English for chemistry student nguyen van dau chị hóa

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PGS.TS.
NGUYEN
VAruOAU

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ENGTISH
Fl|RSTUDENTS
l|FCHEMISTRY

1

NHAXUATBANDAI HOCSU PHAM


TIJIUC
LUC
Loigi6ithi6u......,....
P A R TT G E N E R ACLH E M t S T R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................5

................11

U n i t1 . M a t t e r

........................1

U n i t2 . M a t t ear n dS t r u c t u r e . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .

.......................32

U n i t3 . T h eP e r i o d iTca b 1 e . , . . . . . . . .
U n i t4 . C h e m i c aBl o n d i n g
U n i t5 . C h e m i c aRl e a c t i o n s
V U n i t6 . M e t a l sa n dN o n - m e t a | s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, U n i t7 . C a r b o na n dS i l i c o n
U n i tB . l o n i ca n dC o v a l e ncto m p o u n d s
U n i t9 . P o s t - c o u r 1s e s t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SFCHEMISTRY............
P A R TI I .B R A N C H EO

.............50
......68

......................85

,.,..................102

...............,.....120

......................140

............157
.........,163

U n i t1 . O r g a n iC
c hemistry

......................164

U n i t2 . N u c l e aCr h e m i s t r y

......................'17

U n i t3 , C h e m i s t royf P o l y m e r s

................197

U n i t4 . P u r i f i c a t iTo en c h n i o u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................211

U n i t5 . A n a l y t i c aCl h e m i s t r y

..................226

U n i t6 . P e t r o l e u m
Chemistry

.................248

U n i t7 . P h y s i c aCl h e m i s t r y

.....................261

U n i t8 . C h e m i c aI nl d u s t r y
Unit9. Chemistry
of Life
U n i t1 0 .P o s t - c o u r T
se s1............
References

.......................278
.....296
...........315
.....322


rorororrnl€u
Cu6n"English for students of Ghemistry"dtlgcbi6nsoandua tr6nc5c
g i 5 ot r i n h" E n g l i s hf o r C h e m i c a lI n s t i t u t e s v" a ' T i d n g A n h d d n h c h o s i n h
vi6n nginh Ho6 hoc" da dudc giAngday tai khoa Ho6 hoc, trLlongDai hoc
Khoa hoc TLInhi6n,Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha NOitr/ ndm 1994,vir cho h6 dai hoc
ch.dtli-tongcao,trddngDai hoc St/ pham Ha NOitLInbm 2003 den nay.
Muc dich bi6n soan c0a cuon s6ch ndy ld cung cdp kien thfc tidng Anh
chuy6nngdnhh6a hoc cho sinh vien vd nhlng ngudi lam vi6c lien quan ddn
h6a hoc, tao didu ki6n thudn loi hon cho ho khi doc c6c tdi lidu tiengAnh vd
chuydnngdnhnay. Do vAy, tiep can chinh cOacuon s6ch lir tap trungvdo ki
ndng doc hidu,m6t so dac didm vdn phongkhoa hoc vd c6c van dd ngfi ph6p
chinh thtJonSgAp 6 tieng Anh khoa hoc. Ngodira, cudn s6ch con co gSnggirjp
cho sinh vi6n ph6t tridn ki ning viet thongqua c6ch sfi dung tiengAnh dd ftrd
hi6n c5c dinh nghia,quan s6t, ... vd mi6utA cAc thr nghi6mdon giAn.Ki ndng

