Mấy bài học từ những đóng góp và hạn chế của Nguyễn Trường Tộ

M A Y Bfir HQC TCr NHCifNG OdNG Q6P Vfl H6N CHE
Cdfl NGCIYEH TRat^NG TQ

TRAN VAN THtrC
TRAN VAN DAI LOI*

L

au nay, gidi nghien cflu trong va
ngodi nfldc dd bdn nhilu v l danh si
Nguyin Trfldng To. Mpt sd' ngfldi da d l cdp
din nghieh I^ canh tan, bi kich Nguyin
Trfldng To, nguygn nhdn thd't bai tfl tudng
canh tdn cua dng vd cua cdc nhd canh tdn
t h i ky XIX. Tuy vdy, dilu quan trpng hdn
Id rflt ra bdi hpc cho cdng cudc doi mdi hipn
nay cua dd't nfldc ta lai chfla dflpc chfl •^
dflng mflc, nhd't Id bdi hpc tfl nhflng ddng
gdp cua nhd tfl tfldng canh tan loi lae ndy.
1. Nguyin Trfldng To sd'ng eupc ddi kha
ngin ngui. Ong sinh ndm 1828 (hay 1830?)
vd trfldc khi v l vdi Chfla ngdy 22-11-1871,
each day dflng 140 ndm, dng dd kip dg lai
mpt Sil nghiep sang chdl.
Thud nhd dng hpc chfl Han d nhd vdi
than phy Nguyin Qud'c Thfl. Tfl ndm 1840
dng theo hpc t h i y Tu Giai (Dfldng Dodn
Huy) d Bfli Ngoa; ndm 1847 - 1850 theo hpe
thiy Cd'ng Hflu (Dinh Trpng Thfl) d Idng
Kim Khg; ndm 1852 1856 theo hpc quan
huypn Dja Linh (Udng Nhdt Han) tai xd

Tdn L$c. Thdng minh, dUdc bijn bg suy tdn
Id "Trang Tp" nhung dng sdm td ra khdng
' TS. Khoa Ljch sfl - Trudng D§ii hpc Vinh
" Tlis. Thdnh phd Hi Chf Minh

mdn md gi vdi con dudng md cac nho si bd'y
gid deo duoi Id di hpc, di thi, do dat vd ldm
quan (1). Trinh dp Han vdn cua dng, theo
Linh muc Vo Thanh Tam: "Ong khdng dd
dgt gi cd (dflng ra Id dng khong h i dfl thi
khoa nao) md viet dieu trdn bang Hdn vdn
mpt cdch thdng thgo, dung lugt li, ro rdng,
duyin ddng khii'n cdc vi khoa bdng triiu
dinh Hui'bdy gid eung phdi kinh phuc. Di'n
nhu eu hodng gidp Huynh Thdc Khdng, thu
khoa thi huang, thi hpi, chi thi dinh mdi do
thd ba md cung nhgn la Nguyin TrUdng Tp
ed ldi viet Hdn vdn khuc chiet vd rdn roi'
(2). GS. Lg Tri Viin thi cho ring "bdi Trdn
Tinh cua Nguyin TrUdng Tp cd the xep la
mpt dng vdn xudi trQ tinh rdt hay chdng
kem gi Nguc Trung ThU cda Phan Bpi
Ch&u" (3).
Ndm 1856, Nguyen Trfldng To dfldc gido
xfl Xd Dodi giao trpng trach day chfl Hdn
cho Gidm muc Gauthier (tgn Viet Nam Id
Ngd Gia Hdu, v l giao xfl Xa Dodi tfl ndm
1846), dong thdi dfldc Gidm mue day gido
Iy, tig'ng Phdp, tie'ng La tinh vd cung cd'p
cho b i n dich chfl Han cua cdc sdch phUdng

