Giáo trình Phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học - PGS.TS. Đồng Thị Thanh Phương

PGS.TS 96NG THI THAl\'H PHUdNG
THS.NGUVtN·TH! NG(,)CAN



'nu

I'GS.TS f)O:-.lG
THANH "Ht:U 'G
THS.~(;lIYI~::-.ITH! . GQC A.

PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN
CUUKHOA

HOC

Tai ban lfin thu I
(el; "h/

tI/;/ ,,;

Nam 2012

!>Il' \/11/1: J



L(}J N<)' I)AlJ
(ii,in trinh pl1lr(TIlgphap nghicn cina khoa h.,c nhftm rrang
hi ki~n ilurc. k>' n'1I1!!- cho xinh \ iCIl cac mrimg can dnng. d\li hoc
lhu(>c ~ht\i nganh kinh l~ lan dau nghien elm khoa hoc.

(ii,io trinh CO7 clunrng, trlnh hily theo lhtl" III cdc hutrc li6n hanh
nghi':n crru.
(" lun rng I :(J iai Ih iV\I ICIng q \I,il

\'e k h(

\;1

11<.1':.
Ilghicn CI"rIJkhou hoc.

("Iwong 2:)\,ic djnh d~ 1111 nghicn cuu hili'" h•.'e. \fl~ cwrng nghicn ciru

('Imung -I & 5: I lure hl~n
11111Ih,)1'

\':'1

I."

hOilch nglncn

CICU

thimg qua \ i~

xtr I! ,hIm!:! till.

Chunng ("\';':1

\n

trinh 0") hilt) cno k~1 qua nghicn cuu khou

hoc.

f'h5n phil luc <':Ii guii thi~u l11QI s(\ bao can nghicn ellll khon h9C
ti';ll bicu cuu cue b,lIl sinh vien. nluun cung

dp ki~11thlre

thuc t~.

I rong kin l:ii ban n,,!. chung toi Ct' ihum khao 111<)1'(~ lai
livu nhu: f'hlflmg phap III.jn nghi0n ciru khua hoc ella tac gia VlI
(,,10

Dam: giii<>trlnh: Phuong phap

\il

phuong phap lu~n nghien
.1


cuu khoa hoc kinh

I~cua

I'i~n si \lguy~n I hi

(

anh. giang \ ien

Inrimg dai hoc Kinh I~ I P.IIl\ Clu Minh va cat: lac gia "hac .. ai

SOl. khi~m khU)~l Iii J..hong Ih'; tranh khoi. Kinh rnong cdc ThAy.
e(l ~h\llg nghi';p. cac

0(111

sinh \'i.!n tham gia d(ing g(',P ). k i~n rhco

dja chi El11ail:ngUWl1lhi ngjlcanS(,
Xi n chdn Ihanh cam on

/I

gmailxul11.


Mt,JC Lt,JC
,,

I.iri noi d~u
CHLfONG

I. (;I{$I

vA

KHO;\ HOC

QlJJ\T

T<)N(;

:-.iGlIlf~N CUU KHOi\ H(,)('

I.I.KI-lOA HOC'
I l.Khai

TIIII~U

"
lI1elll

"."

1-1

"

1.1

khou hoc

1-1

I :!.Ph:in 1"'lI khoa hilt'
1.1.3.'v11)1 ,,"{ thuuh

1.2.:\'GIIIEN

cuu KHOA

1-1

1\(11 khoa hl_lC' delC'

hl';l

II<)C

1.::!.I.Kh,\i ni¢lIll1l;!hi':ll

eLl'll

15

"."."."."
khoa hoc ."" .."

1.::!.::!.Phan10,11Ill;!hl"!l nell khoa hoc

IX
18

"

""

18

1.2.3. Yell C;;lI nghl':n nell khoa hoc
I.J.I'lIlfONG

:!3

C:N ei,'l'

"HO/\

II()('

I.~.NII,\ I'IGHIEN C("l' KIIO:\ H<)C

CHlfONG

2. XAC t)!NII

cuu KHOA
2.1.M<)T

2:'\

PH,\!' N(;III1::N C(fU KHO,\ H(,)(' ."

1.4.QI.'Y TRiI'lJ-ll'lt;1I1

so KH . \II'iI~:M

v~:

oF: TAl

"

"" ..,," 25

""

"

NGIIlf:N

HQC

"
"

28

"

2.1.1. Khai ni~111d0 Iiii 11~lli':l1ciru khon hoc

31

"

" 31
"

31

1.I.l.X,1c dinh nhiem \.\' nghien cuu " ... "" .."".""

" 31


::!.1.3.Kh
32

.,
I I D"
hi
_ •• -t • 01 tlr<_mg II);! len cuu

,~
.>.>

~.I.5.l)ili unrng kh,j"

33

"II

2.I.o.MlIC li(:u ngili'::n ,I(U

35

2.1.7.M\I(; dich nglll('11 ~(I'1I

3H

,

2. ULPh,ull \ i ngln':'11 ~1I'1I

38

2.2.PI-I(l'ONG PHAr I'll,;' r III1.~, \'A~

I)J~KJ-fOA

~.~.I.:--Ih~11d;lllg nhirng !>;It d,\ng trong tranh
hoc

HQC .. ~()
)U(1Il

khoa

..

