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Xay du'ng cac gia thuyet ve

anh hu'dng cua von xa hoi

va moi tru'ofng trong phat trien

y tifofng sang tao thanh doi mdi

cua to chufc

NGOYIN MONG THU*
Tom tat

Su sdng tgo vd doi mdi cd the duac thuc Men d nhieu cdp bdc khdc nhau: cd nhdn, nhdm, to 
chffc vd giffa cdc cdp. Moi cdp bdc sdng tgo deu cd nhffng ye'u td tdc dgng, gid tri vd lai ich 
rieng Met. Cdc nghien cffu cd khuynh hudng dung thudt ngff sdng tgo (creativity), sdng kie'n 
(creative idea) cho cdc nghien cffu cdp do cd nhdn vd nhdm. Thudt ngff ddi mdi thudng duac 
sd dung cdc nghien cffu cdp do td chffc vd cdng ty. Bdi vie't ndy ddt trgng tdm vdo nghien cffu 
vdn xd hoi vd mdi trudng thdc day sU chuyen hda tff sU sdng tgo trong nhdm thdnh sU ddi mdi 
cua td chffc. Tren ca sd nhffng nghien cffu trUdc, tdc gid xdy dUng cdc gid thuye't dnh hudng 
cua vd'n xd hgi vd moi trUdng trong phdt trien y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.

Tuf khda: vdn xd hgi, mdi trudng, y tudng sdng tgo, ddi mdi cua td chffc 
Summary

Creativity and innovation can be implemented at many different levels: individuals, groups, 
organizations and across levels. Each level of creativity has its own influences, values and 
interests. Studies tend to use creativity, creative idea for individual and group studies. The 
term innovation is often used in organizational and company level studies. This article 
focuses on the study of social and environmental capital that promotes the transition from 
group creativity to organizational innovation. Based on prior researches, the author develops 
hypotheses ofthe influence of social and environmental capital on developing creative ideas 
into organizational innovation.

Keywords: social capital, environment, creative idea, organizational innovation

^

MOT SO KHAI NIEM CHUNG

Khdi niem ve sdng tgo (Creativity)

Trong eae nghien effu sff sang tao eiia
ca nhan, Amabile (1997) eho rang, sang
tao dffde khdi dau tff sff da dang va phong
phii trong suy nghi. Cu the hdn, sang tao
dffde khdi dau tff mot van de dffde suy
nghi, phan tieh va danh gia d nhieu khia
canh khae nhau. Sau dd, ngurdi sang tao
se tim ra nhffng die'm ehung giffa nhffng
khia canh nay, ke't nd'i eae die'm chung
dd de trd thanh mdt y tffdng sang tao.

Khdi niem ve sU ddi mdi (Innovation)

Sff ddi mdi la qua trinh ffng dung va trao ddi tri
thffe de' thffc hien thanh edng ve viee san xua't ra
nhffng san pham, dich vu hay quy trinh mdi dap ffng
dffdc muc tieu cua td chffc de ra. Doi mdi ciia td ehffe
trong eae nghien effu thffe nghiem dffde danh gia bdi
trffdng nhdm va cap tren ciia trffdng nhdm. Ngffdi
danh gia dffdc yeu cau danh gia mffe do thffe hien y
tffdng sang tao eiia nhdm: (1) Vin dang thff nghiem;
(2) Dang trong qua trinh phat trie'n; (3) Dang dffdc

hoan thien; (4) Da lan tda, da phd bie'n, nhffng vin
bi tranh luan; va (5) Lan tda rdng rai (Ferlie va edng
sff, 2005).

