Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học và kỹ thuật trồng rừng chiêu liêu nước (terminalia calamansanai (blanco) rolfe) tại vùng đông nam bộ tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES
==================

NGUYEN THANH MINH

STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
PLANTING TECHNIQUES OF Terminalia calamansanai
(Blanco) Rolfe IN THE SOUTHEAST REGION
Specialized: Silviculture
Code: 9.62.02.05

SUMMARY OF THESIS ON FOREST DOCTORATE

Hanoi - 2021


This work has been completed at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences

Full name of instructor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Pham The Dung
Dr. Giang Van Thang
TS. Phí Hồng Hải

Chairman:
Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:
The thesis is defended in front of the Institute's thesis-judging council
meeting at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences
At the hour minute day
month year 2021

The dissertation can be found at National Library and Library of
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences


PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS
RELATED TO THE THESIS
1. Nguyen Thanh Minh, Do Thi Ngoc Ha (2017), Propagation results of
Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe by cutting, Journal of Forestry Science,
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, specialized in journals 2017,
page 34-39.
2. Nguyen Thanh Minh, Do Thi Ngoc Ha, Phung Van Tinh (2019),
Study on seed characteristics, treatment methods and storage methods
of Terminalia calamansanai Rolfe, Journal of Forestry Science,
Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, number 4, page 78 - 85.


PREAMBLE
1. The urgency of the subject
Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to the family
Combretaceae, a large tree species, up to 30-40 meters high, and the diameter
can reach 60 - 80 cm, even 2 meters. This plant species is widely distributed in
the provinces of the Southwest, Southeast, Central Highlands, South Central
regions. Terminalia calamansanai wood has white color, smooth, straight grain
and easy to process. Therefore, its is used to make planks, plywood, household

furniture and construction wood.
Terminalia calamansanai flowers every year, creating good conditions for
breeding and afforestation. Up to now, this tree species has not been interested
in in-depth research on breeding, propagation, planting techniques and
enrichment planting techniques. Previous studies on this species just stop at
description and classification. Research on the use of indigenous timber species
for afforestation for large timber supply is an important task of the forestry
sector.
However, up to now, the number of indigenous tree species selected for
afforestation and forest enrichment in Vietnam is very rare. In order to
"Improve productivity, quality and value of planted production forests" and
"Enhance value of processed wood products" (Decision 774 & 919, MARD),
the forestry sector needs to plant large timber forests, especially for with
indigenous tree species. However, at present, the forestry sector still lacks not
only high quality seed sources, but also planting and nurturing techniques for
planted forests from indigenous trees. This limitation leads to difficulties in
achieving the goals of the forestry sector. Therefore, research on breeding,
propagation, planting techniques and enriching poor natural forests with some
indigenous tree species with large natural distribution, rapid growth, large
timber is a matter to be interested today.
The project "Study on biological characteristics and planting techniques
Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe in the Southeast" is necessary and
meaningful to contribute an afforestation development for large timber of wood

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processing industry in our country.
2. Objectives of the study
In theory: Provide main information as a scientific basis for breeding,

propagation, planting and nurturing Terminalia calamansanai forests, in order
to improve forest productivity and diversify indigenous forest species in the
Southeast.
About practice:
- Identify some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai, as a
basis for proposing appropriate silvicultural techniques
- Choosing the provenance and family Terminalia calamansanai has the ability
to grow fast and meet the requirements of planting indigenous trees.
- Determination of Terminalia calamansanai propagation techniques by seeding
and cuttings.
- Identifying planting and tending techniques for pure and mixed Terminalia
calamansanai plantations on some major soil types in the Southeast.
3. Scientific and practical meanings
Scientific value: Supplement some scientific information on the biological
characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai as a basis for breeding, propagation
and afforestation with high yield and quality in the Southeast.
Practical value: The research results of the thesis can be applied to the
development of Terminalia calamansanai plantations to provide high quality
and productive timber in the Southeast.
4. New contributions of the thesis
- Firstly, provide some scientific basis from forestry characteristics, artifacts,
seed characteristics to breeding, propagation and Terminalia calamansanai
planting.
- Secondly, 1 provenance and 4 families of Terminalia calamansanai have
been identified, meeting the standards of the forestry sector to recognize new
varieties.

