Hồ Chí Minh - người khai sinh nước Việt Nam dân chủ cộng hoà

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<b>x.^, *. N H A N KY NIEM 40 N A M THUC HIEN DI CHUC </b>
CUA CHU TICH H 6 CHI M I N H (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)

<b>HO CHI MINH - NGUdi KHAI SINH </b>

<b>NUdC VIET NAM DAN CHU CONG HOA </b>

LE V A N YEN *

<i>Tuyen ngon doc lap do Ho Chi Minh viet vd trinh trqng tuyen bo thdnh </i>
<i>lap nude Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa vdo ngdy 2-9-1945 tqi quang truong </i>
<i>Ba Dinh - Hd Nqi Id bdn Tuyen ngon nhdn quyen vd ddn quyen cua ddn </i>
<i>toe Viet Nam. Tuyen ngon khong chi khang dinh nhimg nguyen tdc phdp </i>
<i>ly ve doc lap ddn toe vd todn ven lanh tho quoc gia, md edn khdng dinh tinh </i>
<i>phdp ly ve quyen ddn toe vd quyen co bdn cua con ngudi. </i>

<i>•O dau ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, nhirng "ldi bat hu" trong hai ban tuyen ngdn </i>

Hd Chi Minh nhac den tu tudng tren de khang dinh "dd la nhirng le phai
_vl dai eiia Thd-mat Giep-pbo-xon khdng ai ehdi cai dugc", ddng thdi lam co sd
trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap nam 1776 cua cho nhung ket luan mdi ciia Ngudi. Nhac lai
nude My, rang: "Tat ca mpi ngudi deu sinh nhung tu tudng tren la Ngudi mudn khang
ra cd quyen binh dang. Tao hda cho hp dinh: nhan dan Viet Nam khdng he xa la vdi
nhung quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham nhirng tu tudng tien bd trong lich sir nhan
dugc; trong nhung quyen ay, cd quyen dugc loai va nhung tu tudng dd da trd thanh gia tri
song, quyen tir do va quyen muu cau hanh tinh than chung eiia the gidi; nude Viet Nam
phirc"^'\ va Ngudi cung nhac den tu tudng hoan toan tan thanh va cd y tudng chung ve
cua cae nha triet hpe Phap the ky thir XVIII tinh phap ly cua nhan loai vdi quyen binh
trong Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen dang, quyen sdng, quyen tir do va quyen
nam 1791 eiia nude Phap, rang: "Ngudi ta muu cau hanh phiic ciia eon ngudi.

sinh ra tir do va binh dang vl quyen Igi; va ^et sang tao etia Ho Chi Minh la d chd,

<i>phai^ ludn ludn dugc tir do va binh dang ve ^^^ ^^ y^^^g ^^^^ q^yg^ ^^^ j ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ </i>
<i>quyen Igi"^^). R6 rang, Hd Chi Minh da ^^^-^ j ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^5j ^j^^^g ^^ </i>
kheo van dung ngay nhirng dnh hoa cua eac

cude dSu tranh giai phdng dan tdc, giai

<i>, . . . - i_- 1 - -• ' * PCS, TS, Nha Xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia </i>

<i>phong con nguoi tren mpt the ky nroi tnioc ^,^ ^^^ ^. ^^. ^^^^, ^^.^ ,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^ </i>
day ciia nhan lo^i tien bp dugc the hien d Ha Npi, 2002,13, tr 554

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Nhan ky niem 40 nam thtre hien Di chiic

cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) <b>T p p chf C ^ n g s d n </b>

quyen mdi con ngirdi ndi rieng, Ngudi cdn
"suy rdng ra" va nang len thanh tinh phap ly
ve quyen cua tat ca cac dan tdc trong thdi
dai mdi, rang: "tat ca cac dan tdc tren the
gidi deu sinh ra binh dang, dan tdc nao ciing
cd quyen sdng, quyen sung strong va quyen
tu do"^^^. Dd la ket luan Idgic, hgp ly va
danh thep. Tir ket luan dd, trong Tuyen
ngdn, Ngudi len an toan dien va ket tdi
manh me bpn thirc dan, de qudc xam luge,
eii the la thirc dan Phap va phat-xit Nhat da
xam pham quyen dan tdc co ban cua Viet
Nam va Tuyen ngdn cung khang dinh rang
nhan dan Viet Nam da gan gdc dung len
danh dd bpn de qudc, phat-xit, bpn phong