dich trl tiengVi6t sang tidngAnh tuy chi chidmmdt phdn nh6 trongm6i don vi
bai giAng(unit)nhungse girip cho sinh vi6n ldm quen m6t phdn niro vdi vi6c
chuydnngLt(dich)nhrtngcdu v5n ng5n,don gi6n.
CA'utric cia cu6'n sdch
Cudn s6chnay ddnh cho sinh vi6n hoc 6 giaidoan hai,giaidoan chuydn
ngdnhsau khi d6 hoc xong c6c gi6o trinhtiengAnh 6 trinhd6 Elementaryviaprelntermediate
6 giai doan mdt. Do vay, nhurrgkienthrlc co bAnvd ng0 phaptieng
Anh vd c6c trJvuhgth6ngdungse khongdrrocdd cdp trongcuon s6chniy.
Cu6n s6ch gdm hai phdn,hoc trong hai hoc ki v6i thoi lLrongld B don vi
hoc trinh(120tiet).Phdn 1 gdm 8 unit,ph5n2 g6m 9 unitvd cu6i m6i phdnd6u
co bdi kidm tra dd tham khAo.N6i dung chuydnngdnh6 phdn i bao trirmch0
ydu c6c vdn dd co b6n c0a ho6 dai cr-fdng,con phdn 2 li6n quan ddn c6c
chuy6nngdnhchinhcOah6a hoc.
M6i unitgdm c6 nh0ngmuc chlnhsau:
- Reading
C6c bdi doc dr-toclUachon theo h6 thong tLtde Odnkh6, theo s6t nhuhg
chuy6n dd md sinh vi6n dang dr,rochoc dd tao th6m hrhg thri. od tidrn tra su
doc hidu, 6 phdn niry x6y dung c6c biri t6p, nhu tri toi c6u h6i, x6c dinh ! kidn


d0ng hay sai, hodn thi6n c6u, tlm trJddng/nguocnghia.Phdn Readingnhdm
muc dich gi0ftcho sinh vi6n hiduki nghiac0a c6c ttJvung vd ph6ttridnki ndng
doc hidu.
- Grammar
Nhltng vdindd ng0 ph6p xudithien trong bai doc cu thd, hoac kiSnthfc
ngrrphirpthudnggdp trong tidng Anh khoa hoc dr-tocdd cAp trong phdn niry s6
giripcho sinhvi6n hidu16hon phdn Reading.
- Practice
Ngodi vi6c c0ng cd trJvltng, phdn niry duoc x6y dLtngdd luy6n ki ndng
v i d tn h u d i S nd a t d i n hn g h i a c, h i d A n ,k e tq u 6 , . . .m d t 6 v d b 6 o c 6 ot h i n g h i 6 m .

- Translation
Bao gdm hai phdn nh6:dichtrt tiengAnh sangtidngVi6tv6i vi6cs(l dung
c6c cum tLrc6 nghia dbc thir chuy6n ngdnh,vir tt-rtiSngVi6t sang tiSngAnh.
Phdnsau tLrongdoi kh6 n6n chi y6u cdu dich nhlng doan vdn ngin, don gi6n
c6 n6i dungquenthudcvdi phdndd hoc 6 tr6n.Didu ndy sA rdt htruich cho sinh
vi6n ldm quen v6i vi6c dich, hidu 16tinh tUdngthich c0a song nglt vir hidu dLtoc
c6chsrl dungthu6tng0.
- Supplementarymaterial
Phdn niry cung cdp mot biri d'octh6m v6i cung ch0 dd dd sinh vi6n c6
thdm von trJvung vir kien th(rc vd ch0 dd d6, ddng thdi gi6i thi6u vdn phong
khoa hoc thudnggap trrOn
tap chi, sach giAokhoa chuydnngdnh,...Phdn niry
thuongddnh cho sinh vi6n tu kidm tra sU hidu biStc0a minh hodc hoc dU6istJ
hrl6ngd5n cOagi6ovi6n.
- Vocabulary
Phdn niry chi gdm c6c trJva cum trJdLldcding trong llnhvUch6a hoc. Do
vAy, nghia cOa mot s6 trt d6i khi c6 tinh han htru,rdt xa la v6i nghiatieng Anh
th6ngthLIong.
Vd cdu trric c0a m6i unit, kh6c v6i phdn 1, 6 phdn 2 khong c6 muc
Grammarvd Laboratoryapparatusnhrtngc6 th6m phdn lmportantTerms vd 6
phdnPracticec5c bdi tdp da dang hon.Nh0ngthay ddi ndy nhim gifp cho sinh
vi6n ldm quen vdi tfnh chinhx6c, 16 rdng,vd c6 dong c0a tiengAnh dirngcho
muc dlchkhoahoc.
Muc ti6u bi6n soan cuon s6ch "English for students of Chemistry" ld