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- Thirdly, perfecting techniques for seed propagation and cloning and
determining seedling standards and some major techniques for planting
Terminalia calamansanai.
5. Research subjects and Scope
5.1. Subject of research
Subjects of the study are populations of natural Terminalia calamansanai,
seeds, seedlings in nurseries and pure and mixed Terminalia calamansanai
plantations from 1- 5 years old and 9 years old, respectively.
5.2. Scope of the study
Research content: This thesis studies on some of biological characteristics as
silvicultural characteristics; fruits and seeds phases of Terminalia
calamansanai; provenance trial combined with family trial; propagation
techniques by sowing seeds and cuttings; techniques of planting pure, mixed
and enrichment forests by Terminalia calamansanai.
Research location: Research on silvicultural characteristics, flowers and fruits
were investigated in the tropical humid forest in Ma Da, Dong Nai. Selection of
plus Terminalia calamansanai was done in 4 ecological regions: South Central
(Ninh Thuan), Southwestern (Kien Giang), Southeast (Dong Nai, Tay Ninh) and
Central Highlands (Gia Lai). Seed preservation and propagation experiments
were conducted in Trang Bom, Dong Nai. Trials of provenance combined with
family trials are carried out in Tan Bien, Tay Ninh province. Experiments on
seedling standards for afforestation, fertilizers, density and mixed afforestation
were implemented in Vinh Cuu, Dong Nai province. The experiment of
enrichment planting with natural poor forest with Ter species was carried out in
Tan Lap, Binh Phuoc province.
Research time: Seed preservation experiments were carried out for a period of
24 months. The nursery experiment was followed at 6 months old. Cuttings
experiments were followed until fully rooted after 1 month of age. Trials of
provenance combined with family trials to 5 years old. Planting techniques
experiments are followed up until the forest reaches 4 years old and 9 years old.

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6. Dissertation Layout:
The thesis consists of 113 pages with 15 pictures and 55 tables, including:
Introduction (4 pages); Chapter 1: Overview of research issues (23 pages);
Chapter 2: Content, materials and research methods (22 pages); Chapter 3:
Research results and discussion (61 pages); Conclusion, existing and
recommendations (3 pages).
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES
1. Research situation in the world
1.1. Plant classification and morphological characteristics
Its scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe. Trade name
is Kwako, Yellow terminalia. This is a wooden tree of the genus: Terminalia,
the family: Combretaceae.
In the Indochinese plant, Lecomte (1911) described, Terminalia
calamansanai is 25 to 30 meters high, diameter can reach from 50 to 80 cm.
The trunk is gray, the bark is not separated. The leaves are oblong, dark green,
the underside is slightly pale; length 7 - 15 cm, width 2.5 - 6 cm; 4 - 6 pairs of
veins; petiole small, smooth, 15-25 mm long, with 2 glands at the base. The
hermaphrodite flowers are hairy, do not have coronary petals, stamens 10. The
sepals are united at the base into a shape, on the 5 triangular petals. The
cylindrical pistil has thick bristles that is easy to separate, 2 mm long, with 2
hanging ovules. The fruit has rhombohedral wings about 1 cm long, 2 wings
almost rectangular to 2 - 3 cm long.
1.2. Ecological characteristics
In Southeast Asia, Terminalia calamansanai is distributed in Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New
Guinea, Solomon Islands. Trees distributed mainly in lowlands, altitudes below

500m above sea level, grow best where the average annual temperature is from
28 – 34 0C, the trees can tolerate the average temperature from 18 – 38 0C. The
tree is suitable for an average annual rainfall of 3.000 – 4.000 mm and can
expand at 2.000 – 5.000 mm. Terminalia calamansanai prefer good soil,
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drainage, soil pH from 5.5 - 6.5 and can expand 4.5 - 7.5. It grows very fast, can
reach the yield at 25-30 m3/ha/year.
1.3. Forest planting situation
Nile (1989) in the study of plantation species selection in Western Samoa
divided the scale of 100, in which wood quality and use: 40 points; stem shape
and growth: 30 points; weed competition: 15 points; seed source: 10 points;
nursery care: 5 points. According to the author, Terminalia genus has 5 species,
Terminalia calamansanai ranked 2nd out of 5 species of Terminalia genus and
12th (66 points) out of 47 selected species, wood quality reached 23 out of 40
points, tree shape and growth reaching 24 points out of 30 points, proving that
Terminalia calamansanai is a species with good wood quality, standard stem
shape and rapid growth.
Burslem & Whitmore (1996) have been studying Terminalia calamansanai
at Kolombangara Solomon since 1964. According to the author, the research
results on the experiment of opening the natural forest canopy for the average
diameter growth of 0.9 mm/year for the Terminalia calamansanai trees with the
diameter less than 10cm; 1.6 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 10-20cm and
the highest one is 4.8 mm/year for trees with a diameter of 30 -50cm.
1.4. Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood
According to Anon (1976), Terminalia calamansanai wood tends to crack
vertically, with medium wood density and moderate hardness. The wood color
ranges from light yellow to light brown. Terminalia calamansanai wood can
very effectively pick up verneer. Terminalia calamansanai wood is also used