* ThS.. Trirdng Dai hoc Van Hien I Email:

Ngd\ nuan bdi: 26/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 15/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 24/10/2018

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Cdc khdi niem ve vdn xd hdi (Social capital)

Coleman (1988) ciing dffa ra nhieu nhan dinh quan
trong lien quan de'n vd'n xa hdi. Ong eho rang, vd'n xa
hdi nam trong eac md'i quan he xa hdi, ngffdi ta thie't lap
va duy tri nhffng quan he nay de tao thuan ldi cho hanh
ddng nham tim kie'm ldi ieh. Ngoai ra, trach nhiem, sff
mong ddi va ldng tin la eae hinh thffe eua vd'n xa hdi.
Chinh trach nhiem va mong ddi lin nhau da tao nen sff
tin eay giffa eac ca nhan trong xa hdi.

Ly thuye't cdu thdnh sU sdng tgo (The componential 
theory of creativity) cua Amabile (1983)

Ly thuye't xac dinh rang, mdt ngffdi ed nhieu sang
kie'n hay sang tao phu thudc vao eae ye'u td', gdm:
Ky nang lien quan de'n ITnh vffc sd trffdng
(Domain-relevant Skills); Qua trinh sang tao
(Creativity-relevant Processes); Ddng Iffc cdng viee (Task
Motivation).

Ly thuye't hdnh dgng sdng tgo cua cd nhdn (Theory

of Individual Creative Action) cua Ford (1996)

Ly thuye't nay cho rang, ngffdi lao ddng se can nhac
giffa hai lffa ebon sang tao hay tie'p tuc lam nhffng viec
mang tinh lap di lap lai theo thdi quen. Ford (1996)
dffa ra 3 ye'u toed the anh hffdng de'n van de nay, gdm:
Cam xue (Sensemaking); Ddng Iffc (Motivation); Kie'n
thffe va kha nang (Knowledge and Ability). Mdt hanh
ddng sang tao eua ea nhan la ke't qua tdng hdp cua 3
ye'u to nay va trong trffdng hdp thie'u bat ky mot trong
3 ye'u td'cd ngbia la ea nhan se khdng tham gia vao qua
trinh sang tao.

Ly thuye't ve sU tuang tdc trong sdng tgo cua td chffc 
(Theory of Organization Creativity) cua Woodman, 
Sawyer, Griffin (1993)

Ly thuye't nay nhan manh sang tao eua td ehffe la
sff tffdng tae phffc tap giffa con ngffdi va td chffc. Ke't
qua eua sang tao la san pham, dich vu, y tffdng, thii tue
hay quy trinh mdi dffde bat ngudn tff sang tao eua eae
ea nhan, nhdm va dac diem mdi trffdng lam viec eua
td ehffe...

Ly thuye't mdi trudng cho ddi mdi (Climate for 
innovation) cua West (1990)

West (1990) de xua't md hinh mdi trffdng eho dd'i
mdi cho hai cap do nhdm va td chffc, nd bao gdm
nam ye'u td' chinh: Tam nhin (Vision); An toan tham

gia (Participative safety); Dinh hffdng nhiem vu
(Task orientation); Ho trd eho ddi mdi (Support for
innovation); Tan sd'tffdng tac (Interaction Frequency).

KHOANG TRQNG NGHIEN CLfU VA DE XUAT
c A c GIA THUYET NGHIEN CLfU

Theo Iffdc khao cae nghien effu eua tae gia, thi sff
sang tao ed the la phat kie'n eua eae ea nhan thien tai,
nhffng ngffdi lam viee doe lap, nhffng sff ddi mdi ed
the' xay ra khi nhffng ngffdi binh thffdng biet each lam
viec Cling nhau. Ndi each khac, mdi trffdng lam viec
nhdm khuye'n khieh dd'i mdi sang tao va mang Iffdi
quan he xa hdi/vd'n xa hdi (ben trong va ben ngoai)
nhdm ed vai trd ra't quan trong giiip nang eao nang life

cho ddi mdi sang tao eho doanh nghiep.
Tren ed sd nhan dinh dd, tae gia eung
tdng quan tai lieu de xay dffng eae gia
thuye't ve anh hffdng eua vd'n xa hdi, mdi
trffdng trong qua trinh phat trien y tffdng
sang tao thanh ddi mdi eua td ehffe, eu
the nhff sau:

