chl Minh

'Trao dfii vdi TS. Hft TTii Tufi Thftnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Cao Xuan Hgo (1998), Tiing Viit- mdy
van de ngie dm. ngiephdp, ngie nghTa. Ha Nfi:
Gido dye.
2. Dinh Vdn Dfic - Dinh Kiiu Chdu (1998),
Gdp them doi diiu vao vi$c nghien cdu danh ngie
tiing Viit, Tgp chi Ngon ngfi, s i 1, 1998, tr 46.
3. Emeneau, M.B. (1951), Studies in
Viemamese (Annamese) grammar. Carlifomia:
University of Carlifomia.
4. Hoang Dun^, Nguyin Thi Lj; Kha (2008),
Danh tie vd cdc tieu logi danh tie tiing Viet trong
Ngft phap tieng Vift- Nhftng van de li lugn. Hd
Nfi: Khoa hgc Xa hfi, tr. 213- 296.
Ghi chjl:
5. John A. Hawkins (1983), Word order
'Tu li§u kh4o s4t dupc thu th§p tit: Doin Thi^n Thu$t
universals, New York (...), Academic Press
(2008), Chu quSc ngu ihi ki XVIII, NXB Giio dye
^ IA Bifin c6n chia nhd danh tir chi dan vj thinh nhdm
6. Nguyin Thi Ly Kha. (2001), Danh tie khdi
danh tit chi dcm vj id chuc, dia li, nhdm danh lit chi dcm
trong tiing Viit hiin dgi, Lugn an TS khoa hgc
Vf mang nghta l^ hep. danh tit chi dem vf tinh loan ngft
quy van, TP Ho Chi Mhih.
udc (ldp danh tU chi dan v/ qtQr u&c chinh xdc, ldp danh
tu chi dan vf quy u&c phong chimg), danh tit dan vf chi7. Rijkhoff, J. (2001), The nounphrase. New
York: Oxford University Press.
phgm VI, khoang thoi ^an v& khdng gian, danh tit chi

8. Thomas, Linda. (1993), Beginning syntax.
don Vf cd y nghTa s6 l&n ciia hogt dgng, sif vi$c, nhdm
danh lit chi dan vj tv nhien [xem Lfi Bifin, 1999:47- 571 •Oxford: Blackwell.
' Chiing tdi trich d&i quan dilm ctia, B&i Diic Tjnh trong 9. Thompson,
Laurence.
(1965),
A
cu6n: Bii Diic Tjnh (2003), Ngir phdp Vi^t Nam gian dfVietnamese grammar. Seatle; University of
vd thttc dyng (T^ bftn 1^ 2 c6 siia chOa vk b6 sung),
NXB Vfin hda thdng tin, H vft ldi tvra cho l&n xu^t bi^ Washmton Press.
10. Vu Due Nghifu (2014), Cdu true danh
1^ thir nh^ 1ft nftm 1992. Chdng tfii hi vfjng dfiy 1ft cu6n
sftch d u ^ tfii bftn d\ra trfin tinh th^ ciia cudn sftch Vdn ngie tiing Viit trong van ban 'Th&t tiiuyet dgi
phgm Vi^t Nam cua Bii Die Tjnh (1952) mft cftc nhft bdo phy miu an trgng kmh". Tgp chi Ngdn ngft.
n^i&j ciu ti^n b6i hay nhftc d^n.
S6l(tr3-19).
* Biy d^ tinh cia mfit tmng tfim, bao gim: i, Tnmg tfim
11. William Croft. (2003), Typology and
phfti chia nhttng thdngtinci phfip quan trgng nhit trong
(second edition), Cambridge
ngtt; ii. Ti lo^i cia tnmg tfim quyit djnh ti lo^i cua toin universals
b$ ngft; iii- Tmng tfim thudng Ift thftnh t6 bfit bufic; iv University.