62

Tdy. Diu nam 1859, chfnh sach "cd'm dao"
cua trilu dinh H u i dUde diy manh bude
Gidm muc Gauthier phai rdi Vipt Nam, dua
Nguyin Trudng To di theo sang Hong
Cdng, Singapore, Ma Lai (chu ylu la Poulo
Pinang, ndi ed chung vign miln Dong Nam
A). Nhim muc dfch ddo tao dng thdnh thay
giing, ldm "vi§e dao", gidm miic cdn dUa
dng sang La Md. Do dng qua tha thig't vdi
"vipc ddi" nen lai dupc dUa vl Paris hpc Dai
hpe Sorbonnes. Day Id thdi k;^ dng migt mdi
hpc cdc ngdnh khoa hpc ky thudt, khoa hpc
xd hdi, khoa hpe qudn sil, hdng hai, kie'n
true, hda hpc, cdng nghigp... Ngodi hpc t^i
trudng, dng cdn tu hpe vd di nhilu dia
phudng di tham quan, hpc hdi, tai nghe
mit thd'y t^i cdc nhd mdy d§t, cdc vflng md
than phfa Bic, cdc xf nghi$p luygn kim
miln Ddng Id nhflng vflng cdng nghiep phdt
trien cua nUde Phap.
Hodn cinh dfla diy, TJguyin Trfldng To
sdm tie'p xflc vdi vSn hda phfldng Tdy qua
Thien Chua gido, cd dip ddt chdn den nhie'u
vflng dd't la, gdp gd vdi nhieu yeu nhdn d
Phdp, La Md, Hudng Cing, cd t h i dng da
gdp Ito Hirobumi (Y Ding Bdc Vdn) mpt

nhd cii cdch ldn cua Nhdt Bin.
2. Nhilu tu lifu eho thd'y Nguyin
Trudng T5 da cd nhflng ddng gdp xud't sdc
cho ddi vd cho dao.
Tfl thang 9-1862 dg'n ngdy 18-7-1864
dng da ve do dn vd dilu khien cdng trtnh
xay cd't tu vign Thanh Phao-Ld d Sdi Gdn
(sd 4 Tdn Dflc Thing, Thdnh phd Ho Chf
Minh hign nay) gom nhd d, nhd nguyen,
vi|n mo edi, ddc bift ngpn thdp kieu gd-tich
duygn ddng vut eao trgn nin trdi dg'n nay
vin edn du sflc hd'p din du khach.
d qug hfldng Nghg An, dng da giflp xay
dflng khu vflc Nhd chung Xa Dodi gom nhd
Dflc giam miic, nhd nguyfn vd nhd trdng
La Tinh hinh chfl thdp cao 3 ting quen gpi

R g h i ^ cflu Lich sfl, sd 6.2012
Id nhd Tdy. Di qua bom d^n chie'n tranh vd
Sil huy hoai cua thdi gian hdn 150 ndm md
khu nhd vdn gifl dupe kilu dang kiln true
do Nguygn Trudng To thig't kl. Ong cdn
quy hoach lai ldng Xuan My qug me, dfla
Idng ndy tfl cho i m thd'p, liy lpi len cho cao
rdo, sach sg. Chfnh ong Id ngfldi ve dfldng,
phan Id cho cdc hd hpp 1^, khoa hpc. Ngdy
19-6-1866, theo Idi mdi cua Tong die An
Tinh Hodng Td Viem, dng da edm moc, chi
dao thdnh cdng viec ddo Kenh Sdt doan ndl
sdng Cd'm vdi sdng Vinh, mdt cdng trinh

dflpc khdi cdng tfl thdi Tilt dp sfl Cao Bien
nfla sau t h i ky IX, roi vua Ho Qu^ Ly cho
ldm tiep vdo dau thg' ky XV nhUng vin dd
dang vi gdp phii nhilu da ngim.
Ddc biet, trong 10 ndm euol ddi (1861
1871), Nguyin Trfldng Td da lign tilp gfli
len trilu dinh hdn 60 ban dilu t r i n (md'y
bin da md't, Linh mue Tiln si sfl hpc
Trfldng Bd Cin tdp hpp dflpc 58 bin, dich
vd in trong sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp con
ngudi vd di thdo, Nxb. Thdnh pho Ho Chi
Minh, 1988; tai bin 2002) trtnh bdy dl nghi
canh tan todn di$n dd't nude he't sflc mdi
me, ddc dao. Mpt s i tfl lipu vl hdnh trang
cua Nguyin Trudng To vd nhflng trfch din
cae dieu t r i n (Trfldng Ba Cin gpi Id di
thdo) trong bai ndy chu yeu Id'y tfl sach
tren, nhflng trich ddn khac se cd chfl thlch
rigng.
Dl tila sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp Thdi
the vd tu duy cdch tdn (Nxb Vdn nghp Tp.
Ho Chf Minh, 2001) cua nhd sfl hpc Hodng
Thanh Dam, GS. Phan Ngpc vilt: "Nguyin
TrUdng Tp Id eon ngUdi duy nhdt d Viet
Nam qua 58 bdn di thdo dd trinh bdy mpt
nhgn thdc ddy du vi tinh hinh Viet Nam,
nhdng bdt lgi eua nd trUde tinh hinh mdi vd
nhQng bien phdp de thay ddi vi mgi mat
chinh tri, ngogi giao, hgc thuat, kinh ti,
qudn su, vdn hda. Cho din nay... cdng

TB£y hhi hpc tfl nhung ddng gdp-.