6


khdngsAuvd ngon nglt va khdngqu6 phfc tap vd ngr-tph6p;ddngthoi n6 c0ng
kh6ng ph6i l-atqp hgp c6c bai doc chuy6nm6n. Do v6y, vi6c bi6n soan cu6n

s5ch ndy chScchin con c6 nhiduthieusot kh6ngthd dep rrnghdt moi y6u cdu
c0a ban doc.Ch[ng t6i xin ch6nthdnhc6m on su gop 1ic0a c6c dQcgid.
Trongqu6 trinhbi6nsoan cu6n s6ch ndy,tdrcgi6 da nhAnduqc sqrdong
gop quy gia cria cdrcth6y cd thuoc Bo mon Ngoai ngu, trucrngDai hoc Su
phqm Hir N6i v6 nOidung vd b6 cuc c0a cu6n sdch. Tdc gid c0ng xrn chAn
thdnhc6m on PGS. TS Dang Thi Oanh,chOnhi6mKhoa Ho6 hoc, trtlongDai
hoc SLtpham Hd Noi vir Nhir xu6t bdn Dai hoc Su pham dd tao moi didu ki6n
thuAnloi cho vi6c bi6nsoanvd xuAtbdn cuons6chniry.

H d n 6 i ,t h 6 n g 1 0 n d m 2 0 0 7
I ac gra
PGS.TSNguy6nVbn DAu
TrLtongDai hoc Khoahoc Tu nhi6n
Dai hoc Quocgia He Ndi


/

C O N T E N T SO F T H E U N I T
Part 1

Part 2

1. Reading Text

1. Reading Text

A. ComprehensionQuestions

A. Comprehensioneuestions

B. True-FalseStatements

B. True-FalseStatements

C. SentenceCompletion

C. ContextualReference

D. Translation

D. Sentence
Conrpletion
E. Translation

2. Grammar Exercises
3. Practice

2. practice

A. \\'ritin_e:ExpressingFunction

A. Writing: ExpressingFunction

B. Gap-Frlling

B. Gap-Filling

C. \Iatching: Synonymor Antonym
D. SentenceMatching

. 1 .T r a n s l a t i o n

3. Translation

.A..En_ehsh-Vietnamese

A. English-\'iernamese

B. \'ietnamese-English

B. Vietnamese-English

5. SupplementaryMaterial

4. Supplementarl.Ilaterial

A. Further Reading

A. FurtherReading

B. MathematicSection

B. ExperimentalTechnique

C. LaboratoryApparatus

ImportantTerms

6. \'ocabulary

S. Vocabularv


cAcrY Hmuvrdr rAr
adj.

Adjective

TinhtrJ

adv

Adverb

Trangttl

Conjunction

Li6ntrr

Noun

Danhtrl

presentparticiple

PhAntrrhi6ntai

pastparticiple

Phantrrqu5kh0

Preposition

Gi6itrJ

Somebody

Aid6

Something

C6i si d6

Verb

D6ngtLr


PARTI
G E N ER A LC H E MIS T R Y

1i


dr

UnitI

u

v

fl,IRTTCR

r

READING
Key Terms:
- ntatter
- pure suhstance
- muture
- lnmogeneous mirtut'e
- heterogeneousmixlure
- solution
- alloy
- atom
- molecule

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
'

In scientificterminology,matteris anythingthat occupiesspace
and has mass(weight).Chemistsgroup matterinto severalcategories
for better identification.In this unit. we will seekto understandthis
..-plassificationof matter and learn how it relates to physical and
,fchemical changes.
4l,v,vn\
----J_

A11 matterlis either la pure substanceor a mixture. A pure
substancehas a definite and constantcomposition;it has physicaland
chemical propertiet,r*l?yfhout. Pure water is a pure substance.It is
containing two hydrogen atoms and one
tgggg_9".]J-!Aphrtibles
rcoxygenatom, that is, water molecule.A mirture is a combinationof
two or more pure substances
in which each substanceretainsits orvn
identity. Alcohol and @d

coexist
aspuresubstances
b..ourJ.fEf",l

in a mixture. Jhei

"ra.r*

^trtsflltii"'

