relative 10

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The Period

and the Comma

Objectives

Use periods correctly at the end of declarative
and imperative sentences, courteous requests,
and indirect questions.

Identify miscellaneous uses of the period.

Use commas correctly between items in a series
and in compound sentences.

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The Period

and the Comma

Objectives

continued

Use commas correctly to set off appositive and
parenthetical expressions.

Use commas correctly with introductory
expressions.

Use commas correctly with nonrestrictive
clauses.

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The Period

and the Comma

Declarative Sentences

Use a period at the end of a declarative
sentence.

Rick finds job openings on the Internet.

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The Period

and the Comma

Imperative Sentences

Use a period at the end of a sentence that
indicates a command or a strong suggestion.

Proofread your cover letter carefully.

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The Period

and the Comma

Courteous Requests

Use a period at the end of a sentence that
makes a courteous request.

Will you please call the applicants to tell them that 
the position is filled.

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The Period

and the Comma

Indirect Questions

Use a period after an indirect question.

I wonder whether Bob applied for the accounts 
payable position.

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The Period

and the Comma

Decimal Points

Use a period to separate dollars and cents.

$5.59 $178.25 $14,382.38

Do not place a period after a dollar amount if
there are no cents involved.

$5 $802 $78,455

Use a period as a decimal point to express
whole numbers and fractional amounts.

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The Period

and the Comma

Abbreviated Words and

Measurements

Use a period at the end of an abbreviated
word.

assn. association

asst. assistant

bldg. building

intl. international

mfg. manufacturing

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The Period

and the Comma

Abbreviated Words and

Measurements

Do not use a period after a measurement that
is abbreviated on most business or technical
forms.

Ft foot, feet oz ounce, ounces

gal gallon qt quart, quarts

hr hour, hours yr year, years

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Small and Capital Letters

Use a period after each letter in abbreviations that
consist of small letters.

a.k.a. also known as

c.o.d. collect on delivery

f.o.b. free on board (within sentences)

Do not use a period after each letter in most
abbreviations that consist of all capital letters.
CEO chief executive officer

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The Period

and the Comma

Small and Capital Letters

Exceptions

P.O. post office

U.S. United States
M.A. Master of Arts

M.D. Doctor of Medicine
B.C. before Christ

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Personal Names and

Corporate Names

Use a period after the initials or with abbreviations of
most names.

J. C. Williams Thos. C. McGraw

Do not use a period with a nickname.
Skip Jenner Red Stocker

Use the same format that an individual uses in a

signature or that a company uses on its letterhead as
its official designation

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The Period

and the Comma

Titles, Academic Degrees,

Professional Identification

Use a period after an abbreviation of a
person’s title.

Mrs. Ms. Mr. Dr.

Use a period after each element in the
abbreviation of an academic degree or
professional identification.

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The Period

and the Comma

Titles, Academic Degrees,

Professional Identification

Examples

Dr. Carole Bennett accepted a position as a

technical writer.

Sara Wong, M.D., hired Rose to work as a 
receptionist.

Gretchen Carpenter, M.B.A., uses the Internet to 
post company job openings

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Seniority Designations

Use a period after an abbreviated seniority
designation.

Jason Harrison Jr. accepted a position in Nevada.
Anthony Biasi III applied for an international

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The Period

and the Comma

The Period and

Geographic Locations

Use a period after an abbreviation of a country,
state, or province unless the abbreviation

appears in ZIP Code format.

NC North Carolina N.C.

AR Arkansas Ark.

ON Ontario Ont.

ZIP Code State or Standard

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The Period

and the Comma

Shortened Forms of Words

Do not use a period after shortened words or

foreign words that are not abbreviations.

info information

rep representative

specs specifications

temp temporary

ad hoc for a particular purpose

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The Period

and the Comma

Outlines and Lists

Use a period after the numbers or letters that
identify items in an outline or list unless the
numbers or letters are in parentheses.

I. EMPLOYMENT MATERIALS
A. Resume

1. Chronological

a. Advantages

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The Period

and the Comma

Outlines and Lists

Use periods after complete sentences,

dependent clauses, and long phrases in a list
or outline.

continued

The keys to salary negotiation are the following:
1. Discuss salary at the end of the interview.