63

khdng cd mdy ngUdi n6u lin dUOc mpt bdn cung Iudn Iudn dm d'p mdng cdng danh.
trinh bdy tdng quan ddy du nhU vgy". Ci Nguyin Cdng Trfl viet:
xfla lin nay, thdt hilm ed ngfldi dat din
Dd mang tidng d trong trdi ddt,
tim tri thflc bdeh khoa nhfl Nguyin
Phdi cd danh gi vdi ndi sdng.
Trfldng Td. Linh myc Vo Thanh Tdm tflng
(Di thi tfl vinh)
so sanh dng vdi Leonardo da Vinci (1452
hodc:
1519) cua nfldc "^ vd eho ring "so ve cac
mdt chfnh tri, ngoai giao, kinh tl, quan sil,
Cd trung hiiu nin ddng trong trdi ddt,
quIc phdng... chfla di Vinci dd vfldt qua
Khdng cdng danh thdi nat vdi eo cdy.
dfl^c Nguyin Trfldng To..." (4).
(Ganh trung hilu)
3. Ddng gdp cu the v l cae Iinh vflc eua
Cdn Nguyin Trudng Td, thud hpc vdi
nhd bde hpe Nguyin Trfldng To da dUde thiy Cong Hflu, trong bdi v&n sach "lugn vi
nhilu ngfldi nghign cflu. O day, chflng tdi tri binh" cua trd To da ed cdu "bdt ndng tg
chi muon tim hieu thdm nhd dau Nguyin U tri qudc chi cdng, nhi mUu ky vinh thdn
Trfldng To cong hiln dfldc nhilu nhfl vdy? phi gia chi ki" (khong ngn mUpn vifc ldp
Bdi hpc dng de lai cho chung ta hien nay Id cdng cho nfldc dl Idm k l vinh than phi gia)

gi? '
"
(6). Trong Trdn tinh - Di thdo sd3, dng da
Thd nhd't, Nguyin Trfldng To sinh ra tai
ldng Bfli Chu, nay thude xa Hflng Trung,
huyfn Hflng Nguygn, Nghp An. Ong da ke
thfla dflijc truyin thing hilu hpc, khd hpe
vd hpc gidi eua gia dinh vd que hfldng xfl
Ngh$. Trong mdt so bdi vilt gin ddy, chung
toi da cd djp chflng minh: xfl Nghf thdi Ly Trin cdn Id dd't trai, nhflng den thdi Lg
Trung Hflng dd theo kip tfl trd'n ngodi Bic
vd din thdi Nguyin da vfldn Ign dflng diu
ca nfldc v l thdnh tflu khoa bing (5).
Nguyin Trfldng Td cd thdng minh trdi
phfl, I?ti hdn ngfldi d dflc tfnh chdm chi hpe
tdp vd Idm vipc; ^ chf nhdn nai, theo duoi
myc dfch tdi cflng ngn t i m kiln vdn cua
dng bd'y gid ft ai bi kip.
Thd hai, Nguyin Trfldng To ed dpng cd
hpc tdp rd't khac ngfldi. Dfldng thdi, nho si
mai milt theo dud'i I(ji danh. Sinh trfldc
Nguyin Trfldng Tf dung nfla t h i ky, vd chi
md't trfldc 13 ndm, danh si dong hfldng xfl
Nghf Nguyin Cdng Trfl (1778-1858), mdt
ngfldi cd tdi kinh bang t l the, cd tfl tfldng
mdi me, tao b?io khdng mdng din 1(^1, nhflng

thing t h i n ndi ve chf hudng cua minh: "Td
be tdi da than trgng trong viic giao du,
thieh yin tinh, ddi vdi tdt cd nhdng sU cdu