Jeaction;they exist as thoroughlymixed discretemolecule.A mirture
l\has variablecomposition;thereare an infinite numberof combinations
of quantitiesof alcohol and water that can be mixed.
13


t

ltt r

r
'
7 - , : { t! ! u t }

A mixture mar'l be eitherlhomo_eeneous
4t
otr heterogeneous.
honrctg,ertcous
ni.rture has uniforrn composition.Its
It:S particlesare wel
mired. or thoroughlvintermingled
unrfornrcornposition.Concreteis lcom
of ntatcrials(r arioustypesand sizeof stoneand sandpresentwith cement
in a non-uniform mixture). Homogeneousmixtures of at least two
componcnt: that appear uniform in composition &re7d-escribedas

',,'ltttt,'li'.Solutions.maybefurther\@:ltrqt.i,jff|u,.,.o,
- - - - - l

- - - - ^

- - - -

- . . - " I

:olrds dependin-e
on the nature of the main component.Any mixture,
rncIudrn s .a solution, can Fp--selrarated-.rrro.J
ts componentsby physical
a c l i o l t \i i i l t e r i n gb. o i l i n g , . .)..

\11\ture of alcohol and water is an example of liquid solution. Air,
.t ntr\turL- of gases.is the most common gaseoussolution. The common
.r.lirl .,.lLrtions are ullut,s'. uniform mixture of two or more solid
'
,
.-r.i.rir.r'.. at leastone'of which is a metal.

There are different. types of pure substances.Elements and
.-r---l

: ru'.:nJ.
are puresubsrances
[F uornJpu#'\JBl]n..t.Elemenrs
: r'.;J ofla singlekind of matter.Thev cannotbe sgparated
into other,
.r::-.:ie
r iorm of matterby eitherphysicalor chemicalmethods.Hydrogen
erd tr\r sen. for sample, are elements.Altematively, compoundsare
sub>rancerformed when two or more elements bond chemically.
. .,.,i Compoundsaln'avshavea definiteand constantcomposition;this means
vl . a ' \ r ! '
Iher [co-n_!+inJ
elements in fixed proportions.Compoundscannot be
reparat-ed
into other componentsby physical method, but they can be
.3uariltedinto different elementsor simpler compoundsby chemical
:=fnqf\'

t

.,t

ir,,rirraredefined
asrhebasicbuild!.qgblggEfJttlii"ll,,lr,'il
'.'.
oth:; rr,J.all marrer
is ultimatelVFf"-p"s.OlfJit"-t
p$U.tgg)

{collecr: 'n- of atoms bound togethef.An element alwayslcoi-sistsofla
single k-rd ,.i etom. but these atoms are often bound toeether into
molecule.. For erirmple. the element oxygen usuallylffiq*qj
,*"
olygen atomsattachedtogether.Compounds.on the otherhand,ur{rnud"_'
conraining at least two different elepgnls-or*inds of
Fl^olecules
\uatoms. Water. for erample. consists of moieculeslmade up ofi two,
hydrogenaroms bondedro one oxygen atom. Compo#a;;ail';I#oken
.
14

t

*
,sr i\(


down into elementsor simplercompoundsby chemicalmethods.which
are molecules:if
usually requireenergy.Their smallestsubcomponents

vou breakthesemoleculesdown to their constituentatoms,the compound
no longerexists. ', {
Notes:
- In scientificterminology
- Occupyspaceand havemass(weight)
- Group matterinto severalcategories
- Eachsubstance
retainsits own identity
- They exist as thoroughlymixed discretemolecule
- Are describedas solutions
- Is composedof a singlekind of matter
- The basicbuildineblocksof all matter
A.COMPREHENSIQ
OU
NESTIONS
questiot1s
:
Ansv'erthefollov,i11g
1.

and a mixture?
What is the differencebetweena pure substance

2.

What is the differencebetrveenhomogeneousand heterogeneous
mixtures?

3.

What is a solutiondefinedas?

4.

What is an allov definedas?

5.

Why is waterconsideredto be compound?

LU


/

B T R U E - F A L SSET A T E M E N T S
Write "True" (T) or "False" (F) besideeachfiotementaccordingto
tlrc informationfrom the text.
l.

Matter is anything that undergoesphysical and chemical
changes.