for high quality furniture (Pleydell, 1970). In addition to the value of wood,
Terminalia calamansanai bark contains tannins used in dyeing technology.
Especially, the leaves of this species contain some acetone that can be used as
anti-cancer drugs (Lih-Geeng Chen et al., 2009).
2. Research situation in Vietnam
2.1. Plant classification and morphological characteristics
Scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe; Terminalia
papilio Hance belongs to the family: Combretaceae, Order: Myrtales.
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Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season, 15-30m high,
average diameter 50-70cm, but there are also trees up to 2 m in diameter.
Branchlet is fat, tall, single leaf, spaced, usually concentrated at the tip of the
branch. Hard leaves are spear-shaped, with pointed tips tapering toward the
base, 6-10cm long, 2 - 3cm wide. The leaf blade is smooth on the upper surface,
the lower surface is slightly coarse, the lateral ribs are 4 - 6 pairs, prominent on
the lower surface, slightly visible on the upper surface, the network tendon is
not clear. The leaf stalk is 2 - 3cm long, hairless, has 2 glands at the base, the
flower cluster is very thick, the flowers grow in the leaf axils at the tip of the
branch, 10 - 15cm long, the common stalk is covered with fine yellow hair.
Ivory white hermaphrodite flowers with a dark aroma, small bracts, 1-2mm
long, hairy, deciduous. The sepals are united at the base into a shape, on 5
triangular wings with many feathers. There are no wings. 10 stamens, 2 - 3 mm
long, attached with the sepals. hairy segmental disc. The lower gourd is covered
with a lot of hair, 1 cell, 2 ovules, 3mm long, with feathers below. The fruit is
flattened, has 2 wings, has smooth white feathers, is 2 - 5cm wide, 1.5 - 4cm
high. One seed, 7-10mm long, 3 - 6mm wide (Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi
Quynh, 1993).
2.2. Ecological characteristics

Terminalia calamansanai is a deciduous tree in the dry season. The tree is a
light-prefer tree, commonly found at the edge of the forest, prefers sandy, moist
clay, has a lot of humus. In Vietnam, the tree grows in the mountainous areas of
Gia Lai, Kontum and grows popular in the Southeastern provinces, Ba Ria Vung Tau, in the low mountainous areas of Kien Giang, Ha Tien, Phu Quoc. In
Southeast Asia, this species is also distributed in countries such as Cambodia,
Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, Malaysia (Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi
Quynh, 1993).
2.3. Forest planting situation
In the country, Terminalia calamansanai has not been studied in cultivation
techniques, but only very few studies in the nursery stage.
Nguyen Van Them, Pham Thanh Hai (2004) studied the effect of potting
medium mix on growth of 6-month-old Terminalia calamansanai in nursery
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stage. In this study, the good fertilizer content for Terminalia calamansanai in
the nursery stage is NPK 1.0%, super phosphate 1.0%, and decomposed organic
fertilizer is 15 - 20%.
According to Nguyen Thanh Minh (2010), when sowing Terminalia
calamansanai, seeds need to be soaked in water at room temperature for 2 days,
incubated and washed every 2 days. From day 6 the seeds start to germinate.
The highest germination rate was 86%. The potting medium has a ratio of 25%
-50% coir for the seedlings to grow well in the nursing stage.
2.4. Use of Terminalia calamansanai wood
According to Tran Hop and Nguyen Boi Quynh (1993) Terminalia
calamansanai wood is white, medium, smooth, easy to process, furniture, used
in construction.
According to Pham The Dung et al (2018), Terminalia calamansanai wood
has many low physical and mechanical properties, so the use of wood can be
used for many purposes that do not require force, good impact resistance, so it

can make wooden boats. Terminalia calamansanai wood can be used as a raw
material for the manufacture of laminated boards, relatively suitable for making
raw materials for peeling boards, indoor wood and common furniture. The
wood is less shrinking and expanding, so it is convenient for use. Terminalia
calamansanai wood is susceptible to fungus attack immediately after felling, so
it is necessary to take measures to cut, dry immediately after cutting or against
fungus.
3. General comment
The scientific name is Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe belongs to
the genus Terminalia of the family Combretaceae. Taxonomy and
morphological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai have been described
in detail in many different documents. In the world, Terminalia calamansanai is
distributed in some Asian countries (India, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos,
Cambodia, Papua New Guinea) and some African countries. In Vietnam,
Terminalia calamansanai is often found in tropical moist evergreen closed
forest and tropical semi-evergreen semi-evergreen forest in the Southeast

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provinces (Dong Nai, Tay Ninh, Ba Ria Vung Tau), the South West (Kien
Giang), the Central Highlands (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak) and the South
Central Coast provinces (Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan).
Currently, information about seed sources, propagation techniques, planting
and nurturing techniques of Terminalia calamansanai is very limited. This
thesis focuses on researching three basic contents: i) The biological and
silviculture characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai; ii) Techniques of
breeding and propagation Terminalia calamansanai; iii) Techniques for planting
and nurturing Terminalia calamansanai forest.
CHAPTER 2. CONTENT AND METHOD OF RESEARCH