Xdy dUng gid thuyet ve dnh hffdng 
eua vo'n xd hgi trong qud trinh phdt 
trien y tffdng sdng tgo thdnh doi mdi cda 
td chdc

Trong mot nghien effu thffe nghiem,

Perry-Smith (2014) nhan tha'y rang,
khi ngffdi sang tao nhan dffde thdng tin
tff eae md'i quan he gan gui (thffdng la
thdng tin trong ndi bd nhdm), ho danh
It thdi gian phan tieh va tieh hdp nd. Do
dd, nhan thffe ngffdi sang tao nhieu kha
nang van theo nhffng ldi mdn cii, khdng
tao ra y tffdng mdi. Ngffdc lai, khi tie'p
nhan kie'n thffc khae nhau tff eac md'i
quan he chat Iffdng thap hdn (thffdng
tff ben ngoai nhdm), ngffdi sang tao
can phan tich, xff ly va tieh hdp thdng
tin theo nhieu each khae nhau; nhieu
phffdng an dffde dffa ra va sff sang tao
ddi dao hdn. Tren ed sd dd, tac gia de
xua't gia thuye't I.

Gid thuye't 1: Sd luang ke't ndi giffa 
cdc nhdm it cd sU ke't ndi thuc day sU hinh 
thdnh sdng kie'n.

Trong nghien cffu cap do nhdm, eac
nhdm ed mffe do gan ke't cang eao, thi
sff tin tffdng va sff ho trd lin nhau giffa
eae thanh vien cang nhieu (Aral va Van
Alstyne, 2011). Cac ca nhan sang tao
cam tha'y yen tam chia se y tffdng vi ho
cam nhan dffde sff chia se, thau hieu va
sff giiip dd lan nhau. Tuy nhien, mffe do
gan ke't cang cao khie'n ngffdi sang tao ed

khuynh hffdng thay ddi y tffdng de tffdng
ddng va phu hdp hdn vdi y tffdng nhdm,
dieu nay cd the lam giam kha nang dffa
ra y tffdng dac biet cua ngffdi sang tao.
Tren cd sd dd, tac gia de xua't cae gia
thuye't 2.

Gid thuye't 2a: Sd luang hgn che mdi 
quan he gdn gui cd the thuc day viec phdt 
trien y tudng thay cho mffe do gan ke't cao 
d ngi bg nhdm.

Gid thuye't 2b: Mffe do gan ke't cao 
trong nhdm cao giup thdc day viec phdt 
trien y tudng.

Ca nhan ddng vai trd ngffdi ke't nd'i se
kiem soat ddng chay eua thdng tin, giup
ho nhan dffde sff ung hd eho y tffdng va
sang kien (Burt, 1992; Seibert va cdng
sff., 2001). Cd the' nhan tha'y rang, kha

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nang ke: no'i cd vai trd quan trong trong
giai doan hoan thien y tffdng. Dieu nay
se giup ho d l thanh cdng hdn d giai doan
hoan thien y tffdng sang tao (Brands va
Kilduff, 2013) vi dieu nay giiip ho giam
tinh khdng chae chan va quyen the' ehinh
thd'ng cua minh. Tren cd sd dd, tac gia de
xua't eae gia thuye't 3.

Gid thuye't 3a: Khd ndng phdt trien ke't 
ndi (tu thdn hay vay muan) thuc day hodn 
thien y tudng.

Gid thuye't 3b: Vay muan mgng ludi 
quan he hieu qud han tu thdn phdt trien 
ket ndi trong qud trinh hodn thien y tudng.

Gid thuye't 3c: Vay muan mgng ludi 
quan he hieu qud han mdi quan he gdn gui 
trong viec thdc day hodn thien y tudng.