2.

Eitherelementor compoundis a puresubstance.

3.

Air is a homogeneous mixture

mixtures.
heterogeneous

4.

Concreteis a solid solution.

5.

A solution can be separatedinto its componentsby physical
actions.

6.

Being a pure substance,a compound cannot be separated
into other, simpler form of matter by either physical or
chemicalmethods.

1.

in
An alloy is a mixture of tu'o or more solid substances
retainsits orvnidentity.
which eachsubstance

8.

The smallestsubcomponentsof a compoundare atoms.

while

alloys are

Q . S E N T E N CC
EO M P L E T I O N
Based on the information fi'om the text, complete the following
sentences.
1. Alcoholandwatercanbe mixed ....
mixture ...
2. Alloy is a homogeneous
are ....
3. Compounds
-1.A puresubstance
may be either
D .T R A N S L A T I O N
Translcttethe text into V ietnamese.

... or ....


GRAMMAR
THE OF-STRUCTURE
The o/-structuresometimesis used in expressionsto describe
of a personor thing.
characteristics
Example:

a studentof big weight
o[ greatimportance
a substance

a reactionof significance
a metal of no value
a compoundof significantinterest
Theseexpressions
can be rewrittenas following:
a heavystudent
agreallylveryimportantsubstance

,,,,

a significantreaction
a valuelessmetal
a significantly interestingcompound
Similarly, the verb "be" can be followed by ofstructure in some
expressions.
Example:

Oxygen is of greatimportanceto humans.
+ Oxygenis very importantto humans.

areof greatsignificanceto modemscience.
Meldeleev'sdiscoveries
+ Meldeleev'sdiscoveriesare significantto modemscience.
Exercise1
From the prompts build sentencesusing the phrases "be of
interest" and "be of importance"
1.

NitrogenI be lparticularinterest/ service/ man.

. . . . .) . .:.. . . . - , , . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . i.1. . . . . . . .

2.

Water / enter / many chemical reactions/ which / be / great
interest.

[i

,


1 i

3.

4.

5.

6.

PRACTIgE
A.WRITING
DESCRIBINGQUALITIES OF MATERIALS
All materials (glass. rvood. rubber. steel. etc.) have various
properties.Solid materialsma1'befound in the follou'ing forms:powder,
crystaIs,Ji lirigsetc.
Somesolid materialsand propefiiesaregivenin the tablebelow.

l6

Materials

Adjectivesusedto describequalities

glass

transparent

opaque,'

wood

combustible

non-combustible

,

I


. t l ' r r .

r

steel

strong

weak

plastics

elastic

inelastic

rubber

flexible

stiff

paper

fragile,flimsy

sturdy

diamond

hard

soft

concrete

rigid I

I

'l

floppy t/ ,.

porcelain(china), brittle r',1

r e s i l i e ntti / . r r ' i

polythene

tough

brittle

sugar

soluble

insoluble

chak I

smooth

rough

metal

pliable

lead

ductile

lron

malleable ,

stone

translucent

i

',

Many materialshave more than one propeny. For example,Steelis
strongand rigid. Steel,therefore,can be described:
Steelis a strong and rigicl ntaterial.
We often want to modify statementsabout the properties of
materials.Some words used to emphasizeare extremely,verv, cluite,
etc.
fairly, sli ghtly, considerabl-v,
For example:G/assis ertremelltbrittle.
Somepropertiesof liquids and fluids arelistedin the tablebelow.
creamy

sticky I

oily

thick

free-flowing

thin

runny

viscous

I
1v


I

PROPERTIESOF MATERIALS
Brittle = theYbreakeasilY
Tough= theYdon't breakeasilY
Hard = they are difficult to scratch
Soft = they are easyto scratch
Flexible - theYare easyto bend
Rigid - theYdon't bendeasilY
Insoluble- they don't dissolvein liquids
Soluble- theYdissolve
Cornbustible= they burn easilY

= they don't burn
Non-combustible
= vou can seethroughthem
Transparent
light doesn'tpassthrough
Opaque= ]ou can't seethroughthem and