1. Research content
(1) Study on some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai
(2) Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial of
Terminalia calamansanai
(3) Study on breeding techniques of Terminalia calamansanai
(4) Study on planting techniques of Terminalia calamansanai
2. Research Methods
2.1. Perspectives and approach methods
The thesis combines both experimental ecological method and applied research.
Arrangement of laboratory experiments (seed techniques) and propagation
experiments in nurseries. Seed trials and techniques for afforestation and forest
enrichment with Terminalia calamansanai.
2.2. Specific research methods
2.2.1. Identify some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai.
(a) The role of Terminalia calamansanai in tree species structure and forest
structure
Method of linear survey, establish 3 temporary standard plots of 2,500 m 2 on
forest types (rich forest and medium forest) to collect data, density, species
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composition, forest layer distribution of N/D and N/H and natural regeneration
characteristics.
(b) Study on flowers, fruits and leaves phases characteristics
Using the method of description, observation and recording to study the
flowers, fruits and leaves of Terminalia calamansanai for 4 years
(c) Study on seed characteristics
Determine the seed size, seed weight (m), moisture in seeds (W%).
(d) Seed preservation methods
Treatment 1: In the cooler of the refrigerator at a temperature of 3 – 5 0C

Treatment 2: In the freezer of the refrigerator at -5 -10 0C
Treatment 3: In a ceramic jar at normal temperature
Implementation time in 24 months, testing once every 2 months
2.2.2. Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial
(a) Plus tree selection
Base on technical regulations on building seed forests and seed orchards
(QPN/15-93) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural developvement
(b) Provenance trial combined with family trial
The method of breeding trial with 42 families of 5 provenances was carried
out base on 04-TCN-147-2006 standard of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
developvement.
The total number of families in the trial is 42 of 5 provenances, which is
Kien Giang (10 families); Ninh Thuan (4 families); Gia Lai (5 families); Dong
Nai (19 families); Tay Ninh (4 families).
The trial was arranged in columns with 8 replications. Total 32 trees per
family, each replication 4 trees/family. Arranged in a straight line (4 plants * 42
families = 168 plants/repeat). Planting density 1.110 trees/ha (3 * 3m).
2.2.3. Study on breeding techniques
(a) Propagated by seed
- Seed treatment method
Treatment 1: Soak seeds in water at normal temperature (20 – 25 0C).
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Treatment 2 Soak seeds in water with temperature 52 - 55 0C
Treatment 3 Soak seeds in water with temperature 68 - 70 0C
Time to soak seeds in water is 2 days
- Effect of coir rate in potting medium on growth of seedlings
The experiment includes 4 treatments with the percentage of coir by weight
of potting medium:

Treatment 1: 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 94% topsoil (Control).
Treatment 2: 25% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 69% topsoil.
Treatment 3: 50% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 44% topsoil.
Treatment 4: 75% coir + 5% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer + 19% topsoil.
(b) Propagated by cuttings
- Effects of stimulant categories and it’s concentrations
This experiment included 13 treatments. Treatment (NT1) - (NT4): IAA = 500,
1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm. Treatment (NT5) - (NT8): NAA = 500, 1,000,
1,500 and 2,000 ppm. Treatment (NT9) - (NT12): IBA = 500, 1,000, 1,500 and
2,000 ppm. Treatment NT13: Control (Without using stimulants).
- Effects of stimulant treatment time
This experiment has 3 treatments: T1: 30 seconds, T2: 60 seconds and T3: 90
seconds.
- Effects of potting medium in cuttings
This experiment included 3 treatments. GT1: 100% of topsoil. GT2: 70% of
topsoil + 30% coir. GT3: 50% of topsoil + 50% coir.
- Effects of the age of the mother tree on cuttings
This experiment includes 6 treatments:
NT1: Cuttings from 6-month-old plants;
NT2: Cuttings from a 1 year old tree;
NT3: Cuttings from 2 years old tree;
TN4: Cuttings from a 3-year-old tree;
TH5: Cuttings from a 2-year-old mother plant are rejuvenated;

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NT6: Cuttings from a 3 year old mother plant were rejuvenated.
- Effects of cuttings season
This experiment includes 4 treatments:

TV1: Cuttings in March (Dry season);

TV2: Cuttings in June (Rainy season);

TV3: Cuttings in September (Rainy season);
(Dry season).