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The Period

and the Comma

Outlines and Lists

Do not use periods after short phrases listed
on separate lines if the lead-in statement is
complete.

continued

Avoid the following job-hunting methods:
1. Unsolicited resumes

2. Employment agencies

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The Period

and the Comma

Compound Sentences

Use a comma to separate two independent
clauses in a compound sentence.

Place the comma before the coordinating

conjunction (and, or, nor, but) that joins the

two clauses.

Most public libraries have company directories, and most 
online services also offer access to these directories.

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The Period

and the Comma

Compound Sentences

Omit the comma before a coordinating

conjunction in a compound sentence if either
or both of the two independent clauses are
very short (four words or less).

Read the job description and fax your résumé.

continued

Do not omit the comma if it is necessary for
clarity.

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The Period

and the Comma

Compound Sentences

Use a comma before the coordinating

conjunction when a subject is not expressed
(but implied) in one or both clauses in an

imperative sentence.

Call companies that interest you, and ask to speak to 
people who can give you specific information about 
available positions.

Prepare a portfolio of your best work, and bring it with you 
to the interview.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Compound Sentences

Do not use a comma before a coordinating
conjunction that joins a compound subject,
predicate, object, or subject complement.

Stress educational achievements and extracurricular 
activities in your cover letter.

Working in temporary positions will introduce you to 
different industries and help you discover the types of 
jobs available.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Series

Use commas to separate words, phrases, or
clauses in a series.

Include the comma before the coordinating
conjunction.

Be selective when listing job duties, skills, and accomplishments on your 
résumé.

Please bring your résumé, a sharpened pencil, and a list of references to 
the interview.

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The Period

and the Comma

Series

Do not use commas to separate items when
each item is connected by a conjunction.

Cover letters require the exact last name of the 
person and the exact spelling of the name and

the title of his or her position.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Series

Use commas in a series of names in an organization

exactly the way that the organization uses the commas on
its letterhead or on another verifiable source.

Do not use a comma before the ampersand (&) in the
name of an organization unless the company itself does.

The firm of Farrell, White, and Jones specializes in 
recruiting hospital employees.

Henderson, Hernandez, & Holmes fills its positions 
through networking.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

The Comma and Etc.

Use a comma before and after the

abbreviation etc. When etc. appears at the
end of a sentence, use a comma before the
abbreviation only. The abbreviation etc.

means and so forth or and others.

Do not use the phrase and etc.

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The Period

and the Comma

Independent Adjectives

Place a comma between independent adjectives
that precede a noun unless they are already

separated by a coordinating conjunction.
To determine whether adjectives are

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The Period

and the Comma

Independent Adjectives

Examples

continued

James offered vague, disorganized answers 
to the interview questions.

Anne conducted a successful, 
well-organized job search.

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The Period

and the Comma

Appositives

Use commas to set off an appositive if it is not
essential to the meaning of a sentence.

Kris Hing, CEO of Hing and Associates, looks

for candidates who speak at least three

languages.

JOBS, an online listing of professional

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The Period

and the Comma

Appositives

Do not use commas to set off an appositive
that explains or clarifies the noun preceding it.

The newspaper National Business

Employment Weekly offers job hunting 
strategies.

The year 2001 was the year that I was 
promoted to assistant manager.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Parenthetical Expressions

Parenthetical expressions interrupt a

sentence. These side remarks do not add to
the clarity of a sentence, and they are set

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The Period

and the Comma

Parenthetical Expressions

Below is a partial list of parenthetical
expressions.

continued

after all as a consequence
as a matter of fact as a result

as a rule as you know
at any rate believe me
by the way for example

however I am sure

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The Period

and the Comma

Parenthetical Expressions

Examples

continued

Being unemployed, as you can see, allowed 
me to return to school.

Unfortunately, Jack lost his disk that 
contained his résumé.

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The Period

and the Comma

Introductory Expressions

Dependent Clauses

Use a comma to separate an introductory
dependent clause from the independent
clause.

If I have to move to another state, I will turn 
down the job offer.

Although the competition was intimidating,

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The Period

and the Comma

Introductory Expressions

Dependent Clauses

Generally, do not use a comma when the
dependent clause follows the independent
clause or when the comma is necessary for
the meaning of the sentence.

Do thorough research on a company before any 
job interview.

continued

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The Period

and the Comma

Introductory Expressions

Prepositional Phrases

Use a comma to set off an introductory

prepositional phrase from the independent
clause that follows.

