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<b>Cac giai doan phat trien trong he tirtucfng </b>

<b>chinh trj dan toe cua Ton Trung Sdn </b>

T A N G T H A N H SANG*
<b>N G U Y E N THI H U d N G * * </b>

T

dn T r u n g Sdn la dai dien kiet xua't
t r e n g p h a i each m a n g d a n chu ciia
giai cap tfl s a n , suot ddi lay viec c h a n
hflng T r u n g Hoa l a m n h i e m vu. Vi the
ong k h d n g ngflng no Iflc p h a n d a u n h a m
hoan t h a n h n h i e m vu ay. Tfl q u a t r i n h
dau t r a n h each m a n g lau dai da h i n h
t h a n h n e n tfl tfldng each m a n g vl dai cua
Tdn T r u n g Sdn. T r o n g dd, tfl tfldng chii
nghia c h i n h t r i d a n tdc ddng vai trd tien
phong t r o n g lich sii p h a t t r i e n chinh tri
va lich sfl p h a t t r i e n N h d nfldc T r u n g
Qudc. T r o n g b a i viet nay, chflng tdi di s a u
tim hieu ve b a giai doan p h a t t r i e n t r o n g
t u t u d n g chii n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n tpc ciia
Tdn T r u n g Sdn.

<i><b>1. Tif tvidng c h i n h tri d a n t o e "Han t o e " </b></i>
Cudc Chien t r a n h T r u n g - P h a p
(1884-1885) dien r a , m a c dfl t r i e u d i n h M a n
T h a n h da g i a n h dfldc nhflng t h a n g Idi
n h a t d i n h ve m a t q u a n sfl, nhflng v a n
chap n h a n ky Hoa fldc thfla n h a n dac
quyen ciia P h a p . N g a y s a u dd la nhflng
t h a t bai lien tiep cua T r u n g Quoc t r o n g

cac cugc chien vdi nfldc ngoai, t i n h h i n h
trong nfldc c a n g trd n e n roi r e n . C h i n h

quyen M a n T h a n h ngay cang hii bai va
k h d n g cdn k h a n a n g flng phd vdi cac nguy
cd xa hpi. Ddng thdi, d a n tpc M a n vdi tfl
each la mpt d a n tdc thieu so du n h a p vao
T r u n g n g u y e n , t r o n g lich sU T r u n g Qudic,
dia vi c h i n h t h d n g ciia hg mpt thdi gian
dai gap p h a i t h a c h thflc tfl phia n h a n si
ngfldi H a n . Den giai doan nay, trieu
T h a n h chii dpng thi h a n h chinh sach mdi
n h a m bao ve Idi ich cua ngfldi Man, khien
m a u t h u a n gifla cac tpc ngUdi cang t h e m
gay gat. Ben c a n h dd, cflng vdi viec
t r u y e n b a c h u nghia d a n tpc can dai
phUdng Tay, t r i e u T h a n h dan m a t di uy
quyen t h d n g t r i hdp p h a p . The ma van cd
khdng it cac lUc lUdng trong xa hpi muon
duy tri c h i n h quyen ay t r e n cd sd ciia
nhflng cai each t h a y ddi.

Chflng kien toan bp ngich canh dd,
trong tiem thflc ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn, tU
tudng "danh dd M a n T h a n h , t h a n h lap
d a n qudc" tflng bfldc h i n h t h a n h va hoan
thien. Trong cud'n "Bac bao h o a n g phai
thu", Tdn T r u n g Sdn da chi r a mpt each ro
r a n g rdng: "Nay chinh p h u M a n T h a n h da
lam t a y sai b a n nUdc, ngUdi ngoai qudc lai

m u o n chiem nUdc ta, t a t yeu hp se tuy y
* Ths. Tang Thanh Sang, NCS TrUdng Dai hgc Nam Kinh, Trung Quoc