Translucent_youcan'tSeethroughthemandlightcanpassthroug
Smooth=theydon'tproducefrictionrvhenrubbed
Rough - they producefriction rvhenrubbed
in eachother
Miscible (liquids)= they candissoive
in eachother
Immiscible(liquids) they don't dissolve
Exercise1
'
pol)"sry'rene
Comple.tethe clescriptionof propertiesof
Its rigidity can be a
P o l y s t y r e n ei s a ' i ' l ' : " " ' ( l ) m a t e r i a l '
.(2)' The brittlenessof polystyrenecan
sinceit is also
disadvantage
But the
by the additionof rubber,to make it .."""(3)'
be decreased
makes them preferable for
natlrral fleribility of many other plastics

certainuses.particularlyforarticles,whichmustwithstandfrequ

flexing.Forexample'thecoveringforthewireflexesofelectricalgoo
or PVC. Noticethat a "''"'""(4) cord
i'sgenerallvmacleof polyethylene
i
'
is calleda fler.


Exercise2
Make sentetrces
cctntput'irtg
tlrc properties of the materittlsbasetlt,ti
tltefollovin g prlmpt s.
Example:Steelis much strongerthan wood.
1.

glass/fragile/ steel.

2.

paper/flimsy/ wood.

-1.

copperd
/ u c t i l e /i r o n .

4.

rubber/rigid/ steel.

5.

polythene/brittle/material/glass

6.

porcelain/resilient/material/plastic.

7.

copper/good/ conductor/lead.

8.

iron/ poor/ conductor/aluminium.

Exercise3
Complete the table, urtd tlten v,rite 5 sentences describing the
properties of the qiven materials.

tough / brittle
soft / hard
flexible /rigid

27


I
l.

2.
-1.

4.
B GAP-FILLING
Fill in eaclt blank v,ith one suitable v,ord or phrase from the
follou'itrgtable.
to state

predictable

rvith.

indefinite

to fill

states

particles

weakest

appearance

but no

madeup

shape

in contrast

fitl-'

fixed j

(l) of matter: the gaseous,the liquid
There are three
(2)of particlesthat arewidely
state,and the solid state.A gasis
(3) any container;it has
separated.
In fact, a gas will expand
no definite...............(4)
or volume
.(5),particlesof a liquid are
close together;a liquid has a definite volume
... (6) definite
shapc:it has taken on the shapeof its container.A solid consistsof
. .(7) that areclosetogetherand that oftenhavea regularand
(crystalline).A solid
.........(8) patternof particlearrangement
has both fired volume and
. (9) shape.Attractive forces,
which exist betu'een all particles, are strongest in solids and
. . . .l(0 ) i n s a s e s .

22

C MATCHING
Exercise1
Matclringtlte st,non,-ms
in tJrccolrmns A und B;
A

A

tt

B
f. to ruin

1. to r.'alue

6. desire

a. po\\'er

2. ability

7. purpose

b. decomposition g . t o b e

:

connectedwith

3. decay

8. to be related
to

c. to force

h. medication
|

,

i

1

4. to damage 9. benefit

d. to appreciate

i. aim

5. to urge
'1i

e. lust

j. advance

f.,

10.remedy
j

t

.

I

l

,.' 4

Exercise

Make up tt'uesentences
front tlte table belov,:
I

Water

tiquefy

air to be a mixture

2

One

can prove

into a greatdealof chemical
reactions

Bubblesof
"dissolvedair"

escape

rntoits componentsby
fractionaldistillation
of liquid air

+

Air

enters

from the boiling solution

5

All gases

can be

at temperatures

above-273 C

J

A

separated

.)r


TRANSLATION
into Vietnameseand PaY
A'.Translatetlrc follov'irtgsentettces
(fiietni()nto the lt'ol'ds "all"

at all

ali

first of all

above all
afterall

c't :

all the same

all over

beta-raysare negativelycharged
Alpha-rayshave positive charges'
at ull'
*trit" gamma-rayshaveno charge
without
a powercan be put to work
2 . After all,the rays of the sun as
rnuchcostlYmachinerY'
the most important chemical laws
1
First of all, you have to know
J .
underlyingthesenaturalphenomena'
be used to do rvork as the moving
Att ofthis kinetrc energy may
L
objectis sloweddown to rest'
atoms and
atmosphereis made up of
5 . A// in the earth and the
molecules.
at all' is not like ours'
The life at otherplanets,if it exists
6.
no oxygenat oll'
7 . Thereare acidswhich contain
not
with rust which is a substance
Iron in damp air becomescoated
8.