Within one year, he received a promotion to the 
position of accounts payable supervisor.

From an employer’s standpoint, a thank-you

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The Period

and the Comma

Introductory Expressions

Infinitive Phrases

Use a comma to set off an introductory infinitive
phrase from the rest of the sentence.

To save time, more companies are using résumé

scanning software.

Do not use a comma when an infinitive phrase is the
subject of a sentence.

To purposely lie on your employment application may

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The Period

and the Comma

Introductory Expressions

Participial Phrases

Use a comma to set off an introductory
participial phrase from the rest of the
sentence.

Surprised by the results of my skill tests, I decided to

set new goals.

Reviewing my cover letter, I realized that I had used an

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The Period

and the Comma

Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses

Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive

adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.

Drug testing, which is becoming more

prevalent, is a requirement for some occupations.
I carry my resume in a leather portfolio, which

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The Period

and the Comma

Restrictive Adjective Clauses

Do not set off a restrictive adjective clause
(necessary for the meaning of the word it
modifies) from the rest of the sentence.

Job applicants who arrive late for their

interviews are usually not hired at our firm.
A college degree that emphasizes

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The Period

and the Comma

Contrasting Expressions

Use commas to set aside a contrasting

expression from the rest of the sentence. A
contrasting expression often begins with the
word not or never. A contrasting expression
contradicts the noun or idea it follows.

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The Period

and the Comma

Direct Address

Use commas to set off the names of

individuals who are being addressed directly.

You will be pleased to know, Larry, that you will 
receive a bonus this year.

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The Period

and the Comma

Tag Questions

Use a comma to separate a tag question from
the rest of the sentence.

We have five job candidates to interview 
today, don’t we?

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The Period

and the Comma

Quotations

Use a comma to introduce a direct quotation
or set it off from other parts of a sentence.

Mr. Bertoli asked me, “How do you define success?”
“Success,” Mr. Bertoli said, “depends upon your own 
definition.”

Do not use a comma to set off an indirect

quotation.

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The Period

and the Comma

Dates

Use a comma before and after the year when a
date includes a month, day, and year.

I hope to graduate by June 30, 2005, or at the latest 
December 31, 2005.

Do not use a comma if only the month and day or
only the month and year are in a sentence.

Mr. Elias indicated that he would notify me by August 5 about 
the position.

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The Period

and the Comma

Addresses

Use commas to separate parts of an address
or geographical location.

Do not place a comma between a state name
or a two-letter state abbreviation and the ZIP
Code within a document or on an envelope.

I applied for a position at Sonoma State

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The Period

and the Comma

Occupational Designations,

Academic Degrees

Use commas to set off occupational designations or
academic degrees when they follow a person’s name.
Do not use both a personal or job title before a name
and a job or academic degree designation after the
name.

Pamela Guzman, M.S., refers her clients for vocational 
assessment.

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The Period

and the Comma

Seniority Designations

Do not use commas to separate seniority

designations from the name unless the person
being referenced prefers to use commas.

Lonnie Lamont Jr. works for Diamond Lane 
Communications.

Nielson Electronics promoted Richard Whitmore II
to the position of comptroller of their Canadian

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The Period

and the Comma

Company Names

Do not use commas to separate Inc. or Ltd.
from the rest of the company name unless the
company’s letterhead or other official source
indicates commas are necessary.

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The Period

and the Comma

Numbers

Use a comma in a whole number with more than
four figures. Some prefer to insert a comma in a
number such as 3,482.

Rhonda discovered 12,325 career sites on the Internet.

Do not use a comma in a policy, account, page,
serial, model, or check number or in a house

number in an address.

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relative 10

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

Objectives

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

Objectives

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Declarative Sentences </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Imperative Sentences </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Courteous Requests </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Indirect Questions </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Decimal Points</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Abbreviated Words and </b>

<b>Measurements </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Abbreviated Words and </b>

<b>Measurements </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Small and Capital Letters </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Small and Capital Letters </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Personal Names and </b>

<b>Corporate Names </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Titles, Academic Degrees, </b>

<b>Professional Identification </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>Titles, Academic Degrees, </b>

<b>Professional Identification </b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>The Period</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>

<b>and the Comma</b>