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56 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 1/2010 </i>

chiem dUdc. Vi vay, de tranh bi chia cat,
ngoai viec dau tien phai danh do chinh
phu Man Thanh, khdng cdn each cflu van
nao khac"'". Khi thanh lap Hung Trung
Hpi, Tdn Trung Sdn dua ra tdn chi: danh
dudi giac That, khdi phuc Trung Hoa,
thanh lap chinh phu hdp quan. Nam
1905, Ddng Minh Hpi thanh lap cung dUa
ra bdn cUdng linh ldn: Danh dudi giac
That, khdi phuc Trung Hda, thanh lap
Dan qudc, binh quan dia quyen. Vdi vi tri
dau tien la danh dudi giac That da trUc
tiep bieu minh cho yeu cdu trUdc bet cua
each mang la "trfl Man". Tat nhien, d day
Tdn Trung Sdn da phan biet rd ngUdi Man
Chau vdi giai cap thdng tri Man Chau
nham cd lap chinh phu Thanh d mflc cao
nha't, phat trien md rong Iflc lfldng each
mang. Viec "trfl Man" kheng chi phai lat
dd sfl thdng tri cua chinh quyen quy tec
Man Chau ma ddng thdi cung lat dd che
dp quan chu chuyen che da trd nen lei
thdi, xay dUng mdt Nha nUdc dan chu
cpng boa: "Chung ta phai lat dd chinh phu
Man Chau, xet ve phudng dien phai loai

trfl ngfldi Man thi dd la each mang dan
tpc, neu xet ve phUdng dien lat do chinh
the quan chu thi dd la each mang chinh
tri, nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghia phai
chia viec nay lam hai lan"'-'. Vi the dUa ra
khau hieu tren thUc cha't la mud'n tien
hanh dau tranh hdp phap vdi chinh quyen
nha Thanh, dieu chinh cac dan tdc trong
nUdc, dac biet Id xay dung Nha nUdc vdi
ngUdi Han la trung tam. Cach mang Tan
Hdi da dUdc phat dgng dUa tren sU kich
thich tinh than ciia Chu nghia dan tgc.
Dang vien each mang lay viec lat do
VUdng trieu nha Thanh la con dudng phat

trien tien bd duy nha't cua Trung Qudc.
Mac dfl k h a u hieu ndy cdn mang
nhflng ban sac nhat dinh cua Chii nghia
dan tgc dai Han, chi chu trgng vao viec lat
dd chinh quyen Man Thanh ma chUa tha'y
dUdc mdi nguy hai ciia chu nghia de qudc,
.xong nd lai dac biet phfl hdp vdi hien thUc
xa hgi Trung Qudc luc dd. Dan tgc Trung
Hoa khi ay dang phai chiu hai tang ap bflc
dan tpc, vfla chiu sU xam lUdc, de nen cua
chu nghia de qudc nUdc ngoai, lai vfla chiu
ach thdng tri va ap bflc cua quy tpc phong
kien Man Chau trong nUdc, quy tgc phong
kien Man Chau lai da la cdng cu thdng tri
ciia chii nghia de qudc, trd thanh phUdng

dien chii yeii cua mau thuan dan tpc trong
nUdc. Do dd, mud'n cflu dan tpc Trung Hoa
dang trong cdn nguy khdn, trfldc het phai
lay nhiem vu lat dd chinh phii trieu
Thanh cua quy tpc phong kien Man Chau
Idm nhiem vu chinh nham giai quyet
phUdng dien chu yeu cua mau thuan dan
tpc. Tu tudng chii nghia chinh tri dan tpc
ciia Tdn Trung Sdn chinh la cUdng Hnh
chinh tri va vu khi tinh than quan trpng
de giai quyet mau thuan nay ^ „, ,

<i><b>2. Tvf txi&ng c h i n h tri dan t9>c,"ng^. toe </b></i>
<b>c o n g h o a " ^ -;; -, • • -.-or </b>

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<i>Tdng Thanh Sang. Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt tri en... </i> 57

nay len cao t a t yeu d a n den sU chia re
ngay cang n g h i e m t r p n g gifla cac d a n tpc
trong l a n h thd.