at a// like iron.
to react togetherwith explosive
Hydrogen and chlorine are known
9
but perfectlydry hydrogen
'iolence, if they are exposedto sunlight'
reacrat all'
and perfectlydry chlorine fail to
stationswere to be built away
\il thesdnle.thefirst atomicenergy
irt
areas'
frorn the thickly-populated
l.

into English'
tltefollov'ingsentences
B.Tr'rtitslate
l. Tinh chiit ld dac tinh cuavAtchat'
hoii hoc'
2. Tinh chathoacl)r vAtli holc ld
3.VAtchAttdntaiobatrangth6i'rin'l6ngvhkhi'
hon hai chdt tinh khiet'
4. H6n hqp Id su ket hqp cila hai hoac


i

5. H6n hqp di thti c6 thdnhphdnkhong ddng nhat.
6. TrongmOth6n hop dongthecdc phdnru cua n6 duoctron deu.

7. NguyOnt6 khong thd chuydnhod th)nh dang vAt chat don giin
hon bangbdt ki phan rmg hoii hoc ndo.
8. Chattinh khiet c6 thOlh nguy€nt6 hay hqp chat.
9. Nu6c gdm cdc phAntu duoc tao thinh tir hai nguyOntri hidro vh
m6t nguy€ntir oxi.
10.Th6p lh mot dung dich rdn cua m6t vhi kim loai vd cacbon
trong sit.
MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY
READING
FURTHER
Read the following passageand translate it into Vietnamese.
MATTER AND PROPERTIES
Everything on earth-air, food, water,our own bodies-is madeup of
matter. Matter is thereforesuch a generalterm that we must classify
differenttypesof matterto discussit.
Broadly speaking,mattermay be either homogeneous(uniform) or
hete-rogereous(non-uniform). Homogeneous matter may be either
solutions (mixtures) or pure substances(elements or compounds).
or aqueous),
Solutionsmay be solids(suchas alloys),liquids (nonaqueous
or gases.In fact, any type of matterexistsin one of thesethreestates.
Each state of matter has specific characteristics.Gases, fbr
and rnix readily.
example.have low densities.are highly compressible.
Liquid moleculesare lessorderly than solid moleculesand more orderly
than gas molecules.Similarly, liquids are denserthan gasesbut not as
dense as solids. Solids may be highly organizedcrystal structuresor
disorderedamorphousstructures.Crystalline solids may be metallic.
by diffcrcnt

molecular,ionic, or macromolecular,each is characterized
propefiies.Solids are the most denseand the least compressibleoi the
three statesof matter.

2i


M A T H E M A T ISCE C T I O NI
Arithmeticaloperations ,

i

Addition. In spokenEnglish. 2 + 2 = ,l is "Tv,o plus tv,o ecptals
foru'" or "Tv,oplus ttt,oisfour ". The resultof this operationis calledthe
sruz.Thus,if two is addedto two, the sum is four.
Subtraction. 4 - 2 = 2 is "Four minus tw,o equals two" or
"Fout'minustv,o is tv,0".
The result of this operationis called the tlifference.Thus, if two is
subtracted
from four. the differenceis tn'o.
Division.4 + 2 =2 rs "Four divideclby tv'o equalstv'o". The result
of this operationis calledthe cluotienr.Thus,if ten is dividedby five, the
quotientis two.
Multiplication.4 x 2 = 8 is "Fow'multiplied by tv,ctequalseight"
or "Four times tv,o eclualseight". The result of this operationis called
theprcttlucl.Thus, if four is multiplied by two the productis eight.
Decimals.In spokenEnglish,2.4 is "Trvo point four". The period
betneen2 and4 is known as the decimalooint.
8.1 is "eightpointone";
8.01is "eight point zeroone"/ "eight point noughtone"

0.0013is

"zeropoint zero zeroone three"