danh, ldn lUdt, gidnh cdng, tham lpi, toi
diiu eoi nhu mdy bay, nUde chdy"
Trong Di thdo so 5, dng dau ddu noi lo
vdn nude hiem nghgo: "Td 15 ndm nay, tdi
dd biit ro chde chdn phdi ed mdi lo nhU
ngdy nay, nin tdi dd ra sdc tim tbi hgc hoi
tri khdn cua mgi ngUdi de cd them sU hieu
biit cho minh, chd khdng phdi chi mpt
ngdy''. Tfl mdi lo dd, dng chdm ehi hpc tdp
todn difn: "... khdng mdn ndo toi khong diy
tdi: cdi cao eua thien vdn, edi sdu cua dia
ly, edi phiin todi cua nhdn sU, cho den lugt
lich, binh quyin, tgp gido, di nghi, cdc mdn
cdch tri, thudt so', khong mon ndo tdi khdng
khdo edu, nhd't Id diy nghiin citu vi sU thi
dgc ngang, tan hpp trong thien hg" (Di thio
so 3). Ong hpc de ed dip mang cii sd hpe cua
minh din ddp lai "cdi md trdi cho tdi hgc
duac" nhfl chfnh cich ndi cua dng.
Thd ba Id bdi hpe v l nhdn each, phim
gia eiia mdt ke si. Cd muc dfch hpc tdp


64

dung din vi Nguyin Trudng To cd nhdn
each ldn. Binh sinh dng chi nghi de'n viec
fch nude, ldi dan md khdng h i quan tam
df^n hanh phuc rieng cua minh: "Vd lgi, tdi
khdng ham thieh kinh doanh, khdng thieh

chuyin vO con, dogn tuyet vdi hai cgm bdy
tai sdc" {Trdn tinh - Di thio s i 3). Tfl thud
thilu nign dng da nudi chf ldn la dem
nhflng hieu bilt sau rpng minh dd hpc tdp
dUde de ldm eho ddn gidu, nude manh.
PhUdng phdp tu duy cua dng Id Iudn ludn
ddl chieu gifla 1^ ludn vd thflc tiin. Trong
Di thdo sd30, dng vilt: "Mdy chuc ndm nay,
tdi bdn tdu trong thiin hg, thu thdp nhQng
tinh thebii'n thiin xUa nay dem nhdng diiu
dd hgc trong sdch nghiim ra viic ddi"
Khdng cd chflc quyin de du dilu kifn thflc
hifn mue dfch, dng chi cdn bilt trinh bdy k l
sdch cua minh qua cdc dilu trin dang Ign
vua vd trilu dinh. Sflc khde suy kift, ngodi
ba mfldi tuoi dng da mang bfnh ndng phii
nim ngfla md viet: "Nhdn vi chdn tbi bi ti
bgi sdp thdnh phe nhdn, ndm ngia ra md
vii't, tinh thdn buon bUe rdi loan, tU bidt ndi
ndng khdng thd tU..." (Di thao so 6). Ong
vilt he't dilu trin ndy din dieu t r i n khde
dfl ludn gdp phii "noi im ldng ddng sd" cua
vua vd cdc dai thin vi dng quan nif m: "Bii't
md khdng ndi Id bdt nhdn, ndi md khdng
ndi hi't Id bdt nghla'' (Di thao so' 1). Dflng
cim ndi h i t sil thdt khdng sp hilm khfch,
nghi ky, khdng S(J nguy hiem din tfnh
mfnh (do dng Id ngudi cdng gido da tiing
phuc vu Phap tfl 1862 1864) bdi vi dng
khdng nghi gi dg'n b i n thdn minh, chi nghl

dg'n fch nfldc I ^ ddn: "That khdng nd thdy
ddt nude bi chia eat, trdm hg bi lia tan, cho
nin khdng nghl minh d dia vi thdp hen,
ddm cd gan ndi ra" (Di thao sd 1).
Thd tu Id bdi hpe giao Iflu. Cd 35 di thio
trong td'ng s i 58 di thio hifn ed cua
Nguyin Trfldng To ed ndi v l quan hf gifla