Trfldc va s a u Cach m a n g T a n Hdi, cac
nfldc de qudc da d u n g n h i e u t h u doan , tao
ra nhflng bien ddng chinh tri d k h u vflc
bien gidi p h i a Bac, Ddng Bdc, T a y Bdc va
Tay N a m T r u n g Qudc (day von la k h u vflc
cU t r u ciia d a n tpc Mdng Cd, Hdi, Tay
T a n g va la ndi sinh sdng cua td tien ngUdi
M a n Chau) n h a m kich dpng q u a n he npi
bp va m a u t h u a n d a n tpc, nguy cd chia re

ngay cang n g h i e m trpng.

c a n cfl vao t i n h t h e d a u t r a n h chinh tri
dfldng thdi va t i n h h i n h thflc te cua q u a n
he dan tec, Tdn T r u n g Sdn n h a n t h a y t u
tudng chu n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n tdc trong
thdi ky ddu k h d n g cdn p h u hdp, dng dan
chuyen h u d n g s a n g tU tUdng Chii nghia
chinh tri d a n tpc "ngu tpc cpng boa" (gpi
t a t la Chu n g h i a "Ngu tpc cpng boa"). Day
la giai doan thfl h a i trong q u a t r i n h p h a t
trien tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh t r i d a n tpc
cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn. Npi d u n g chu yeu cua
nd la: kien t r i binh ddng d a n tpc "ngfl tpc
cpng boa". "Ngfl tpc" d day m a n g mdt bdm
y ra't ro, ngoai d a n tpc H a n la d a n tpc chu
the sinh sd'ng t a i k h u vflc T r u n g nguyen,
chiem dai da sd n h a n k h a u T r u n g Qudc,
cdn cd bd'n d a n tpc Mong Co, Hdi, Tang,
Man vdn d a n g sinh sdng d nhflng vflng cd
nguy cd bien gidi cao. T r e n cd sd dd, Tdn
T r u n g Sdn de xfldng tfl tfldng b i n h ddng
dan tpc. Dieu n a y da dfldc dng k h d n g dinh
trong "Udc p h a p l a m thdi T r u n g Hda dan
qudc": " N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa d a n qudc
nha't loai b i n h ddng, k h d n g p h a n biet
chung tpc, giai cap, tdn giao"'". Sfl binh

d a n g t h e hien t r e n cac phfldng dien chii
yeu nhfl chinh tri, k i n h te, van boa, tdn

giao. Ddng thdi kien lap "Nha nfldc ngfl
tpc cpng hoa" vdi chu trfldng chu quyen
thupc ve n h a n dan, thdng n h a t d a n tpc,
thong nha't l a n h thd

Tfl tfldng binh ddng d a n tpc trong thdi
ky nay cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn da t h u c day
t i n h doan ket, kich thich nhiet t i n h each
m a n g cua cac dan tpc, dac biet la cac dan
tdc thieu so'. Ngay tfl thdi ky dau cua Ddng
Minh Hpi, khi Tdn T r u n g Sdn de xfldng
each m a n g "trfl Man" n h a m thflc hien
binh d a n g d a n tpc, da cd khdng it chi si
yeu nudc ngUdi dan tpc thieu sd h a n g hai
t h a m gia cac td chflc each mang. Ve sau
trong khdi nghia Vfl Xfldng va qua t r i n h
dpc lap d cac tinh, tfl tfldng binh d a n g dan
tpc ngay cang di sau vao long ngfldi. N h a n
dan cac dan tpc Man, Mong Cd, Hdi, Tang,
Mieu khong chi tich cflc t h a m gia ma
cdn t a p hdp t h a n h mpt dpi ngu khdng t h e
xem t h u d n g . Tfl dd khien Cach m a n g T a n
Hdi tfl chd ddn t h u a n Id ngUdi H a n p h a n
Man, nay trd t h a n h ngfldi H a n Id chu the,
dean ket cac dan tpc thieu so', cflng tien
h a n h each m a n g tU s a n p h a n do! phong
kien chuyen che. Khi tdng ket ddng gdp
cua cac d a n tpc thieu sd vdi Cach m a n g
T a n Hdi, Tdn T r u n g Sdn tflng ndi: "Khdi
nghia Vu Xfldng T a n Hdi ca nudc hUdng

flng, ngfl tpc cpng boa. Thoa long bdn t r a m
trieu ddng bao"'^'.