TV4: Cuttings in December

Each experiment was arranged in full randomized block, 4 repetitions, 36
cuttings/repetition/treatment
2.2.4. Study on planting techniques
(a) Effect of the seedling standards for afforestation
+ TC1: 6 months old (D0: 0.95-1.05 cm and Hvn: 45-55 cm);
+ TC2: 12 months old (D0: 1.3-1.5 cm and Hvn: 95-105 cm);
+ TC3: 18 months old (D0: 2.0-2.2 cm and Hvn 145-155 cm).
(b) Effects of fertilizers in afforestation
+ BL1: Control (No fertilization);
+ BL2: 100g NPK/tree;
+ BL3: 200 g NPK/tree;
+ BL4: 100 g NPK + 200 g microbiological fertilizer/tree);
+ BL5: 100 g NPK + 400 g microbiological fertilizer/tree.
- Use NPK fertilizer (14: 8: 6) Binh Dien and Song Gianh bio-fertilizers.
(c) Effects of the soil type for afforestation
+ LD1: Ancient alluvial gray soil
+ LD2: red and yellow feralit soil
(d) Effect of planting density
+ MD1: 1.110 trees / ha, distance 3x3m
+ MD2: 833 trees / ha, distance 4x3m
+MG3: 667 trees / ha, distance 5x3m

(e) Effects of mixed afforestation

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+ HG1: 75% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Hopea odorata (planted in rows
of 3 Terminalia calamansanai and 1 Hopea odorata tree);
+ HG2: 75% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Dipterocarpus alatus (planted in
rows of 3 trees Terminalia calamansanai and 1 Dipterocarpus alatus);
+ HG3: 50% Terminalia calamansanai + 25% Hopea odorata + 25%
Dipterocarpus alatus (planted in rows of 1 tree Terminalia calamansanai + 1
tree Hopea odorata + 1 tree Terminalia calamansanai + 1 tree Dipterocarpus
alatus);
+ HG4: Terminalia calamansanai 50% + Indigofera zollingeriana 50% (planted
by row of 1 tree Terminalia calamansanai + 1 Indigofera zollingeriana tree);
+ HG5: Planting pure Terminalia calamansanai for control.
(f) Effects of Terminalia calamansanai planting method to enrich poor natural
forests
LG1: The planting band is 4 m wide (1/3 of the height of the forest tree), the
remaining band is 6 m wide; planting tree by tree: 3 m (333 plants/ha).
+ LG2: The planting band is 6 m wide (1/2 the height of the forest tree), the
remaining band is 6m wide; planting tree by tree: 3 m (278 plants/ha).
+ LG3: Planting in an open area about 500 m2
2.3. Data processing methods
The thesis used statistical software Statgraphics Plus 4.0, SPSS 24. Excel
software was used to gather data, draw graphs and charts, distribute N/D and
N/H.
One-factor variance analysis and sample comparison standards (Tukey and
LSD) were used to compare the difference between the two treatments.

CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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1. Some biological characteristics of Terminalia calamansanai
1.1. The role of Terminalia calamansanai in forest flora communities (FFC)
1.1.1. The role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC of medium forest status
(MFS)
The total number of tree species is 36 species belonging to 33 genera of 27
families. The number of dominant and co-dominant tree species (Index IVI ≥
4.0%) is 8 species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Anisoptera costata; Syzygium
zeylanicum; Knema globularia; Paviesia annamensis; Terminalia
calamansanai; Xylopia vielana Lagerstroemia calyculata)
The average planting density is 544 trees/ha (100%); in which 8 species of
trees are dominant and copper dominant accounts for 44.5 % (243 trees/ha).
The remaining species of 28 other tree species are 55.5% (302 trees/ha). In
MFS, Terminalia calamansanai has the indexes of N, G and M are 4.2%, 5.6%
and 5.6%; the average is 5.1%.
The study results also showed that the structure of tree species and the role
of Terminalia calamansanai changed depending on the FFC. Terminalia
calamansanai is an ecological co-dominant species; the average IVI index was
5.1%, ranging from 3.2% to 7.7%
The wood tree species composition of the FFC in MFS has a high similarity,
averaging 77.5%, ranging from 74.1 to 83%.
1.1.2. The role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC of rich forest status
(RFS)
Analysis of tree species structure of FFC at RFS shows that the total number
of tree species in RFS is 40 species belonging to 34 genera of 28 families. The
number of dominant and co-dominant tree species (Index IVI ≥ 4.0%) were
found 8 species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Shorea roxburghii; Anisoptera costata;

Terminalia calamansanai; Paviesia annamensis Pierre; Parinari annamensis;
Lagerstroemia calyculata; Syzygium zeylanicum).
Research results show that the average density of the plant is 556 trees/ha
(100%); of which 8 species of trees are dominant and copper dominant accounts
for 49.8% (276 trees/ha), the remaining 32 species of other trees contribute
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50.2% (279 trees / ha). In RFSs, Terminalia calamansanai has the indexes of N,
G and M 6.0%, 7.1% and 6.6%, the average is 6.6%. The wood tree species
composition in RFSs has a high similarity, averaging 71.5%, ranging from 65.4
to 82.5%.
1.1.3. The role of the regenerating Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC
In the FFCs of both these forest states, regenerated trees are distributed at all
Hvn levels. The percentage of plants regenerating Terminalia calamansanai in
MFS plants (7.0%) was higher than that of RFS (6.5%). On the other hand,
regenerated Terminalia calamansanai trees are also distributed at all Hvn
levels; in which the percentage of plants increased significantly from Hvn level
<50 cm (1.1% in MFS and 4.9% in RFS) to level Hvn> 200 cm (average 15.5%
in MFS and RFS). The presence of regenerating trees at all Hvn levels proves
that Terminalia calamansanai has the ability to continuously regenerate
naturally under the forest canopy.
1.1.4. Compare the role of Terminalia calamansanai in the FFC
The number of dominant and co-dominant wood tree species in these two
forest status are 8 species (Dipterocarpus dyeri; Shorea roxburghii; Anisoptera
costata; Terminalia calamansanai; Paviesia annamensis ; Parinari
annamensis; Lagerstroemia calyculata; Syzygium zeylanicum) and have
similarities is quite high (CS = 75.0%).
Terminalia calamansanai is the co-dominant tree species not only in the
mother tree layer but also in the regenerated tree layer. In the parent plant layer,