Rghian cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012
nude ta vd the gidi, tfl dd dl xud't chiln Ifldc
ngoai giao eua Vift Nam (trong dd cd di
thio md diu Bdn vi nhQng tinh thd ldn
trong thiin hg vd di thio cudi cflng Nin md
cda, khdng nin khep kin cdn dang vilt dd)
din nay vdn khdng h i cfl, nhd't Id trong
tinh hinh ndng bdng trgn bien Ddng hifn
nay. Nhflng d day ehung toi chi muln dl
cdp giao Iflu cua ngudi tri thflc. Nlu ba bdi
hpe trfldc Id cin cfl, chdm ehi, kidn nhin;
xac dinh ddng cd hpc tdp dflng din; cd nhdn
each Idn mpi tri thflc diu ed thg hpc tdp d
Nguyin Trfldng To, thi d bdi hpc ndy no lflc
chu quan cua moi ngfldi trf thflc chfla du,
md cdn cin phai cd dilu kifn khdeh quan
thudn lpi nfla. Nhfl trgn chflng tdi dd ndi,
Nguyin Trudng To da may mdn ddt chdn
din nhieu ndi trgn the' gidi, cd dip tig'p xue
vdi nhilu nhieu nhd khoa hpc, chinh khach
noi tig'ng, tdm minh trong vdn hda phUdng
Tdy, tilp thu tinh hoa vdn hda nhdn loai

ngn mdi ed t i m nhin di trudc thdi dai hdng
trdm ndm nhfl chung ta dd thd'y qua cac
dilu t r i n . Ma khdng rigng gi Nguyin
Trfldng To, cac thi hdo xfl Nghf trfldc dng
nhfl Nguyin Du, H i Xudn Hfldng, Nguyin
Cdng Trfl; cde chfnh khach sau dng nhfl
Phan Bdi Chdu, Ho Chf Minh diu phai vUpt
khdi nfli Hong, sdng Lam, giao Iflu hpc hdi
khip ndi mdi dat din t i m vi nhdn nhfl vdy!
Hdn ai hit, cde cd'p ldnh dao hifn nay cin
tao mpi dilu kifn thudn ldi cho cdc nhdn
tdi que hUdng dflpc giao luu rdng rai dl hp
cd the phat huy h i t k h i ndng cua minh
phuc vu cpng dong!
Thd ndm. Id bdi hpc v l boi dfldng vd
trpng diing nhan tdi. Nguyin Trfldng To
kig'n nghi trilu dinh cfl ngudi du hpc, tfly
tdi md ddi ngd vd sfl dung ngudi tdi dung
vdi sd trudng. Cd t h i ndi, trilu Nguyin da
bd phf mdt tdi ndng ldn, mpt nhd thig't k l
xuit sdc cdng cude canh tan d i t nude. Bi


gf^Y bai hpc tfl nhflng ddng gdp...
kich ndy phii chdng dau chi Id bi kich ridng
ca nhdn Nguyen Trfldng To!
Cdn cd mdt tfl tfldng ldn cua Nguyin
Trfldng To di lai bdi hpc thilt thilc eho
chung ta hdm nay Id tfl tudng til do tdn
gido. Nguyin Trfldng To sdm biet dUde da

tam ngfldi Phap nflp bong ton gido de mUu
do chfnh tri, trong Idc trilu dinh Til Dflc
chi biet gidn ca chgm thdt, dan dp tdn bao
cdc con chign vd tdi, vd hinh trung tao cd
cho bpn xam lUdc. Phan bift rach rdi tdn
giao vd chfnh tri, trong Di thdo so' 2 dng
thdng thig't dl nghi: "Ndi tdm lgi, bdt ky
trong dgo gido ndo, hi ai phdn nghieh logn
thudng diu Id ngudi ddc tpi trong ldn gido,
cd dp dung hinh phdp khong tha dicho dgo
gido dugc trong sgeh. Cbn ai yin phan tudn
theo phdp Iudt thi dicho hg tU nhien ed hgi
gi ddu? Ddng hdnh md khdng nghieh nhau
Id dupe, edn gi bdt phdi nhdt ti nhdng cdi
ma tgo vgt khdng thi nhdt ti, cOng khdng
cdn thii't phdi nhdt ti, de ldm tdn thUOng
hba khi?"
Tfl tudng tfl do tdn gido, tfn ngudng eua
Ho Chf Minh.vd tinh t h i n chfnh sdch tdn
giao cua Dang vd Nhd nfldc ta hien nay
khdng khde gi nhilu tu tfldng Nguyin
Trfldng Tp (7).
4. Sinh thdi cde dilu tran sang sudt vd
diy tam huylt cua Nguyin Trfldng To gfli
de'n trilu dinh h i u nhfl khdng cd hoi dm.
Ong vl cdi vinh hing mdt each Idng le vi
ngfldi ddi chua t h i hilu dng. Bi kich cua
dng Id bi kich eua nhQng ngUdi di trfldc thdi
d^i!
Nhieu nhd nghign cflu da chi ra nhflng

nguyen nhan chu quan, khdeh quan ddn
den thd't bai dau ddn cua Nguyen Trfldng
To. Theo GS. Dinh Xudn Ldm: "Nguyin
nhdn ehu yiu ldm cho cdc diiu trdn cda
Nguyin TrUdng Tp thdt bgi chinh la thdi dp
bdo thu, phdn dpng eua vua quan triiu