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58 <i>Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010 </i>

phuc". Dieu dd cho thay hp da nhan thflc
cac dan tpc la mpt trong nhflng thanh vien
cua dan tpc Trung Hoa, la mpt phan cua
Trung Qudc. Dong thdi, vao thdi diem
nay, viec khoi phuc ngai vang la hoan
toan khdng the, bat luan la chinh quyen
Bac Kinh hay Nam Kinh deu lay chinh
the cpng hoa lam chieu bai. Hai chfl "ngu
tpc" trong khau hieu "ngu tpc cdng hoa" da
dan mat di y nghia thflc te ban dau. Cac
dan tpc sinh sdng tren dat nfldc Trung
Qudc da tflng bfldc tham gia vao qua trinh
giac ngd, cflng nhau dau tranh, cung nhau
cd gdng het trach nhiem vinh quang cua
minh de cd cudc sd'ng tdt dep hdn.

O giai doan nay, Ton Trung Sdn cung
rat chu trpng vao phfldng dien del ngoai.
Ong nhan thay nguy cd ciia dan tpc Trung
Qudc khdng chi la sfl md't binh ddng gifla
cac dan tdc trong nfldc ma cdn cd sfl tho'ng
tri cua cac the Iflc ben ngoai. Mac dfl hieu
rat ro cac nfldc de qudc dang md rdng the
Iflc xam Ifldc va Trung Quo'c chfla the
gianh dfldc dpc lap hoan toan, nhflng Tdn

Trung Sdn lai khdng dfla ra chii trfldng
phan dd'i chu nghia de qudc, md mud'n
dung bien phap boa binh de cai thien mdi
quan he dd'i ngoai, nang cao dia vi qudc te
cua Trung Qudc.

<b>3. Tvf tudfng chinh tri dan toe "dai </b>
<b>Trung Hoa" </b>

Sau khi Cach mang Tan Hdi tha't bai,
Trung Qudc ngay cang lun sau hdn vao
cudc hdn chien cat cfl quan phiet trong
nfldc va sfl khdng che cua chii nghia de
qudc. Dudi ach thdng tri phan dpng cua
giai ca'p dai dia chu dai tU san va chu

nghia de qudc, nhan dan da nem du mpi
ndi khd dau. Nguy cd dan tpc ngay cang trd
nen tram trpng. Ten Trung Sdn da tflng
Idm "each mang Ian hai", "van dpng hp
quo'c", "van dpng hg phap" nhflng van
chfla tim dflgc con dfldng chan chinh cho
each mang Trung Qudc. Trong tinh hinh
dd, chinh nhflng dien bien dien ra trong va
ngoai nfldc da la nhflng nhan to tac dgng
den sfl phat trien trong tfl tfldng chu nghia
chinh tri dan tgc cua Tdn Trung Sdn.

Thfl nha't, Chien tranh the gidi lan thfl
nhat dien ra da thuc day sfl phat trien cua

phong trao giai phdng dan tgc tren the
gidi, dan den viec thdnh lap hang loat
qudc gia dan tgc mdi. Tinh hinh dd huge
cac nfldc de qudc phai cd thai dp dieu
chinh lai mdi quan he vdi cac nUdc thupc
dia va nUa thupc dia. Vao nam 1918, Tong
thdng My da Ian dau tien de cap den
quyen tU quyet dan tpc'°'. Trdo lUu mdi ciia
the gidi la dpc lap dan tpc da khdi day cho
Tdn Trung Sdn niem tin ve viec kien lap
mdt qudc gia dan tpc chan chinh. Ong
nhan tha'y: "Chien tranh chau au ket
thuc, tinh hinh the gidi thay ddi, mpt xu
hudng mdi dUdc dac biet chu trpng la
quyen tU quyet dan tpc. Dac biet, nUdc ta
la va'n de ldn nha't trong cac dan tpc tren
the gidi", do dd, "bay gid khdng nhflng la
can thflc hien hai chu nghia dan quyen va
dan sinh, ma cdn can phai thich flng vdi
trao lflu hien dai". Ndi mpt each ro rang,
neu nhu chau au "thiet lap dUdc ra't nhieu
qudc gia dan tgc ddc lap mdi", cung la
"trdo luu tu tudng dan tgc hien dai"'*'.