Mffe do gan ke't cang eao cang lam
giam rui ro cam nhan, cang thiie day moi
ngffdi hdp tac vi muc tieu ehung (Lingo
va O'Mahony, 2010) va tang cffdng chia
se thdng tin (Uzzi va Spiro, 2005) de'
thffdng mai hda thanh edng. Tuy nhien,
mffe do gan ke't qua chat vffa giup dieu
chinh cae thanh vien theo dung hffdng
cua ngffdi sang tao, nhffng ddng thdi
ciing khie'n eae thanh vien gap khd khan
khi dffa ra eae y tffdng khac. Cac nghien
cffu ve qua trinh sang tao cap do nhdm
bac bd cae quan die'm cho rang mffe do
gan ke't cao lam giam hieu sua't sang
tao (Fuller va Aldag, 1998; Kozlowski
va Ilgen, 2006). Cac nghien cffu sau bd
sung nhffng nhdm nhd gan ke't cd hieu

qua sang tao eao hdn, ne'u ho ed nhffng
md'i lien ke't ben ngoai nhdm
(Perry-Smith va Shalley, 2014) trong giai doan
thffdng mai hda.

Tortoriello va Kraekhardt (2010)
cho rang, trong qua trinh tac ddng ciia y
tffdng sang tao, sff gan ke't chat ehe trong
nhdm cd vai trd quan trong hdn sff da
dang ciia eae lien ke't ngoai.

Tuy vay, qua nhieu lien ke't ngoai ed
chat Iffdng ed the lam suy ye'u ddng Iffc
va ldng trung thanh ndi bd nhdm
(Perry-Smith va Shalley, 2014). Cac hen ke't ben
ngoai ehi nen ddng vai trd bae eau eho
cae thanh vien trong nhdm, cdng vdi nen
tang la mdt ca'u triic nhdm gan ke't chat
che. Ca hai se la mdt ke't hdp td't nha't cho
bffdc lan tda (Tortoriello va Kraekhardt,
2010). Tren ed sd eac nghien cffu tren,
tac gia de xua't cae gia thuye't 4.

Gid thuye't 4a: Mgng ludi quan he cua 
ngudi sdng tgo chdt luang cdng tdt cdng 
thuc ddy qua trinh Men thuc hoa y tudng

tao. 
sai

Gid thuye't 4b: Cdc lien ke ben ngodi cua cdc thdnh 
vien trong nhdm giup tdng lan tda vd tdng do phu cua y 
tudng sdng tgo.

Gid thuye't 4c: Cdc lien ket ben ngodi vd sU gan ke't 
nhdm se thdc day viec thUc Men y tudng sdng tgo (bao 
gom sdn xudt vd lan tda), trong do, gan ke't nhdm Id 
quan trgng nhdt.

Xdy dffng gid thuyet ve dnh hffdng eua moi trffdng 
eho ddi mdi den qud trinh phdt trien y tffdng sdng tgo 
thdnh ddi mdi cua to ehffe

Mdi trffdng va qua trinh lam viee nhdm ed tac ddng
manh me de'n hieu qua thffc thi sang tao. Mac dd ehi
mdt vai ngffdi ed kha nang sang tao bam sinh, nhffng
phan ldn moi ngffdi deu cd nang Iffe sang tao d mot vai
ca'p do nao dd. Mdt nha quan ly xua't sac ludn bie't tap
hdp moi ngffdi lai vdi nhau: nhffng ngffdi ed the' dffa ra
eae sang kie'n mdi, nhffng ngffdi khdng ngan ngai suy
nghi theo phong each mdi va nhffng ngffdi ed du kien
nhin de theo dudi edng viee cho de'n khi hoan thanh...
de ed dffde mot tap the lam viec sang tao. Do dd, mdi
trffdng lam viee can tranh xuat hien chi trich hay ehe
bai khi eac nhan vien dffa ra nhffng y tffdng khdng phii
hdp. Vi the, tac gia de xua't gia thuye't 5.

Gid thuye't 5: An todn tham gia tdc dgng tich cue de'n 
qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi 
cua td chffc.