65
dinh trUde sau khdng khdng ddi lap vdi mgi
sii thay ddl Ni'u ed luc do tinh the thuc
bdch phdi thiic hien mpt vdi ddi mdi ndo dd
thi le te, ehdp vd, mien cUdng, vgi vd. Cdc
diiu chinh, sda ddi chUa kip phdt huy tdc
dung thi dd bi dinh chi'
Cung theo GS. Dinh Xudn Lam, bdi hpe
cho hifn nay Id: "Qua sii thdt bgi cua
Nguyin TrUdng Tp eUng thdy rdng mudn
ddi mdi thdnh cdng khong thi chi ddi mdi
vi kinh timd quan trgng Id phdi ddi mdi cd
tu tudng, ehinh tri, cdn dieu chinh cO cdu
bp mdy chinh quyin that thick hop de ddm
bdo cho cdng cupc ddi mdi ddng bp trdt lgt.
Dd Id nhQng bdi hgc kinh nghiim ldn di'n
nay nguyen gid tri ly lugn vd thUc tiin vd cd
the van dung hieu qud vdo cdng cupc ddi
mdi cua ddt nUdc dang dUpc tii'n hdnh trin
quy md ldn trong cd nUdc" (8).
Ngfldi ta cung cho rdng cdc bin dilu
tran cua dng deu ndng md phdng, sao chgp
bgn ngodi md thig'u cd sd vdt chat ben

trong. Nguyin Trudng To lai qua io tudng,
ddt h i t nilm tin vdo mot trilu dinh dd muc
ruong nhu trieu Til Dflc, biet thoi gid vdo
nhd trong md vdn cfl lam! Chfla ke cd luc
dng cdn md ho v l muc dich xam lUdc cua
Phap: "Vd lgi, nhQng diiu md nUdc Phdp
xin, chdng qua Id di md ben tdu, lap phd
xd, thong cda be de buon bdn, lap nhd thd
de gidng dgo md thdi" (Di thio sd 1). Ong
lai ngay thd gfli gdm "vdn menh" dd't nude
vdo cac giam mue nfldc ngoai, md hdu hg't
sd ndy diu mfldn cd truyin dao de hoat
dpng gidn diep; qud tin vdo dfldng 151 ngoai
giao "thfldng thuyg't" vdi chfnh phu Phdp
tai Paris, vdi 'Tdy sodi" d Sdi Gdn! Lai lim
lflc qua cfldng dif u sflc manh cua Phap!
Cd the day cflng Id sil nhe da, c i tin, mdt
nhfldc diem trong ban tinh nhu: g ngudi xfl
Nghf chdng? Tfl nhp da, ea tin din md't
canh giae chfnh tri chi each nhau gang tie!


66

Diu the ky XX, nhd ai quo'c vi dai Phan Bpi
Chau dong hUdng vdi dng eung ed lflc c i tin
nhu thi, ngdy thd chu trUdng "Phdp - Vift
dl hug"", roi ed lflc Cu lai ca ngdi Ngd Dinh
Difm khi y tfl chflc thfldng thfl, hay ca ngdi
Chaten thong sfl Bic Kj>. Vifn si Trin Huy