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<i>Tdng Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt trieii </i> ₅₉

m a n g T h a n g Mfldi N g a nd r a k h i e n Ton
T r u n g Sdn n h u d a n g trong m a n dem n h i n
tha'y a n h s a n g ciia each m a n g . L a n dau
tien trong lich sU d nUdc Nga, chinh quyen

da ve t a y nhflng ngfldi cdng n h a n va ndng
dan mac ao linh. C h i n h quyen mdi thi
<b>hanh chinh sach boa binh, b a n cho cac </b>
d a n tgc quyen tfl quyet va cac quyen tfl do
dan chu cho t a t t h a y nhflng ngUdi lao
<i>dpng. Cd tieng v a n g ldn n h a t \a chinh </i>
sach dd'i ngoai boa binh, t h a i dp chinh
nghia cua chinh quyen Xd Viet ddi vdi cac
dan tpc bi ap bflc dUa t r e n nguyen tac
binh dang va tdn t r p n g l a n nhau'''. Do'i vdi
T r u n g Qudc, chinh quyen Xd Viet da
tuyen bo' bai bd t a t ca nhflng Hiep udc va
nhflng khoan nd ma Nga Hoang da ap
dat. Dieu nay tUdng p h a n sac n e t vdi thuc
te cac nfldc de qudc x a m Ifldc, cho nen da
cd tac dpng to ldn den tfl tfldng cua Tdn
T r u n g Sdn, khich le dng hfldng den nfldc
Nga de tim kiem k i n h nghiem va con
dfldng dau t r a n h each m a n g mdi. Tdn
T r u n g Sdn la ngfldi d a u tien t r e n g sd
nhflng Iflc lfldng yeu nfldc cua T r u n g Qudc
de nghi cac nUdc c h a u A thfla n h a n nudc
Nga Xd Viet, de nghi t u y e n t r u y e n rdng
rai nhflng t h a n h q u a cua Cach m a n g
T h a n g Mfldi. Ddng thdi, dng gifi t h u cho
Lenin va ndi: T u y e n b d c u a Lien Xd do'i vdi
T r u n g Qudc, "khien cho n h a n d a n nUdc tdi
t r a n day by vpng Tfl dd, T r u n g Qudc
t h o a t khdi ach thdng tri cua cac nitdc de
qudc chu nghia, p h o n g t r a o giai phdng

dan tpc cung hoan thanh"'^'. Tdn T r u n g
Sdn cung d a n h gia r a t cad ly l u a n quyen
tu quyet d a n tpc do L e n i n de ra. Ong n h a n
tha'y, "Lenin da khdi xUdng quyen tU
quyet cho cac d a n tpc hi ap bflc, vi nhflng

ngfldi hi a p bflc t r e n the gidi chd'ng lai sfl
b a t cdng"'^'.

Thfl ba, Chien t r a n h t h e gidi ldn thfl
n h a t da t a o r a cd hdi cho N h a t Ban gan
nhfl gidnh dfldc quyen dec chiem T r u n g
Qudc, s a u chien t r a n h , cac nfldc de qudc
lai thoa hiep vdi n h a u de cung n h a u chi
phd'i, "cflng n h a u cai q u a n T r u n g Qudc".
Dong thdi, do sfl thao t u n g va can thiep
cua hp, chien t r a n h q u a n phiet dien ra
lien mien, cue dien chinh tri hon loan,
quo'c gia bi p h a n liet nghiem trpng. Hoat
dpng chia re trong mdt thdi gian dai cua
cac nudc de qudc cung khien cho cac khu
vflc bien cfldng cua T r u n g Qudc thdi ky
nay khong on dinh. P h a i quan phiet Bac
Dfldng dfldi sfl ung hp cua chu nghia de
qudc da thUc hien chinh sach ap bflc dan
tpc mdi, "ngu tpc cpng boa" chi cdn tdn tai
t r e n d a n h nghia. Niem by vpng va ao
tudng cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn do'i vdi cac nfldc
Au My da d a n m a t di. dng n h a n thflc sau
sac r a n g , T r u n g Qudc hien dang "nhu ca