Giao tie'p edi md la vd eiing thie't ye'u trong lam viec
nhdm. Mdt vai cdng ty quy dinh eae ky nghi phep hay
cho phep nhan vien ed nhieu thdi gian hdn de' lam viee
vdi dff an cua chinh ban than ho. Viee td chffc va tham
gia vao cac budi hop ban ngoai linh vffc ehuyen mdn,
lam viee vdi nhffng nhan vien ciia eac phdng ban khae,
eho phep danh thdi gian de di du lich, de thffe hien
nhffng hoai bao ea nhan... ed the dem lai ke't qua rd ret
trong viee gia tang tinh sang tao va cai thien hieu sua't
edng viee. Vi the', tac gia de xua't gia thuye't 6.

Gid thuyet 6: Tan sd tuang tdc tdc dgng tich cue de'n 
qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi 
cua td chffc.

Cac nhan vien can nhan ra ta't ca cac khia canh eua
van de rdi tff dd dffa ra nhffng giai phap sang tao. Mdi
trffdng lam viee can dffde dam bao rang, moi nhan vien
deu thau hie'u tap the dang ed gang dat dffde dieu gi,
eiing nhff nhffng mue tieu va mong ddi ciia edng ty la
gi. Vi the', tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 7.

Gid thuye't 7: Tam nhin chung cd tdc dgng tich cue 
de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi 
mdi cua td chffc.

Cae edng ty thffdng tap trung vao viec lam the' nao
de' nay sinh cang nhieu y tffdng mdi bao nhieu cang
td't bay nhieu. Tuy nhien, moi viee khdng ehi dffng lai

d dd. Cd rat nhieu y tffdng td't, nhffng quan trong la
edng ty can lffa ebon, ddng vien va hien thffe hda cae
y tffdng kha thi nha't. Trong cude canh tranh ve sang
tao, nhffng y tffdng td't nha't (ed the dd'i lap vdi nhffng
y tffdng sang tao dffde de xua't bdi cae ea nhan d ehffe
vu lanh dao cao nha't) nen gianh phan thang. Moi nhan
vien trong edng ty can phai dffde ddng vien va tao dieu

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kien de tham gia vao quy trinh nay va chia se thanh
cdng chung. Nhffng ye'u td' chinh tri nen dffde ngan
ngffa va dd la trach nhiem ciia nha quan ly sao cho
moi boat ddng trong edng ty khdng bi ehi phd'i bdi mdt
quyen Iffe nao ca. Vi the, tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 8.

Gid thuye't 8: Hd tra ddi mdi cd tdc dgng tich cue 
de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi 
mdi cua td chffc.

Mdi trffdng lam viee can lam sao de khich le moi
ngffdi lam viec gan ke't vdi nhau trong tap the. Hay
ed gang loai bd cai tdi ban nga trong eae nhan vien.
Mdi trffdng lam viee trong nhdm khdng nen ed khuynh
hffdng thien ve mdt vai ea nhan ffu tu, xua't xac trong
edng ty. Mdi trffdng lam viee nhdm phai dam bao khdi
day tinh sang tao d moi nhan vien va ddng vien ho
ddng gdp eho hieu qua edng viee ehung eua edng ty. Vi
the, tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 9.

Gid thuye't 9: Dinh hUdng nhiem vu cd 
tdc dgng tich cvtc de'n qud trinh chuyen

hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua 
td chffc.

KET LUAN

Tren ed sd nhffng nghien effu trffdc,
tae gia xay dffng 9 gia thuye't anh hffdng
cua vd'n xa hdi va mdi trffdng trong phat
trie'n y tffdng sang tao thanh ddi mdi eiia
td ehffe. Dffa tren nhffng gia thuye't dd,
dinh hffdng nghien effu tie'p theo eua tae
gia la xay dffng eae thang do do Iffdng
cac nhan to': Doi mdi d td ehffe; Sang tao
d nhdm; Mdi trffdng eho ddi mdi va vd'n
xa hdi ben trong va ben ngoai nhdm.Q

TAIXIEU THAM KHAO

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