Các phương tiện ngôn ngữ tình thái chức phận biểu đạt nghĩa cầu khiến trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

NGdN N G C & Ddi S 6 N G

Sl9(239)-2015

CAC PHirONG TI$N NGON N G C TINH THAI
CHU'C PHAN BIEU D^T NGHIA CAU K H I £ N
TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
DEONTIC LINGUISTIC MEANS EXPRESS DIRECTIVE MEANINGS
IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMBSE
Btll THI »AO
(TS; Tru4nig D«i hgc Quy Nhon)
NGUYfiN THJ PHirONG NGQC
(ThS; Tru«nig D«i hf c Quy Nhcm)
Abstract: In this paper, theresearcherhas attempted to cany out a contrastive analysis of DM
expressing directives in terms of syntactic and semantic features in English and Vietnamese. The
main fmdings of paper show that while categories of DM expressing directives are univeisal
across languages, linguistic means available to speakers of different languages may differ, for
example, Vietnamese has an intricate system of sentence or utterance particles which have no
equivalences in English. Furthermore, English and Vietnamese also differ in thefiequenciesof
usage of such linguistic means in expressing directive meanings.
Key words: deontic modality (DM); directives; diiective meanings.
1. Khii ni|m
Tinh thdi (TT) \k mpt thknh to quan trpng
trong ngon ngO d§ dugc nghien ciiu tii c4c
blnh di^n khfic nhau nhu: ngtt ph^, ngO" nghia
vk ngii d\mg. Vi^c nghiSn ciiu cdch diin d?t i
nghia TT trong ngon ngO \k mpt trong nhOng
vin de phiic t(ip. Theo Palmer (2003), "TT
dupc thsrc hipn khdng chi qua phuong ti^n trg
tCr, tit vpig mi cdn bdi danh tit, tinh tCr, trjng
tCr, thinh ngO, tilu tir, thftc vi ngfi di$u". Ba

lo»i TTphSn biptttongh$ thong TT tifog Anh,
dd li: TT nhgn thuc, TT chuc phgn vk TT
trgng huing. Nghien citu niy t?p trung vio
mOt loji TT chuc phgn. Theo Van der Auwera
vi Plungian (1998), "TT chiirc p h ^ li m^t
thuH ngO bao quit de bifc thi cic khii ni^ra
vh ngO nghia nhu khd ning, s^ cin thiet, gii
thuylt, svr bdt bu§c vi m^nh l$nh", Theo
Nguyen Vdn Hi$p (2008), "Trong tilng Vi$t,
TT chiic phjn hay TT d?o nghia cOng bieu thj
sf bdt buOc, nhipm vy, sv can thiet". Bdy cung
Id djnh nghia sii d(mg cho cho de tdi nghien
ctxu ndy.

Bdi vilt nhdm tim ra nhihig dilm tuong
ding vd khdc bi?t cda cdc phucmg ti§n TTt
chdc phgn bilu djt svr chi khiln bimg tilng
Anh vi so sinh V(M tilng Vi$t, thdng qua cic
cdu hdi nghi&i cOru c4n 1dm rd: 1) Cic phuong
ti^n ngdn ngO TT chuc phgn bilu d$t sy du
khiln tieng Anh vd tieng Vipt; 2) Svr gilng vi
khic nhau cda cdc phuong ti?n ngdn ngU TT
chic phdn bleu d?t svr cSu khiln vl c4u true
ngfi phdp, ngii nghia vi t k suit xuit hi^n
trong tilng Anh vi tilng Vi^.
Dl so sdnh vd doi chilu cic phuong ti?n
ngdn ngti TT chuc phdn bilu d?t svr c4u kM&
(directives) trong tilng Anh vd tilng Vipt, bii
vilt sil dvmg 13 phuong tipn ngdn ngO im
xem nhu li khung li thuylt vd phdn lo?i chlnli

dl so sanh dli chilu giSa tieng Anh vi tieng
Vipt (dvia tren cdc nghidn cihi vd phan lo^ Palmer (1994), Van der Auwera vd Plungian
(1998), Li (2004), Nguyin Vdn Hi«p (2003),
Biii Trpng Ngodn (2004).
Tuy nhien, do h ^ chi vl phuong phdp ttai
thdp dtt lil" ^ ttuy$n ndn n^ dieu ndm ngoii
p h ^ vi nghidn cftu. M$t khdc, ngdn ngfi VW