Terminalia calamansanai in MFS was lower than in RFS. In contrast, in the
regenerated plant layer, Terminalia calamansanai in MFS was higher than in
RFS. In both forest status, Terminalia calamansanai regeneration continuously
under the canopy of the forest.
The research results on structure of co-dominant trees with Terminalia
calamansanai suggested the possibility to establish the mixed plantation of
Terminalia calamansanai plants with co-dominant species as Dipterocarpaceae.
1.2. The structure of medium and rich forest
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1.2.1. Distribution of trees according to diameter classes (N/D)
The study results showed that the N/D distribution for the FFCs of these two
forest status was consistent with the exponential distribution function. These
functions have a very high r2 coefficient (r2 > 99%) and small deviation.
Therefore, they were used to estimate the number of trees according to D 1.3
classes in MFS and RFS.
N(MFS) = 1568,61*exp(-0,173644*D1.3) + 13,1243
N(RFS) = 921,082*exp(-0,13427*D1.3) + 12,0322
In these two forest status, Terminalia calamansanai appears only in D1.3
levels from 10 to 46 cm. The presence of Terminalia calamansanai trees at all
D1.3 levels proves that in the past, Terminalia calamansanai regenerated
continuously under the forest canopy. By this way, it is concluded that
Terminalia calamansanai holds the role of ecological co-dominance in forest
FFCs.
1.2.2. Distribution of trees by height classes
The N/H distribution for FFC of these two forest status is consistent with the
Richards distribution function. These functions have a very high r 2 coefficient
(r2 > 99%) and small deviation.
FH(MFS) = (1 + exp(-(Hvn + 7,84266)/4,03098))^-82,5071

FH(RFS) = (1 + exp(-(Hvn + 7,43636)/4,38317))^-57,6842
In both forest states, Terminalia calamansanai only appears at level Hvn ≤ 24
m with the percentage of trees increasing gradually with Hvn grade. The
presence at all levels of Hvn indicates that before, Terminalia calamansanai
regenerated continuously under the canopy of the forest. This confirms that
Terminalia calamansanai has an ecological predominance role in the
development of FFCs.
1.3. Flowers, fruits and leaves phases of Terminalia calamansanai
Terminalia calamansanai is characterized by a semi-deciduous tree.
Although they live in evergreen forest, but at the beginning of the dry season
they begin to fall their leaves, usually from December of the previous year to

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January of the following year and not completely deciduous, some branches
still have leaves and the degree of defoliation depends on weather.
The main flowers, fruits and leaves phases of Terminalia calamansanai are
described in the following table:
Tháng
1 2 3

Vật hậu

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Seasonal fall leaves
Shoot out
Young leaves
Buds and blooms
Fructification
Concentrated
ripe
fruit

Some pictures of flowers and fruits Terminalia calamansanai

1.4. Seed characteristics
1.4.1. Size, weight and moisture content of seeds of Terminalia calamansanai
- The size of dry whole-wing seeds: The Terminalia calamansanai seed size has
an average seed length of about 5.9cm and a width of about 2.5cm.
- Size of wingless seeds: The length and width of Terminalia calamansanai
seeds after removing the wings are about 1.3cm and 0.7cm.
- Weight of whole and wingless seeds: Weight of whole seeds 1,000: 110.6 gr

and 1 kg: 9,043 ± 20 seeds; weight of wingless seeds 1,000: 84.3 gr; 1 kg:
11,858 ± 22 seeds