kien tay sai thi viec lap nen che dp dan chu
cdng hda la quyen hoan toan chinh dang eiia
dan tdc Viet Nam. Cho nen, trong Tuyen
ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh tuyen bd xda bd
mpi rang budc bat binh dang giira Viet Nam
vdi Phap, xda bd tat ca mpi dac quyen, dac
Igi etia Phap tren dat nude Viet Nam, dd
ciing la dieu hgp le phai, phii hgp vdi tinh
phap ly va ly tirdng chung ciia nhan loai tien
bd ve quyen con ngirdi, ve quyen dan tdc eo
ban. Viec nang quyen con ngudi thanh
quyen dan tdc, Hd Chi Minh mudn Iim y cac
lue lugng each mang tien bd tren the gidi lue
dd cdng nhan quyen ddc lap, tu do cua nirdc
Viet Nam mdi. Ngay trong Tuyen ngdn,
Ngirdi da keu gpi Lien hgp qudc: "Chiing tdi
tin rang cac nude Ddng minh da cdng nhan
nhiing nguyen tac dan tdc binh dang o eac
hdi nghi Te he rang va Ciiu Kim Son quyet
khdng the khdng cdng nhan quyen ddc lap
eiia dan Viet Nam" *'*l

That ra, ngay tu nam 1938, trudc tinh
hinh the gidi va trong nude bien chuyen
nhanh chdng, nguy co ciia cupc chien tranh

• .in ; , '

the gidi d8n gan, Hd Chi Minh da suy nghi
va nung nau den van menh, tuong lai ciia

dan tdc Viet Nam. Ngudi da rdi Mat-xco-va
len dudng ve nude de lanh dao cdng cupc
giai phdng dan tdc. Thang 6-1940, khi bat
hen lac dirge vdd Ban Hai ngoai cua Dang d
Cdn Minh, Ngudi da trieu tap cupc hpp, cd
mdt sd ddng ehi d trong nude sang, Ngirdi
dua ra nhan dinh: Viec Phap mat nude la co
hdi rat thuan Igi cho each mang Viet Nam,
ta phai tim mpi each ve nude ngay de tranh
thu thdi CO, cham tre liie nay la cd tdi vdi
each mang. Vao thdi gian nay, Nguoi trien
khai cac hoat ddng qudc te ddn dap nham
tranh thu mpi lue lugng, tao vi the phap ly
qudc te cho each mang Viet Nam. Ngirdi da
cir Tran Van Hinh di Dien An de thiet lap
mdi quan he qudc te, edn Ngirdi dap may
bay len Triing Khanh gap Trung uong Dang
<i>Cdng san Trung Qudc de phdi hqp hanh </i>
ddng each mang giua hai nude. De cd danh
nghia boat ddng hgp phap, Ngudi cho lap lai
Viet Nam Ddc lap ddng minh, mdt td chire
chinh tri chdng de qudc cua ngirdi Viet da
cd d day tir nam 1935, nham tranh thu su
ung hd ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc va md
rdng anh hudng qudc te cua each mang Viet
Nam. Tnrde khi ve nude, Ngudd edn dan,
phai giir cho dugc td chirc nay de lien lac vdi
qudc te.

Tren dudng ve nude, Ngudi da suy nghi

tdi viec thanh lap mdt td chirc cd tinh phap
ly cho each mang Viet Nam. Ngudi ndi vdi
mdt ddng chi: "Ta phai nghi d8n viec lap
mdt hinh thirc mat tran that rdng rai, cd ten
cho thich hgp. Viet Nam giai phdng ddng

<i>(3), (4) H5 Chi Minh: Sdd. t 3, tr 555. tr 557 </i>

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Nhan ky niem 40 nam thuc hien Di chuc

cua ChiJ tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009) <b>T a p chf C d n g s d n </b>

minh?, Viet Nam phan de ddng minh?, hay
Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh?"^^\ Mua xuan
nam 1941, Ngudd ve nude true tiep lanh dao
each mang Viet Nam. Ngirdi thanh lap Mat
tran Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh, gpi tat la
Viet Minh. Trong Chuong trinh Viet Minh
do Ngudi khdi thao neu rd: Sau khi danh
dudi dugc de qudc, phat-xit Nhat, se lap nen
chinh phii nhan dan ciia nirdc Viet Nam Dan
ehii Cdng hda, lay cd dd, sao vang nam canh
lam qudc ky. Sang nam 1945, tinh hinh the
gidi cd nhieu dien bien quan trpng. La mpt
nha chinh tri sang sudt, Hd Chi Minh rat
nhay cam trudc nhiing chieu hudng phirc
tap, dan cheo ciia cae lue lugng qudc te
trong vSn dS Ddng Duong, Ngirdi quyet
dinh can phai tiep xiie vdi Ddng minh de cd
nhung CO sd phap ly can thiet cho each