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NG6N NGf & P 0 I S 6 N G

25

- Id ngdn ngS don Ipp nen thftc vi thl (mood) phuong tipn cdn Igi (171 trudng hgp chilm
khdng diing trong tifog Vipt Chinh vi dilu 57,6%). Ddng tft chi thii dp mdnh dl xip vj tri
ndy tic gii chi so sdnh doi chilu svr gilng vi thft hai, chilm 44 trudng hgp vdi 14.01%. Vj
khdc nhau ciia 11 phuong tipn diin dgt TT tft ngdn hanh vi trgng tft xIp vj tri thftfoavi
chuc phdn trong tieng Anh vd tilng Vi^t: vj Id thft tu, chilm 28 vi 22 ttudng hgp (8,92% vi
TT, dgng tic thdi dg menh di, cdc vf lie ngdn 7,01%). Ngtt dilu kidn gii djnh vi tinh tft it sft
hdnh, trg tir, trgng IU TT, vj td ddnh gid, danhdyng thdng thudng, chi chilm 4,46% va
lit TT, lieu tic, cdc qudn ngU TT, cdc tie ngd 4,78%. Quan ngft tlnh thdi va danh tft hau nhu
chem xen, vd ngU diiu hen gid djnh.
khdng dugc sft dyng dk diin ti tlnh thii d u
2. Qui trlnh thu th$p sl llpu
Cic sl lipu sft dvmg cho bit vilt niy bao khiln, chilm ti Ip thap nhat trong tat ci cic
gom 50ttuypnAnh, ting cdng 2 060 389 tir vi phuong tidn.
Trong tilng Vidt, trong sl 367 ciu tudng

50 miyen Vidt, ting cdng 2 003 486 tft. Nguon
dii lipu lly tft nhilu nguon truypn khic nhau thugt vi vi 38 cau nghi van trong 422 cdu
trdn mtemet, c6 ndm xuat bdn, tidu de vi ldi trong 50 chuydn Vidt diin dgt ttoh thii d u
khiln, tilu tft tlnh thai chilm tl Id cao nhit,
truydn cy thl.
Nhu dd de cip chi tilt, 11 phuong tipn TT 182 trudng hgp chilm 44,9% trong tit cd cdc
chdc phgn theg khung li thuylt, lipt ke tat ci phuong tidn. Trg tft chilm vj tri cao nhit 106
cac tft thudc phuong tidn thft nhat (trp tft), trudng hgp, tuongftng26,17%. Qudn ngtt tlnh
ching hgn nhu, can, could, may, might,..., rli thdi xIp thft ba (55 trudng hgp vdi 13,58%).
din cdc tft thuQC phuong tipn thft hai (ddng tft Dpng tft chi thii dd mpnh de vi tinh tft tlnh
thdi dp mdnh dl) chdng ban nhu think know... thii hiu nhu khdng dftng dl diin dgt tlnh thdi
Sau dd, sft dyng phan mem xft li sl lidu cd ten d u khiln trong tilng Vipt.
Cd thl thiy ling, ngudi Anh cd xu hudng
gpi TexTSAT, nhdp todn bp 50 cdu truypn
Anh vdo phan mim ndy, cdng cy sft li so lidu ddng trg dgng tft vdi tl Id cao (171 tmdng hgp,
(corpus) niy sd dim bao nhieu tu can xuit 57,6%) trong khi ngudi Vipt chi sft dyng 25
hidn trdn min hinh. Tilng Vipt cOng dua cdc trudng hgp tuongftng6,17%. Dpng tft chi thii
, trg tft nhu cd thi, cd le, ...via phin mIm xft li dd mpnh dl, vj tft ngdn hinh, trang tft, ngtt
, sl lipu TexTSAT. Sau khi khai thdc so lipu, dilu kipn gii djnh, tinh tft dugc sft dyng phi
I chung tdi sft dyng phuong phdp midu td cic biln trong tilng Anh. Ngugc Igi, tilu tft tlnh
phuong tipn diin dgt TT chftc phgn dd dugc thdi, trg tft vd quin ngtt tlnh thii vdi tan so cao
lipt kd trong corpus theo nghia ciu khiln. Sau nhat so vdi tit ci cic phuong ti$n cdn Igi d
dd, kit hgp cd hai phuong phip phdn tich djnh tieng Vipt. Mdt svr khdc bidt rd gifta hai ngdn
j tlnh vi djnh lugng so sinh xem cdc phuong ngtt do Id ngudi Anh khdng diing trg tft vd cdc
I tipn ndy trong tilng Anh vd tilng Vidt cd gl tft ngft chiem xen de diin dgt tlnh thdi d u
; gilng vi khic nhau vl ciu true vi ngft nghia, khiln, trong khi ngudi Vipt Igi khdng dung
, thing kd vi tinh phin trim dl so sinh tin suit d0ng tft chi thdi dp mdnh de vd tinh tft tinh
xuat hidn cua cic phuong tipn bilu dgt nghia thdi. Day la mdt sy khac bidt ddng kl gifta hai
chftc phgn trong hai ngtt khIi tuong quan.
ngdn ngtt. Sy gilng nhau dugc tim thay gitta

3. Kit qua
hai ngdn ngft do li ci hai ngdn ngft deu it sft
I Trong 421 cdu tudng thugt vi nghi van dyng danh tft tlnh thii dl diin dgt tlnh thdi d u
trong 50 cdu chuydn Anh, c6 282 cdu tuong khiln, chi cd 2 trudng hgp trong tilng Anh vi
thujt vi 32 cdu nghi vin diin dgt Unh thdi d u 1 tnrdng hgp trong tieng Vidt (0,64% vd 0,25
' khiln, trong dd trg ddng tft Id phuong tidn sft %). Dieu ndy dugc minh hga qua bieu do sau:
I dyng nhilu nhit chilm dgi da sl so vdi cdc