n a m t r e n thdt, dia vi cua c h u n g ta dang d
thdi ky nguy hiem n h a t dieu lo lang dd
la hpa ma't nUdc"°'. Do dd, Tdn T r u n g Sdn
da neu rd yeu cau cap bach ciia cac dan tpc
T r u n g Qudc la phai thdng n h a t t h a n h mpt
d a n tpc ldn m a n h khong the lay chuyen.
Ong lai mpt lan nfla n h a n m a n h can phai
xuc tien muc dich ma chu nghia dan tpc
da de xUdng. Ro rang, Tdn T r u n g Son da
cd sU n h a n thflc mdi ve chu nghia de qudc,
tflng bfldc n h a n ra ddi tfldng trflc tiep cua
each m a n g .

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60 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 1/2010 </i>

kinh te d Trung Qudc, tao dieu kien thuan
Idi cho sU phat trien cua cong nghiep tU
ban dan tpc Trung Qudc: "Su phat trien
cua cdng nghiep tU ban dan tpc Trung
Qudc thdi ky nay dUdc ggi la "thdi dai
hoang kim"'"'. Luc lUdng ciia giai cap tU
san tiep tuc Idn manh, yeu cau tho'ng nha't
qudc gia va dan tgc ngay cang tang. Sau
chien tranh, tU ban phUdng Tay r a t
nhanh chdng quay trd lai, ddy manh xam
nhap kinh te'vad Trung Qudc. Kinh te ciia
tu ban dan tgc Trung Qudc hi canh tranh
va chen ep gay gat. Kinh te cua hg muon
phat trien dUdc nha't thiet phai thoat khdi
sU ap bflc kinh te cua cac nfldc de qudc

thdng qua viec xay dflng mdt the che
chinh tri td't hdn. Tdn Trung Sdn cud'i
<i>cung cung da chu y va nghien cflu ti mi ve </i>
van de nay. Ong dau long canh bao vdi
qudc dan: "Trung Qudc hien nay dang
chiu canh dan ngheo tai kiet rdi, neu
khdng thay ddi, tat yeu ap Iflc kinh te gia
tang se dan den hpa md't nfldc md thdi""-'.
Thfl nam, trong va sau Chien tranh the
gidi thfl nhat, sfl giac ngd chinh tri cua
cdng nhan va ndng dan Trung Qudc da
phat trien nhanh chdng. Hp tham gia
ngdy cang nhieu vao cac cudc da'u tranh
chd'ng de qudc, chd'ng phong kien. TrUdc
sU thoa hiep "cflng nhau cai quan Trung
Qudc" ciia cac nUdc de quo'c tai Hpi nghi
dien ra d Pari nam 1919, mpt lan song
phan do'i ram rd ciia nhan dan Trung
Quo'c da dien ra va trd thdnh mpt phong
trao manh me vao ngay 4/5/1919. Chflng
td dan tpc Trung Hoa bat dau thflc tinh
mpt each rdng rai. Thong qua cao trao a'y,
Tdn Trung Sdn da nhin tha'y nhan dan
Trung Qud'c chinh la mpt luc lUdng to ldn

de chdng de qudc, chd'ng phong kien. Va
dudi sU giup dd cua Dang cpng san Trung
Qudc, phat trien van dgng cdng ndng,
khien Tdn Trung Sdn nhin thay lUc lUdng
tien phong thUc hien cugc van dgng giai

phdng dan tgc. Qua dd, ong rut ra dfldc bai
hpc each mang ciia nhflng lan that bai va
di den quyet dinh ba chinh sach ldn: "Lien
Nga, lien cdng, phu trd cdng ndng".

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<i>1 ~ ^ ; </i>

<i>Tdng Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt trien </i> 61

nfldc phfldng Taỵ C u n g vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n
cua t i n h h i n h each m a n g , thflc te t a n khdc
da k h i e n Tdn T r u n g Sdn md r d n g t a m m a t
va n h a n r a dfldc m a u chdt ciia v a n dẹ Tfl
đ ong kien quyet d a u t r a n h chd'ng lai chu
nghia de qud'c va Iflc lfldng q u a n phiet tay
saị C h u trfldng " p h a n dế da bfl d a p dfldc
p h a n t h i e u set t r d n g tfl tfldng chu nghia
chinh tri d a n tpc thdi ky d a u ciia Tdn
T r u n g Sdn. Nd vfla la k e t q u a dng t h u
dfldc s a u mpt thdi gian dai h o a t đng each
mang, cflng vfla la Ifla chpn chinh xac cua
dng theo đng chay lich siị Day la sfl t h a y
đi VI dai nhát t r o n g cudc đi b o a t dpng
each m a n g cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn.