mang Viet Nam trong quan he qudc te sau
nay. Trong nhirng lan tiep xiic vdi dai dien
My eiia Ddng minh d Cdn Minh, Ngudi deu
ndi rd sir ldn manh, kha nang va thien chi
cua Viet Minh; ddng thdi khing dinh cupc
dau tranh cua dan tdc Viet Nam cd dia vi
phap ly trong lire lugng Ddng minh the gidi
chdng phat-xit. Trong ISn Bd Chi huy My d
Cdn Minh cu Sac-lo Phen thude td cbirc
OSS d8n gap Ngudd, khi dugc hdi, Ngudi tra
ldi: Chi mudn Dong minh cdng nhan td cbirc
Viet Minh. Gap tudng Se-ndn - Td'ng Chi
huy Quan doan khdng quan va Dai sir My d
Trung Khanh, khi dugc hdi Viet Minh cd
vui Idng giiip viec td chuc eiru giup nhirng
phi cdng Ddng minh bi rod d Ddng Duong
khdng, Ngudi tra ldi: Trach nhiem cua
nhung ngudd chdng phat-xit la lam tat ea
nhung viec ed thd lam dd giup dd Ddng
minh. Thigu ta Pat-ti thude td chire OSS hdi
<i>Ngudi v\ td chirc Viet Minh, Ngudi tra ldi: </i>

Viet Minh khdng phai la don vi ma la mdt
bd phan nhan dan Viet Nam, la td chuc ciia
cdng nhan, ndng dan boat ddng tai cae dia
phuong va cd the lien lac tir Sai Gdn den
Cao Bang.

Ngay trong nhirng ngay dien ra cupc
Td'ng khdi nghia Thang Tam nam 1945,

nhan danh Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng cua
Mat tran Viet Minh, Hd Chi Minh da yeu
cau nha cam quyen Hoa Ky thdng bao cho
Lien hgp qudc ung hd Viet Nam gianh ddc
lap: "Chung tdi da diing ve phia Lien hgp
qudc chdng lai bpn Nhat. Nay bpn Nhat da
dau hang. Chiing tdi yeu cau Lien hgp qudc
thue hien ldi hira long trpng eiia minh la tat
ca cac dan tdc deu dugc hudng dan chti va
ddc lap".

Sau thang Igi cua cupc Cach mang Thang
Tam khdng lau, trudc nguy ea Phap quay lai
xam luge nude ta lan thir hai, Hd Chi Minh
da nbiSu lan giid thu, cdng ham, dien van yeu
cau cbinb phii cac nude My, Trung Qudc,
Lien Xd, Anh... va ca Lien hgp qudc len
tieng ung hd va cdng nhan nen ddc lap chinh
dang ciia Viet Nam. Trong thu gui Tdng
thdng My H.To-ru-man, ngay 17-10-1945,
Ngudi neu rd, tir ngay 19-8-1945, Viet Nam
da la mdt nude ddc lap tren mpi phuong
dien, Viet Nam cd dii tu each ed dai dien
trong Uy ban Tu van Vien Ddng va ed du
kha nang giai quyet ed hieu qua cac van de
tdn tai d Viln Ddng. Trong dien van gui cac
dng Ang-dre Grd-mu-cd - dai dien Lien Xd,
Giem BiSc-no - Bd trudng Ngoai giao My,
cd Duy Quan - dai dien Trung Qudc tai Hdi
ddng Lien hgp qudc, Ngirdi deu khang dinh

dia vi phap ly qudc te cua Viet Nam, rang

<i>(5) Vo Nguyen Giap: Nhimg chdng duang lich su, </i>
Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 1994, tr 32

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Nhan ky rdem 40 nam thtic hien Di chuc
^'-cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (2-9-1969 - 2-9-2009)