Lifu viet: '... Theo Cu thi hdu he't ai cUng
tdt, cUng yiu nUdc cd. Di'n cd bgn Bui
Quang Chieu d trong Nam luc dy da phdn
dpng ra mat, Cu cUng chUa thdy cdi xdu xa
cua nd... Tdi cung khdng lg gi sau ndy Cu
nghe tin Phgm Td vii't bdi ca nggi thdng
Chdten, Thdng sQ Bdc Ky. Tdi hoi thi Cu
ndi: ...T6i cd biet gi ddu! Nghe Phgm Td ndi
tdt thi tdi cung tudng nd td't that" (9). Trd
lai vdi han e h l cua Nguyin Trfldng To. Nha
sfl hpc Hodng Thanh Dam eho ring: "Vi
chUa thdy liic lUOng nh&n d&n la nhdn td
quydt dinh vdn minh ddt nUdc nin dng dd
niu ra mpt lugn diim chinh tri sai ldm.
Trong bdi "Ngdi vua Id quy, chde quan la
trgng" cd dogn 6ng vidt: "NgUdi xUa ndi ddn
Id gd'c cua nUdc. Ndi the khdng dung. Toi
cho rang vua quan mdi id gd'c cua nUdc vi
khdng ed vua quan thi chdng bao Idu ddn se
logn. Nude du cd vua bgo ngUpc cbn hOn
khdng cd vua... (10). Hpc gii Cao Tu
Thanh lai Idp Iudn khac: "NgUdi ta ciing
thdy menh di "ngoi vua Id quy, chde quan
la trgng"... that ra dd xud't phdt td cdch dgt
vdn di vi mpt td chQc qudn ly ddt nUde vd
xd hpi theo tinh thdn phdp quyin tU sdn, d
dd vua quan chi Id nhiing vien chde trong
mpt hi thd'ng ehinh tri hdnh chinh vd diu
phdi ldm trdn chde trdeh ciing nhU tudn
thu phdp lugt, diiu ndy khde hdn vdi tU

tudng tdn qudn vd quan niim vi trdt tii xd
hpi theo truyin thd'ng Nho gido phUOng
Ddng..." {11).
Cin phii chfl y Id bd'y gid tfl tfldng canh
tan cua Nguyen Trfldng To trinh bdy trong
cac dilu trin trade hg't Id gfli de'n vua vd
miy vi dai thin, ngn dng hfldng tdi viee de

Rghien cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012^
cao vua quan de thuyg't phuc hp, tranh thu
mdt sfl ung hd tfl ben trgn Id dilu de higu!
•Vi vdy, n l u cho r i n g cdc b i n dilu t r i n cua
Nguyin Tnldng Td "chUa di cap vd tdp
trung gidi quyet cdc vdn di cO bdn cua thdi
dgi Id gidi quyet mdu thudn cO bdn la mdu
thudn giQa todn thi nhdn d&n Viit Nam vdi
thUc d&n Phdp x&m lUOc" thi hodn toan
dflng, nhung ndi chua de cdp "mdu thudn
giQa nhdn dan lao dpng vdi giai edp phong
kiin" thi e chUa thdt thda dang, vi nhfl vdy
ldm sao Ipt tai vua vd cdc dai thin! Lai
nfla, ndi cdc dilu t r i n "nghiing vi diiu
chinh, hba gidi nen chinh nh&n d&n lao
dpng sue s6i tinh thdn yiu nUde khdng
chii'n cUng to ra ldnh dgm" (12) cung chi Id
v5 dodn, bdi vi nhdn dan lao ddng bd'y gid
Idm gi ed (iieu kifn tie'p xflc vdi npi dung
eae dilu trin!
5. Ngfldi ta ed the chpn eho minh mdt chf
hfldng, mpt hodi bao dl suit ddi theo duoi,

nhUng khong ai cd t h i chpn cho minh thdi
digm de sinh ra. Phii chdng Nguyin
Trudng To da "diu thai nhim thiky"?
Dung Id Nguyin Trudng To edn khong
tudng, ndi nhu nhd nghien cflu Trin Bach
Ding trong ldi TUa cudn Nguyin TrUdng
Tp, con ngudi vd di thdo cua Trfldng Ba
Cin: "Ong ndng vpi vd nhdt Id khdng biet eO
che cua triiu Tu Ddc khdng bao gid cho
phep suy nghi cua ong trd thdnh hiin thiic
bdi chung dung din bdc tUdng lgc hdu kinh
khung vi hgc vdn, vi khoa hgc, su mu m&m
trong ddu cdc quan lgi cao cdp, ki cd ddng
chi ton''
Gin ddy, dpc cudn sdch cua TS. Bfli Kha
(Vift kilu d My) Nguyin Trudng Tp vd vdn
di canh tdn (Nxb. Vdn hpe, 5-2011), chung
tdi khdng khdi cd mdt s i ban khoan trong
nhflng nhdn dinh mdi vd khac vl Nguyen
Trudng To. Cd t h i Bfli Kha cdn chu quan
dinh kiln ngn nhilu nhdn dinh eua dng rd't