<b>4. Ti:^ tUcfng c h u n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n </b>
<b>t o e c u a T o n T r u n g Stfn c o m o t q u a </b>
<i><b>t r i n h p h a t t r i e n b a n d a u tii "bai M a n " </b></i>
<b>d e n s a u n a y la "ngii t o e c o n g h o a " v a </b>
<b>e h u n g h i a d a n t o e t r o n g C h u n g h i a </b>

<b>t a m d a n m d i </b>

Qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n n a y ngay mpt
chin mudi cflng vdi sfl chin mudi t r o n g tfl
tfldng chinh tri ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn. Mac
dfl cd gap trdc trd, nhflng tdng t h e m a ndi,
tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh t r i d a n tdc cua
Tdn T r u n g Sdn vdn tien len t h e e mpt con
dfldng t h d n g . Vi vay, dng dfldc xem la n h a
tfl tfldng cau tien. Tdn T r u n g Sdn da cdng
<b>hien cho qud'c gia va d a n tdc sfl nhiet </b>
b u y e t c h a n t h a n h , tflng bfldc tfl bd nhflng
sai lam, t h i e u sot trong tfl tfldng cua m i n h
de di tdi diem dau trong tfl tfldng cua thdi
dai. Sfl flu viet trdng tfl tfldng chu nghia
chinh tri d a n tdc ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn da
trd t h a n h tai s a n t i n h t h a n quy b a u cua
n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c, cd vu cac t a n g ldp

n h a n si tiep tuc p h a n dau de hoan t h a n h
sU nghiep cdn d a n g dd cua dng. Dieu dd
cung k h a n g dinh, nhflng ly l u a n cua ong
k h d n g he vi lich sU lau dai md m a t di sU
h u y hoang, ngUdc lai, nd van ludn sang
lap l a n h trong vang sang cua sU nghiep
xay dUng mot N h a nudc dan tdc dan chu
hien dai./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

<i>1. Dan theo Luu Kiet trong "Chu nghia ddn </i>
<i>tgc cua Ton Trung Son", Hpc vien quan ly, </i>
Trung Quoc, tr. 95.

<i>2. Ton Trung Son Tuyen tap, quyen thUdng, </i>
Nxb Nhan dan, Trung Qudc, 1985, tr. 75.
<i>3. Ton Trung San Todn tap, tap 5, Cue sach </i>

Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr. 87.

<i>4. Ton Trung Sc/n Todn tap, tap 3, Cue sach </i>
Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr. 283.
<i>5. Hai Tu, Sie the gidi, quyen ha [M], Hieu </i>

sach Tam Lien, 1975, tr. 1147.

<i>6. Ton Trung Scfn Todn tap, tap 5 {M|, Bdc </i>
Kinh, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban,
1985, tr. 480.

<i>7. Lich s(/ can dgi Trung Qudc, Nxb Khoa </i>
hpc, Matxcdva, 1976 (ban dich viet tay cua
Phan Van Ban), tr. 561-562.

<i>8. Ton Trung Sctn ngogi tap {M), Thudng Hai, </i>
Nxb Nhan dan, 1990, tr. 403-404.

<i>9. Ton Trung San Todn tap, tap 2 {M}, Cue </i>
sach Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr. 631.
<i>10. Ton Trung SOn Todn tap, tap 8 {M}, Bdc </i>

Kinh, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban,
1986, tr. 326.

<i>11. Nghe Kien Trung, Trung Qudc tren bdn </i>
<i>cdn, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Noi , </i>

1998, tr. 414.

<i>12. Ton Trung Son Todn tap, tap 9 (M|, Bde </i>
Kinh: Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban,

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