Bài giảng Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính - PGS.TS.BS. Lê Hoàng Ninh

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PHƢƠNG PHÁP
NGHIÊN CỨU
ĐỊNH TÍNH
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GS TS BS LÊ HỒNG NINH


DỮ LiỆU TRONG
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH
Dữ liệu định tính là dữ liệu mà khơng / khó
d0o lƣờng bằng các số đo, số đếm hay một chữ
số nào đó.
Kiểu dữ liệu nầy đƣợc dùng trong nghiên cứu
khai thác chi tiết, mô tả các đặc trƣng bàng lời
nói, tình huống cụ thể, hay một nơi cụ thể nào
đó


Dữ liệu trong n.c định tính
Data có thể đƣợc xếp theo nhiều thể cách khác
nhau nhƣng không thể biểu thị bằng số đo là
con số.


Data that is not quantitative


Tính ứng dụng của nc định tính
The question is not whether to use qualitative

methods in IS, since they are always used in
some way. The question is how systematic
should their application be.


Qualitative Research
What are qualitative data?
Where do we get them and how? How do we
analyze them?

Why should they be used in IS and how?
Qualitative IS design issues.




Basic Methods
Individual Interviews
Focus groups
Direct Observation
Participant-Observation




Software: What it does and doesn’t do
Atlas.ti
NVivo/Nud*ist
CDC EZ text
Anthropac

Ryan 2004


Why and how should we use
qualitative methods in IS ?


Mixing Methods/Qual-quant
Three purposes (Sandelowski):
Triangulation – convergent validation
Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate
Development – guide additional data collection


Priority Decision
Quantitative

Comp
Prelim

Qualitative

Qualitative Preliminary
Qual
QUANT

Quantitative Preliminary
Quant

QUAL

Qualitative follow-up
QUANT
Qual

Quantitative follow-up
QUAL
Quant

Sequence
Decision

Comp
Follow-up

Morgan


Steps in the IS/OR Process
1. Identify and diagnose the problem
2. Generate a programmatic solution to solve

problem
3. Design and test intervention to solve the
problem
4. Ensure results are used
5. Disseminate results

Example: Loss to Follow-up from HIV
testing to HAART in Mozambique
Flow through the HIV care system in Beira and Chimoio, Mozambique, Jun
04 - Sept 05
700
HIV+

Average patients per month

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Enroll at HIV clinic
(59%)
Undergo CD4 testing
(78%)

Eligible for HAART
(48%)

Start HAART (46%)


Good IS/OR views health programs as
interdependent “systems” (2)
Local level HIV care system in Mozambique
Testing center
HIV
testing

HIV clinic
Enroll at
HIV clinic

Undergo
CD4 testing

Start
HAART, if
eligible

Adhere to
HAART

– How can we change the system to improve the flow?
– Will improving one step affect other steps?


Health programs are complex systems

HIV
testing

Arrives at
HIV clinic,
sees
receptionist

Enroll at
HIV clinic

Schedules
doctor
appointment

Undergo
CD4 testing

Start
HAART, if
eligible

Doctor
orders CD4
Time &
drop-off

Potential solutions
CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment?
All blood draws same-day?

CD4 ordered in HIV testing site?
Move CD4s to another site?

Time &
drop-off

Adhere to
HAART

Blood drawn
for CD4
(sometimes
next-day)

Problems & solutions
depend on system
•Staffing
•Lab location, capacity,
policies


1. Identify and diagnose the problem
How much of problem derives
from patient characteristics
vs. system problems?
Qualitative research approaches:
- Direct observation
- Focus group discussions
- Individual interviews with
health workers/target pop.

- Map flow from perspective of
patients


Why mix methods?
Triangulation – convergent validation
Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate

Development – guide additional data collection


2. Generate a programmatic solution to solve problem
Qualitative research approaches:
- Focus group discussions
- Participatory Action Research
- Individual interviews with health workers/target pop
Examples: Potential systemic solutions
- CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment
- All blood draws same-day
- CD4 ordered in HIV testing site
- Move CD4s to another site
- Improved health worker training
- Improved counseling
Examples: Potential community-based solutions
- Improved education about testing and treatment.
- Community mobilization strategies for social support.


3. Design and test intervention to solve the problem
- Process: Individual interviewing and direct observation

for regular process monitoring and evaluation, and for
identification of unintended consequences of
intervention.
- Impact: Interviews, focus groups, observation combined
with quantitative measures to test intervention
effectiveness and impact.


4. Ensure results are used:
New research question: How to influence policymakers and
program managers?:
- Interviews with leaders
- Focus groups with HWs
- Examine policy documents

5. Disseminate results:
Identify best venues for dissemination to influence policy
and generate discussion through analysis of data gathered
using methods above.