OTf^Y bai hoc tfl nhijmg ddng g d p khd chd'p n h d n , nhd't Id cho N g u y i n Trudng
To Id "mpt con ngUdi vi ngogi bang ma viit
nhQng bdn ggi Id dieu trdn gii lin vua Tu
Ddc, nhUng lgi dUOc nguy trang sau hde
mdn canh tdn diggt triiu dinh...". Tuy vdy,
chflng tdi dong tinh vdi ^ k i l n cua tdc g i i d
nhflng ldi cudi cflng trong p h i n k i t cuon

sach: "Mong mud'n cudi cung cua tdi Id di
nghi cdc sd gia chuyen vi lich sd Viet Nam
thdi Phdp thupe vd Viin Sd hgc Viet Nam
nen cd mpt chUOng trinh vd ke hogch sUu
tdm cdc tdi liiu mdt tgi cdc ThU khd Phdp
vd tgi cdc Bp Truyin gido Hdi ngogi Paris
died mpt sU ddnh gid xdc ddng vi cdc nh&n
CHU

67
vgt lich sd thdi bdy gid, trong do cd Nguyen
Trudng Tp"
Cd t h e N g u y i n T r u d n g To cdn cd mdt so
ngd n h d n t r o n g cde dieu t r i n va chflng t a
cdn ed n h i l u sai l i m k h i d a n h gid dng do
c h u a dpc ky cdc di t h a o mpt each he thd'ng
vd lien h e chflng vdi h a n h t r a n g N g u y i n
T r u d n g To t r o n g boi c i n h lich vdn hda - xd
hpi bd'y gid. T u y vdy, nhflng gi ma ong da
de lai eho ddi vdn du chflng minh tdi n a n g
vd t a m h u y e t cua mpt gido dan kinh Chfla
yeu Nude, dng mdi mdi vdn Id niem kigu
h a n h cua ngfldi d a n xfl Nghf ndi rigng vd
cua ngudi d a n Vift N a m ndi chung!

THtCH

(1). Theo Dinh Vin Niem: Nhitng ngitcH thdy
nho hgc vd dil ludn vi cdi chit cua Nguyin TrUitng
Tg trong sach: Nguyin Tritimg To vdi khdt vgng

canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai
Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy 10-11-2008), Nghf An,
2009, tr. 48-56.
(2), (4). Vo Thanh Tam: Nguyen TrUdng To hgc
vd hdnh trong sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi khdt
vgng canh tdn ddt nitdc, sdd, tr. 70.
(3). Lg Tri Viin: Mgt tri tue ldn, mgt nhiet tinh
ldn khdng cd tieng vang trong sach Nguyin TrUdng
•T$ vdi vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, Nxb. Di Ning,
2000, tr.l36.
(5). Xin xem; Hd SI Hfiy, Trdn Vin Thflc: Nho
si Ngh^ An trong nin vdn hda Thdng Long - Bgi
Vift tit thiky XVI den cudi theky XVIII, trong Ky
ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc Thanh Nghe Tinh vdi
1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa
hfi. Hi Nfi, 2010, tr. 108-115.
(6). Theo Hd Ba Quynh; Nguyin TrUdng To
ngudi bdt hgnh hay hgnh phdc trong sach: Nguyen
TrUdng Td vdi khdt vgng canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky

ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy
10-11-2008), sdd, tr. 321.
(7). Xem thgm: Hd ST Huy, Tran Vin ThUc: Tu
do tin ngudng, tdn gido trong tit tUdng nhdn vdn
H6 Chi Minh, Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hpc "Boi
canh lich sii Bac Hd ra di tim dudng cUu nUdc",
Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Hi Npi, 2011, tr. 331
337.
(8), (12). Dinh Xuan Lam, Nguyen Vin Hdng:
Xu hiidng ddi mdi trong lich sU Viet Nam, Nxb.

Vin h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 32-33.
(9). ChUdng Thau: Phan Bgi Chdu trong dong
thcti dgi (Binh ludn vd hoi He), Nxb. Nghe An vi
Trung tam Vin h6a vi Ngon ngii Dong Tay, 2007,
tr. 578 - 580.
(10). Thanh Dam: Khdm phd mgt nh&n cdch
ldn trong lich sd trong sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi
vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr. 266.
(11). Cao Tu Thanh: Nguyin TrUdng To trong
gidi hgn vd thdt bgi cua trdo lllu canh tdn ddt nUdc
nda sau thiky XIX trong sach: Nguyen TrUdng To
vdi vdn dicanh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr. 317.