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- The moisture content of wingless seeds: The moisture content of Terminalia
calamansanai without wings right after harvest is 16.5% and before storage is
11.3%.
1.4.2. Effect of storage method on germination rate
Terminalia calamansanai seeds are dry seeds, so they are easy to preserve,
with a long storage time due to the low moisture content of the seeds (11.3%).
In 24 months, in the cooler and freezer compartment of a conventional
refrigerator, the germination rate is over 49%. With normal preservation, after 8
months, Terminalia calamansanai seeds completely lose their ability to
germinate.
2. Plus tree selection, provenance trial combined with family trial
2.1. Plus tree selection
The total number of plus trees is 50 trees selected from natural forests in
some locations in 4 ecological regions; of which 11 trees in the Southwest
(Kien Giang), 23 trees in the Southeast (19 trees in Dong Nai; 4 trees in Tay
Ninh), 9 trees in the Central Highlands (Gia Lai) and 7 trees in the South
Central (Ninh Thuan).
The mean diameter of the plus trees in the four ecological regions is 47.9
cm; ranges from 35.8 cm in the Central Highlands to 110.5 cm in the Southeast.
The average height of the plus trees in the four ecological regions is 21.5 m;
ranges from 16.0 m in the South West to 35.0 m in the Southeast. The average
score of plus trees in the four ecological regions is 72.8; ranges from 70 to 78
points.
The selected plus trees all have straight stems, high branches, and fairly even

canopy, which are capable of bearing fruit and easy to harvest to serve as seed
source for the provenance trial combined with family trial.
2.2. Growth of Terminalia calamansanai forests in provenance trials

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The growth of the five provenances was the difference in diameter at breast
height and height between provenances. Annual growth is over 2.0 cm/year in
diameter at breast height and over 1.3 m/year in height.
Wood yields of different provenances are markedly different. Wood
productivity averaged 6.5 m3/ha/year. Two provenances with relatively high
wood productivity are Tay Ninh (8.7 m3/ha/year) and Gia Lai (7.1 m3/ha/year).
The survival rate of the provenances from 80% to 96% shows that Terminalia
calamansanai is quite adapted in the Southeast.
The results show that Tay Ninh provenances has a wood yield exceeding
33.6% compared with the average of the whole trial (wood yield exceeds 15%).
This is the basis for proposing to select provenances Terminalia calamansanai
in Tay Ninh as seed source for afforestation.
2.3. Growth of Terminalia calamansanai forest in family trials
Terminalia calamansanai in the trial has relatively fast growth. There are 10
families with timber productivity exceeding 15% compared with the average
value of the whole trial from 15.4% to 50.4%, those families are TB-TN1, TBTN2, TB-TN3 , TB-TN4 (Tay Ninh); DM-DN7, DM-DN6, TP-DN6, (Dong
Nai); PQ-KG5, PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang); MY-GL1 (Gia Lai).
There are 4 families with potential for timber productivity from 9.4 to 9.8
m3/ha/year at 5 years old: PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang), MĐ-ĐN7 (Dong Nai) and
TB- TN2, TB-TN1 (origin Tay Ninh).
* Choose the provenance and the family to get the seed
- Select the provenance of Tay Ninh whose wood yield exceeded 33.6%
compared with the trial's average wood yield.

- Among 10 families with excess of over 15% of wood productivity, there are
4 families with good prospects: PQ-KG11 (Kien Giang), MĐ-ĐN7 (Dong Nai)
and TB-TN2, TB-TN1 (Tay Ninh) wood productivity exceeded 44.3% to 50.4%
compared with the average value of the whole trial and had a yield of over 9.4
m3/ha/year.
3. Breeding techniques of Terminalia calamansanai
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3.1. Propagated by seed
3.1.1. Effect of treatment methods on germination rate
Terminalia calamansanai seeds are processed by soaking at normal
temperature (about 20 - 250C) for 2 days and nights, then incubating and sour
washing for 6 days. The germination rate was 83% and the germination rate 1/3
first period was 43.3%. High temperature will be cause to decrease the
germination rate of Terminalia calamansanai.
3.1.2. Effect of potting medium on the growth of seedlings.
The proportions of coir in the potting medium had different effects on
seedling growth in the nursery stage. The appropriate proportion of coir is from
50% to 75% in the potting medium, Terminalia calamansanai seedlings can
reach a base diameter of 9.8 mm and a height of 60 cm at 6 months of age,
which can meet planting standards.
3.2. Propagated by cuttings
3.2.1. Effects of stimulant type and it’s concentrations
Concentration and type of growth stimulants affect the rooting rate in
Terminalia calamansanai cuttings. When cutting Terminalia calamansanai,
choose growth stimulant IBA concentration of 1.5000 ppm is the best. If IAA is
used, the appropriate concentration is 1,000 ppm.
3.2.2. Effects of stimulant treatment time
Stimulant treatment time affects both rooting rate and root quality of

Terminalia calamansanai cuttings. Appropriate dipping time is from 60 to 90
seconds, using 1.5000 ppm aqueous IBA.
3.2.3. Effects of potting medium in cuttings
Using 70% coconut fiber in the potting component for Terminalia
calamansanai cuttings will make the spongy potting, faster drainage, more
roots per cuttings and better root quality.

