Gerund and Inf 4

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Gerunds

and 
and

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Gerunds and infinitives

can function as:
can function as:

NOUNS
NOUNS

(

(subjects, objects, subject subjects, objects, subject 
complements)

complements)

As subjects, they take a 
 As subjects, they take a

singular verb. 
singular verb. 
Only Gerunds can be

Only Gerunds can be object object

of the preposition.

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To form

To form gerundsgerunds, use, use
the

the basebase form + form + inging

(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs)

(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs)
I enjoy learning English

I enjoy learning English

To form negative gerunds, 
To form negative gerunds,

use 
use

not + gerund

Not speaking

Not speaking English well English well 
is my biggest problem in

is my biggest problem in

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Gerunds

used as

used as

subject of the

sentence.

Dancing

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Gerunds

used as

used as

objects

He enjoys

He enjoys workingworking with with

children.

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Verbs that take only

Gerunds

• AppreciateAppreciate

• AvoidAvoid

• DelayDelay
• DenyDeny

• DiscussDiscuss

• DislikeDislike

• EnjoyEnjoy

• ExcuseExcuse

• FinishFinish

• KeepKeep

• MentionMention

• MindMind
• MissMiss

• PostponePostpone

• QuitQuit

• RecallRecall

• RecommendRecommend

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Gerunds

used as

used as

object of the

preposition

I am thinking

I am thinking aboutabout takingtaking
the children to Mexico.

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Common preposition 
Common preposition

combinations followed by 
combinations followed by

gerunds
gerunds

• Be excited Be excited aboutabout, complain , complain about,about, talk talk

about,

about, think think aboutabout, worry , worry aboutabout

• Apologize Apologize forfor, blame , blame for, for, famousfamous for for
• Believe Believe inin, interested , interested inin, succeed , succeed inin

• Take care Take care ofof, instead , instead ofof, be accused , be accused ofof
• Insist Insist on, on, countcount on, on, concentrateconcentrate on on

• Keep Keep fromfrom, prevent , prevent from, from, profitprofit from from

• In addition In addition toto, look forward , look forward toto, be used , be used

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By + gerund

You get good grades

You get good grades by by 
studying hard.

studying hard.
go + gerund

go + gerund

Recreational activities: camping, dancing,

sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging,

sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging,
I will

I will go fishinggo fishing with you with you 
tomorrow

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Some expressions

are used with

gerunds

Be busy, can’t help, have fun,

it’s no use, it’s not worth

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To form

To form infinitivesinfinitives use use

to + base form of the verb

I want

I want to danceto dance
To form negative

To form negative infinitivesinfinitives
use

use

Not + infinitive

He decided

He decided not to gonot to go to the to the 
party.

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Infinitives

in the

in the

subject position

To live

To live in the United States is my in the United States is my
dream

dream

It is

It is my dream my dream to liveto live in the in the
United States.

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Verbs that take

infinitives

infinitives

Verb + infinitives

Verb + infinitives – – agree, appear, decideagree, appear, decide

hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend,

wait, can afford

Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive

Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive – – cause, cause,
convince, force, invite, order, persuade,

convince, force, invite, order, persuade,

remind, tell, trust, warn, advise,

encourage

Verbs that come directly after the infinitive
Verbs that come directly after the infinitive

or have a noun phrase

or have a noun phrase – – ask, beg, choose, ask, beg, choose,
expect, need, want, would like, promise

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Adjectives followed

by

infinitives

infinitives

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Infinitive of purpose

In order to

I came here

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Infinitive

Infinitive with with tootoo and and 
enough

enough

too + adjective or adverb +

infinitive

She is

She is too youngtoo young to vote. to vote.

Adjective or adverb +

enough + infinitive

They are

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Gerunds

Gerunds often follow verbs often follow verbs 
that indicate that an action 
that indicate that an action

is happening or has 
is happening or has

happened.
happened.

The action expressed by the 
The action expressed by the

verb comes at the same 
verb comes at the same

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Infinitives

Infinitives often follow often follow

verbs that indicate that an 
verbs that indicate that an 
action will or could happen.
action will or could happen.

The action expressed by the 
The action expressed by the

verb comes before the 
verb comes before the 
action expressed by the 
action expressed by the

infinitive.
infinitive.

We hope to go to the 
We hope to go to the

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Verbs that are followed by 
Verbs that are followed by

a noun phrase + infinitive

can also be followed by

can also be followed by a a 
gerund

gerund..

The gerund makes it 
The gerund makes it

general and the infinitive 
general and the infinitive

make specific the person 
make specific the person

indicated.
indicated.
They

They allow smokingallow smoking in this in this 
building.

building.
They

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These verbs are:

advise

allow

encourage

permit

require

urge

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Some verbs can be followed 
Some verbs can be followed

by both

by both gerundgerund or or infinitiveinfinitive
with no change in meaning.
with no change in meaning.