26

NG6N NGC & D6IS6NG

Bieu dd so sdnh cdc phuong lien dien dgt
tinh thdi cdu khiin trong tiing Anh vd tiing

mt

4. Nh$n xdt
Qua vide so sdnh doi chilu v l mdt eft phdp
vd ngft nghta cdc phuong tipn diin dgt tlnh thdi
d u khiln trong tilng Anh vd tilng Vidt, tdc
gid thiy ring:
v l mdt eft phip, c i tilng Anh v i tilng Vidt
deu gilng nhau ve vj tri cfta ddng tft tlnh thdi
trong cdu tudng thu^t vi dy tft "shall go^ vk"sS
dr. Tuy nhidn, cd svr khdc nhau co bdn v l biln
thl cfta tft (lUtc, the, thi) trong hai ngdn ngtt.
Ddng tft trong tieng Vidt khdng biln ddi theo
ngdi vd gilng, sl, cdch nhu trong tilng Anh.

M$t sy khdc bidt ti trong hai ngdn ngft dd Id
cdch dftng qudn ngtt tinh thdi trong tilng Vi^t
lit da dgng, chftng cd thl ddt gifta cdu, dftng
diu cdu hay cull ciu, trong khi tilng Anh
qudn ngtt tlnh thdi chi ddt giSa ehft ngft v i
ddng tft. Sy khic bidt niy khdng phii l i khic
bidt v l mdt cu phip don thuin mi l i svr khic
bidt v l bin chit nguon g l c cfta hai ngdn ngtt.
v l mdt ngft nghta, ngudi Anh dftng rit don
giin cic ddng tft tlnh thii, ddng tft chi thdi dd
mdnh dl, tinh tft, vd ngft dilu kipn gid djnh dl
diin dgt tinh thdi d u khiln, dvng khi tilng
Vidt thl ding ilt da dgng cdc tilu tft tinh Uiii,
trg tft v i quin ngtt tinh tiiii dl diin ti tiiii dd
cfta hp. Dieu niy chftng td ring ngudi Anh
thidn vl sft dyng d u trie trong giao tilp,
ngudi Vi|t tiiidn v l sft dyng tft vvmg. Ngdn tft
trong tilng Vidt vd cftng phong phft till hipn
qua tilu tft culi cdu, cic tilu tft niy giftp nhjn
ra tiiii dO ngudi ndi tiong giao tilp. Cich dftng

S69(239)-2015

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tilu tft culi cdu v i trg tft trong cdu tudng tiiu$i
v i ciu nghi vin trong tilng Vl^t gilng cidi
dftng tig ddng tft trong cdu tudng tiiudt vi ciu
nghi vin trong tilng Anh. Cdc phuong tidn niy
giftp ngudi nghe nhdn didn dugc nghia tlnh

thii d u khiln trong Iftc ndi, chdng cung li cic
phuong tidn giftp nhdn bilt nghia cftatinhthii
chftc ph$n qua ngft cinh giao tilp. Chinh vl
vdy, khdng c6 sy tuong ddng trong cic ditng
tilu tft tlnh thii, tig tft, tft ngft chidm xen vi
quin ngtt tlnh thii trong tilng Anh so sdnh viii
tilng Vidt
Sy gilng v i khic nhau niy giftp ngudi h;c
cd tim nhln sdu hon v l d u trfte vd ngft nghla
cdc phuong tidn TT chftc phdn bilu dgt nghla
d u khiln trong tilng Anh v i tieng Vi|t, cdng
nhu sy tuong ding vd khdng tuong ding trong
cdch diing tft pitta hai ngdn ngtt, vd cQng giip
ngudi hgc khdc phyc 111 sai trong dgy vi hfc
tiing Anh.
T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O

1. B4iThiDio(2014),/(j/urfi>o«deoi;ft
modality
in English
and Vietntmex
declarative and interrogative sentences. Lu$l1
in Tiln st. Trudng Dgi hgc Ngogi Ngft - E)|i
hpc QuIc gia H i Ndi.
2. Bfti Trpng Ngodn (2004), AMojiiloie
dgng tie tinh thdi tieng Vi^t. Lujn dn Tiln il
Ngft vdn.
3. Nguyin Vdn Hidp (2008), Ca sd ngl
nghidphdn tich ciphdp. Nxb Gido dye, H.
4. Li, R (2004), Modality in English mi

Chinese: A Typological Peispective.
5. Pabner. F.R (2003), Modality to
contemporary English. Mouton de Gruyter
Berlm. New York.
6. Pabner. F.R (1994), Mood M
modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), ft
encyclopedia of language and linguistia.
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
7. Pateier, F.R (1986), Mood ml
modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
8. Van der Auwera v i Plungian (1998]i
Modality's semantic map. Linguistic typoloff'
Voliune 2. Cambridge University Press.