3.2.4. Effects of mother tree age on cuttings

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The age of the mother trees from which material was colected for cutting,
also affects on rooting ability of Terminalia calamansanai cuttings. The age of
the mother plant for cutting from 6 months to 1 year gives the best rooting rate.
If not rejuvenated, mother plants from 2 years of age and older will not take
root. If rejuvenating mother plants 2 years and 3 years old, the rooting rate is
about 76%.
3.2.5. Effects of cuttings season
Seasonality affects the rooting ability of Terminalia calamansanai cuttings. In
the Southeast, cuttings should be done in the dry season, giving the rooting rate
over 83%.
4. Study on planting techniques
4.1. Effect of the seedling standards for afforestation
- The standard of planting seed affects the survival rate and quality of
Terminalia calamansanai plantation. Seedlings 1 meter or more tall (1 year old)
have a high survival rate and better quality.
- At age 4, there was a big difference in stem volume between treatments.
Treatment TC3: (D0: 2.0-2.2 cm and Hvn 145-155 cm) exceeded treatments
TC2 and TC1 by and 14.7% and 29.3%, respectively.

Therefore, it is advisable to choose seedlings with D0 standard from 1.4 cm
and height from 100 cm and above (1 year old) to plant Terminalia
calamansanai forest to ensure the survival rate, productivity and quality of
planted forests.
4.2. Effects of fertilizers in afforestation
- Fertilization has a good effect on the growth of Terminalia calamansanai
plantation forests. Treatment BL3 (200g NPK) had the best growth in both
diameter and height as well as plant quality.
- The growth rate of diameter and height in the best treatment (BL3) compared
with the worst treatment (BL1: control) decreased from 2 years to 4 years old.
This pointed that, the effect of fertilizers on the growth of Terminalia
calamansanai decreases following the age of trees.
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When planting Terminalia calamansanai forest, should use 200 g/tree NPK
(14: 8: 6) in combination with microbiological fertilizer from 200g to 400g, this
will increase the growth and quality of trees.
4.3. Effects of the soil type for afforestation
Terminalia calamansanai grown on ancient alluvial gray soil is better than
on yellow red feralit soils which developed on shist in both diameter, height and
quality, exceeding 19.1% in volume of tree trunk. There is no difference in
survival rates of trees when planted on two soil types, both of which are greater
than 92%.
The average annual growth in diameter and height of Terminalia
calamansanai in this experiment is quite high, on ancient alluvial gray and
yellow red feralit soils they are 2.4 cm/year, 1.8 m/year and 2.3 cm/year, 1.6
m/year, respectively.
4.4. Effect of planting density
Planting density has affected on growth of Terminalia calamansanai

plantations. Planted density MĐ3 (5 x 3m) shows faster diameter growth to
compare with remained treatment in experiment.
However, the average annual growth in diameter and height of Terminalia
calamansanai in the treatment MĐ3 (5 x 3m) was only 1.6 cm/year and 1.2
m/year, lower than the experiments of the planted tree standards and
fertilization.
4.5. Effects of mixed afforestation
To use Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata and Indigofera zollingeriana
for mixed planting with Terminalia calamansanai, growth and quality of
Terminalia calamansanai plantation are better than pure plantation.
Experimental results showed that, Terminalia calamansanai planted mixing
with Indigofera zollingeriana gave the best growth and quality to compare with
2 species Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata. The volume of the trunk
was 33% higher than of pure planting. The average annual growth in diameter
and height of Terminalia calamansanai in this experiment was 2.5 cm/year and

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1.7 m/year. On compareson to other indigenous species, this growth is quite
high.
4.6. Effects of Terminalia calamansanai planting method to enrich poor
natural forests
Different enrichment planting methods affect the growth, survival rate as
well as the quality of Terminalia calamansanai plant. Planting method LG3
(Planting in an open area about 500 m2) had a tree volume and survival rate
exceeding 42.9% and 10.1%, respectively, compared with the worst treatment
LG1 (The planting band is 4 m wide).
The average annual growth in tree diameter and height in LG3 treatment was
the best (1.0 cm/year and 1.2 m/year), but lower than that of pure plantation on

bare land ( 2.3 cm/year and 1.6 m/year).
Experimental results showed that Terminalia calamansanai is photophilic
species. When planting for enrichment of natural forests, planting method LG3
is the most suitable. If planted in the band, the band must be about 6 meters
wide (LG2: The planting band is 6 m wide) and must be slashed every year to
be effective.
5. Proposing to apply research results.
From the results of this study, the thesis proposes the techniques of breeding
and afforestation in the Southeast region.
CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
1. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe is ecologically dominant with the
Dipterocarpaceae species in the forest flora communities of the evergreen
humid tropical forest in Ma Da, Dong Nai province. The degree of dominance
of Terminalia calamansanai in the flora of the rich forest is higher than that of
the medium forest. Terminalia naturally regenerates itself continuously under
the forest canopy.
2. The period to collect Terminalia calamansanai seeds is mid-April to midMay. Storing seeds in the cooler of the refrigerator at a temperature of 3 0C – 5
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