"nought point nought nought one three"
If 100 is divided by 3, and the quotienris written 33.333,ir is
correctto three significantfigures.If the quotientis written 33.33 it is
corect to two significantfigures.
LABORATORY GLASSWARE
Reactionvessels
and containers
. Beakers
A beaker is a simple containerfor liquids, very commonlyused
in laboratories.Beakersare generallycylindrical in shape,with a flat
bottom. Beakersare availablein a wide rangeof sizes,from lml, up to

26


E]--.l

r -'lt

severallitres.Theymay be made of glass

cL

I

t

e-l

I

(very often Pyrex) or of plastic. Beakers

l

j

T
. l
0l
f-

used for holding solutions of corrosive

l t
L ^

a

rI l -.1

chemicals,such as acids,should be made

rl

t

F I

of Teflon or other materials resistantto
corrosion,eg.borosilicateglass.

n

I

t-

Beaker

r

tl
-'l

.n
l - t
tT l-.1

. Flasks
o Erlenmever flasks
An Erlenmeyerflask, also known as
conical flasks,is a widely used type of
laboratory flask which featuresa conical
base with a cylindrical neck. They are
usually markedon the side(graduated)lo.

indicate the approximatevolume of their
flask is used to heat or boil
contents.The
over a Bunsenburnerflame or
substances
hot plate.
o Volumetric flasks
A volumetric flask is a type of
laboratoryflask usedto containor measurea
very preciseandaccurateamountof a liquid.
It is shapedlike a Florenceflask with
a flatter bottom so as to not tip over. The

Erlenmeyer

fl'.n
\p

Volumetric
Flask

single, rather long, narrow neck is marked
(usually by a circumferentialscratch or
etch on the glass) at a very Precise
measurement.

2,


Roun4-bottomflasks

Flaskscome in a numberof shapesand a rviderangeof sizes,but a
cornmondistinguishingaspectin their shapesis a rvider vessel"body"
and one (or sometimesmore) narrowertubular sectionsat the top called
neckswhich havean openingat the top.
flasksarecommonas well. Round bottomflasks
Two or three-necked
come in many sizes,from 5 mL to 5 L, rvith the sizesusually inscribedon
the glass.The ends of the necksare usuallyconical (female)ground glass
joints. Theseare standardized.
and can acceptany similarly-sizedta$reid
(male)fittings.StandardTaper24140is commonfor 250 mL or largerflasks,
while smallersizessuchas 14 or 19 areusedfor smallerflasks.
Flaskscan be usedfor making solutionsor for holding,containing,
collecting,or sometimesvolumetricallymeasuringchemicals,samples,
solutions,etc. for chemicalreactionsor other processessuch as mixing,
heating.cooling, dissolving,precipitation.boiling (as in distillation),or
analysis.

\
'--/

One neckFlask

Tu'o neck Flask

ry
Threeneck Flask

Pear-shapeflasks

ffi

Fl 1

t
/
/

\

t

\" l
t

\

i

/

\ /
\J

One neckFlask
28

Two neckFlask

Three neck Flask

VOCABULARY
v

i

alloy,n.

hgp kim

addition,n.

ph6pcOng

arithrneticaloperation

ph6ptfnh so hoc

atom,r?.

nsuyentU

amorphous,
rlrlj.

(thuocve) \,o dinh hrnh

attach,r'. -to

gan vdo

aqueous/nonaqueous,
adj.

(thuocvd) nu6c/khOngphii nudc

,!.:j bond,r'.

li€n kdt

bind/bound,v.

lien kei. gAnket vao nhau

brokendown into

phAncdt thdnh,phAnra thhnh

building block

khoi ket cAu,don vi cautao

combine,r,.- with

ket hqp

combination,n.
\

composition,n.
variablecomposition

- thay d6i

uniform composition

- d6ng nhat

\-. compound,n.

_

thdnhphdn

hqp chat

compressible,
adj.

c6 thOn6n duoc

constanr,adj.

khong ddi, hangsO

constituent,n.

thlnh phZin

characterize,
r'.

nOudlc tinh, miOuti tfnh chat

chemrcal,adj.

(thuoc i'e,)hod hoc

classify,r'.

phAnloai

classificatiorr.
n.

29