Begin, hate, like,

start, love, prefer, continue

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I like

I like cooking.cooking.
I like

I like to cook.to cook.
She started

She started losing losing weightweight
She started

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Some verbs although they can 
Some verbs although they can 
be used after both

be used after both gerundsgerunds and and 
infinitives

infinitives have a difference in have a difference in 
meaning.

meaning. 
remember
remember

forget
forget
regret
regret

stop
stop

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She stopped

She stopped smoking.smoking.
She stopped

She stopped to smoke.to smoke.
They forgot

They forgot buyingbuying bread bread..
They forgot

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Used to

Be used to

Get used to

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Verbs of perception

Verbs of perception::

infinitives: from start to 
infinitives: from start to

finish
finish

Gerunds: in progress
Gerunds: in progress

I

I heardheard the children the children crycry..
I

I sawsaw your friends your friends walkingwalking

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Infinitive forms are not 
Infinitive forms are not 
used after the following 
used after the following

verbs of perception:
verbs of perception:

feel

see

hear

smell

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When a specific performer 
When a specific performer 
of the gerund action needs 
of the gerund action needs

to be indicated,

to be indicated, a a

possessive noun or a

possessive determiner

possessive determiner is is 
used.

used.

I really appreciate 
I really appreciate 
Karen’s/her

Karen’s/her writing that writing that 
letter for me.

letter for me.
Peter’s/his

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Your

Your neglecting your teeth neglecting your teeth 
will cause an earlier return 
will cause an earlier return

to the dentist.
to the dentist.
Their

Their denying the denying the 
allegation was

allegation was 
understandable.
understandable.
I didn’t like the

I didn’t like the dog’sdog’s

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I don’t mind

I don’t mind hishis leaving leaving 
early.

early.

(formal)
(formal)
I don’t mind

I don’t mind himhim leaving leaving 
early.

early.

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When an infinitive 
When an infinitive 
functions as a

functions as a subjectsubject or a or a 
subject complement

subject complement, any , any 
stated subject of the

stated subject of the

infinitive should be 
infinitive should be 
preceded by

preceded by forfor. . If a If a

pronoun follows for, it must

be in object form.

When the

When the subjectsubject of a of a

gerund is stated, it takes

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For people

For people to see is a to see is a 
wonderful gift.

wonderful gift.
Her desire was

Her desire was for themfor them to to 
take a trip around the world

take a trip around the world

They hoped

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Infinitives

Infinitives can occur in the can occur in the 
progressive but

progressive but gerundsgerunds

cannot.
cannot.

To be doing

It is used to indicate an 
It is used to indicate an

activity in progress or 
activity in progress or

ongoing
ongoing

She had hoped to be

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Both

Both gerunds and gerunds and 
infinitives

infinitives can occur in the can occur in the 
perfect form

perfect form
having done

having done

to have done

It is used to indicate that

the activity is in the past

We appreciate having heard

her sing.

We’re fortunate to have

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A gerund can be used in the 
A gerund can be used in the

passive form
passive form

I dislike being told a lie.

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Have
Have
make
make
let
let

are causative verbs. They 
are causative verbs. They

cause someone to do 
cause someone to do

something.
something.

They are always followed by 
They are always followed by

a noun phrase + base form 
a noun phrase + base form

of verb.
of verb.

Do not use an infinitive 
Do not use an infinitive

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She

She mademade her daughterher daughter gogo
to the party.

to the party.
She

She letlet himhim taketake the the 
camera.

camera.
She

She hadhad meme prepareprepare

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After

After causative causative verbsverbs::
get

get

convince

persuade

use the

use the infinitiveinfinitive
She

She gotgot me me to workto work..
She

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Sense-perception verbs:
Sense-perception verbs:

hear, listen to

feel, smell, see

watch, observe, notice

are followed by either a 
are followed by either a

noun phrase + base or –ing 
noun phrase + base or –ing

form with only a slight 
form with only a slight

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We saw people

We saw people living living in in 
poverty.

poverty.
We saw

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Help

can take an infinitive or 
can take an infinitive or

base form.
base form.

It can occur

It can occur withwith or or withoutwithout
a noun phrase.

a noun phrase.
I helped

I helped them carrythem carry the the 
boxes.

boxes.

I helped

I helped them to clean upthem to clean up

after the

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perfect infinitive:

perfect infinitive: to have to have 
moved

moved

progressive infinitive:

progressive infinitive: to be to be 
working

working

perfect progressive 
perfect progressive

infinitive:
infinitive:

to have been playing

passive:

passive: to be seento be seen

perfect passive:

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Perfect gerund:

Perfect gerund: having having 
moved

moved

passive gerund:

passive gerund: being donebeing done
perfect passive gerund:

perfect passive gerund:

having been selected

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Gerund and Inf 4

<b>Gerunds </b>

<b>Gerunds </b>

Gerunds

Gerunds

<b> used as </b>

<b><sub> used as </sub></b>

<b>subject of the </b>

<b>subject of the </b>

<b>sentence.</b>

<b>sentence.</b>

Gerunds

Gerunds

<b> used as </b>

<b><sub> used as </sub></b>

<b>objects</b>

<b>objects</b>

<b>Verbs that take only </b>

<b>Verbs that take only </b>

Gerunds

Gerunds

Gerunds

Gerunds

<b> used as </b>

<b><sub> used as </sub></b>

<b>object of the </b>

<b>object of the </b>

<b>preposition</b>

<b>preposition</b>

<b>Some expressions </b>

<b>Some expressions </b>

<b>are used with </b>

<b>are used with </b>

gerunds

gerunds

Infinitives

Infinitives

<b> in the </b>

<b><sub> in the </sub></b>

<b>subject position</b>

<b>subject position</b>

<b>Verbs that take </b>

<b>Verbs that take </b>

infinitives

<sub>infinitives</sub>

<b>Adjectives followed </b>

<b>Adjectives followed </b>

<b>by </b>

<b>by </b>

infinitives

<sub>infinitives</sub>

Infinitive of purpose

Infinitive of purpose

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