<b>rTl </b>

<b>Tpp chf Cdng s d n </b>

"Qudc dan chung tdi da gianh dirge quyen
ddc lap va giir viing nen ddc lap, thiet tha
yeu eau cac ngai cdng nhan nen ddc lap ay
va nhan chiing tdi vao Hdi ddng Lien hgp
qudc. Theo nhu ldi tuyen bd ciia vi dai dien
Trung Hoa Cd Duy Quan thi A chau chua cd
du dai bieu trong Hdi nghi. Chung tdi tin
rang su cd mat cua chung tdi trong Hdi nghi
se cd ich nhieu cho viec giai quyet mdt each
nhanh chdng va hda binh cho cae van de d
Ddng - Nam A chau hien nay"^^^. Rd rang,
vdd ehii truong quan he vdi Ddng minh, gap
gd Ddng minh, Hd Chi Minh mudn cho hp
thay each mang Viet Nam da la mdt lue
lirgng cua Ddng minh chdng phat-xit, ddng
thdi khang dinh trong thtre te dia vi phap ly
cua nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda ma
hp phai tinh tdi, khdng the bd qua.

Trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Hd Chi Minh
khdng chi khang dinh nguyen tac phap ly ve
quyen dan toe co ban cua Viet Nam va cac
dan tdc tren the gidi, ma cdn khang dinh
trong thtre tien cupc dau tranh each mang
kien cudng, bat khuat eiia dan tdc Viet Nam
VI cae quyen dan tdc thieng lieng dd. Ket
thiic ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Ngirdi khang
dinh y ehi danh thep quyet tam gianh va giir
<i>nen ddc lap, tvt do cua dan tdc Viet Nam, </i>
<i>ddng thdi trinh trpng tuyen bd vdi the giai </i>
rSng: "Nude Viet Nam ed quyen hudng tir
do va ddc lap va su that da trd thanh mdt
nude ttr do, ddc lap. Toan the dan tdc Viet
Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lire
lugng, tinh mang va cua cai de giir vung
quyen tir do, ddc lap ay".

Trudc toan the the gidi, Tuyen ngdn ddc
lap cira Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh la bdn da
tang phap ly dau tien khang dinh ca tren
nguyen tac va thuc te quyet tam sat da cua

nhan dan Viet Nam ve quyen dugc sdng
trong ddc lap, tir do va quyen muu cau hanh
phuc, ve quyen binh dang cua dan toe Viet
Nam vdi tat ea cac dan tdc tren the gidi.
Cupc dau tranh giai phong dan tdc do Hd
Chi Minh lanh dao da gan hen voi cupc dau

tranh giai phdng giai cap, giai phdng con
ngirdi khdi mpi ap birc bde lot, thirc hien cac
quyen dan chii eo ban cho mpi ngudd dan
Viet Nam.

Cach mang Thang Tam thanh cdng da
md ra ky nguyen mdi trong lich su dan tdc
Viet Nam - ky nguyen ddc lap, tu do va chii
nghia xa hdi tren dat nuoc ta. Cdng hien to
ldn cua Hd Chi Minh la tu quan diem gan
ddc lap ciia dan tdc vdi tu do, hanh phiic cua
con ngudd, gan quyen dan tdc thieng Ueng
vdi quyen eo ban cua con ngudd. Cung tu
thtre tien cupc dau tranh thang Igi cua nhan
dan Viet Nam, hai khai niem phap ly tren da
dugc phat trien thanh khai niem mdi quyen
dan tdc eo ban. Vi vay, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap
cua Viet Nam - Hd Chi Minh dugc coi la
ban Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen
cua eac dan tdc dau tranb cho ddc lap, tu do,
hanh phuc va van minh. Diing nhu Rd-met
Chan-dra, nguyen Chu tich Hda binh the
gidi, da danh gia: "Bat cir noi nao chidn dau
cho ddc lap, tu do, d dd cd Hd Chi Minh va
ngpn cd Hd Chi Minh bay cao. Bat cir d dau
chien dau cho hda binh va cdng ly, d dd cd
Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Hd Chi Minh bay
cao. O bat cir dau, nhan dan chien dau cho
mdt the gidi mdi, chdng lai ddi ngheo, d dd
ed Hd Chi Minh va ngpn ed Ho Chi Minh

baycao"^^). •

<i>(6) Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t 4, tr 157 </i>

(7) Ro-met Chan-dra: "Ho Chi Minh trong trai tim nhan
loai", bao NWnD<3n, ngay 21-5-1980

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