41

2.2.2.Nghi Ilgl(,I, I,d quail nicrn Ih('llg tlwtlllg
2.2.3.Nh~n dlplg
thlft:

41

Ilhllllg vu'(1ng 111{!<.: Irong hnat dQng

Ie

~I

::!.2.-I.Uing nghc lili phil 11nim <.:ua I1lltlng n);!llillkh(lI1g
am hicu

41

:::.2.5.Ph"1 hic;n niltr'ug 111')1manh,
dIu cua dllng l1);!hiCp

2.2.6.Nhii'ng e:iu hi"1

b{)'t ch(.!!

X"';1

Y()\I Irung nghicn
41
hien khllng

rlw

Ihu(k
Iv
•
J. do n:I<,

+l

2.2.7.Thiio IU~II

44

2.2.R.8()ng nftt •.............................
')
? u..Ng I"
~._."
lIen

(,

111(11

• t":11
.• kh:
I'
ct,lI
a 111

,

44

,
.

44


"11" c ac can cu• C hQI1 ue
.•~ uu. ng I"uen cuu
.
_._'..

r )e

::! J.2 (·itc ICI'.Iid~ liti nghicn elm lrelng "lI1h doanh

-16

2.J ..\.n~1 Icn de lai

4X

2.4.1)/~·1

(;1,\ TIH

vcr

KHOA

uoc

I)E 1)!i'>11IIlI'O'l(;

N(;IIII~:NCli'U

51

,_., , I .rv"1 lal..." 111,111glR
ia rlt HI:--':!
'I)xnoa 1We

). 1

~ .1.2 1'hll.)c rinh

52

ella gl3 IhuY~1

..........
s~
..... 54

~.-I.-I.l'h:;III"al;:i:i 111U~"'1

\l' ,,( hinh

............................

1.~ 5 C.le each ticp ctlll "h,ic nhau

Ihu) CI
25.('(1 S(1 LV

.

ruuvnr

thftnh gra
.

THO"lG NGIII ~:i'\('11'1

2.6.xAv l)~i'NG DE:Cl"ONG i\GI·I1F:N cuu

5fl

57

58

'r"~11 (1<:
.." 1111
"

)"'9

2.6.2. L~' do chon d~ wi

59

~.6J. I ich sir IIghien cuu

59

2.(,.-I.~IVc li011IIghl~n cuu

59

:.(,.5 Khach Ih~ nghi':n cuu \ il dl\i Ilr~lI1g"'IM" ,al

60

2 6.6.Ph~1\I \ i. gicTihan nglll':n cuu

60

2.(1.7. ,':in d~ khoa hoc

(>0

2.I>.K (,ia 111l1~':1khoa hvc

60

, ( .•1
_.)

7


::!.6.9.PhuO'ng phap nghien ciru

61

::!.6.1O.Dan ~' n.;ji dung nghicn CUll

CHUONG3. L~P

61

KE HO~CH NGIIJENcuu

J.I.I.~"/ ('11<)1\ 1\1() l-liJlill 1'\;(;HIf.:~
J. I.I.MI'> hinh nghicn cim
.''1')1\1'1'
•. -.
() 1111hl"··c
ng lien CUll

lrrlg

63

ct"·,

63

tiling

mIle II 1I

64

6-:l

".......................

3.1.3.Mo hinh nghien ciru lhdng tin

66

J.2·I.VA CH()N PHUONG PH . \P N(;III1~N COl)

67

.I.2.I.PhlMng ph.ip lh{>ng kl'

67

J.:!.2.Phtf(lng phap Itt

68


rruu Ilt(,Ing

3.2.J.Phltdng phap Ihlfe nghii;m

68

3.J.XI\C D! H 1:>61 Tl.J(jNG VA D~C Ti~H

CHIEN

ClI'L

(>y

3.4.L/~1' K I: HO,\CH I\GIII[I\

CCll

71

CHuaNG 4. THU TH~P TH()NG TIN
4.I.CI(~1 THlltU CHlJNG VI~TII
"

82
R2

)
.,
".',

-I, J, J.I ....
am quan 1n.1I1g
cuu lilong III)

8~I

.1. 1.2.Cae phl(1ng poap ihu lhfip Ihilng lin

83

4.2.TH
TII~P THO:\'G TI THO
PHAP :'iCIlIE~ CUl' TAl i.rtu

r:

QUA PHlf<1~G
85

-I,2.I.M\IC dich nghien ctru 1:li li.:I1

X5

, ') ,
. nguon
~ tal
..I"
-1._._,Phalll"\l1
1t;1I

0

"6


, _..).
"I ' C'ac h Illn ngllolll:11
!
I"I<;Ugoc
, .............••.................... 90
...

-I .2.4.Sap xep,

to clurc lili h~u thu Ih~p diroc

93

, "I
I' c I111 lOll
" I"I~U
...
_.).- Doc va. gm

9'.)

4.2.6.lfu diem v:\ h,tn eh':' ella nghicl1
4.3.THU TH~P

TH{)NG 1'1

PHAP PHI THI/C NGtlli;:~1

li~1I ,

ClIU lili

TH{)NG

QUA PHU<1NG
· 1.)6

.t3.I.Phlit1ng phap quan \:11
-I ..L!.PhuO'ng

pimp phnng

()S

····•·

· 97

102

\';111

.~.3.3.Phlr011gp11
4.4.TI-IUTH~P THONG 'I'll" QUA THVC N(;HI~M
-1.-1.I .Kha i ni~lll

107
1:22
122

4,-L2.Phan h)~i thl(I.' ngtllclll

"

,

123

4.-1':; .. guyen I~C lillie nghiem

12-1

4.4.-I.PhuO'ng 1'1101'Ihl_te nghi';m

12-1

4.S.TIIU TH.~P THONG TIN QUA TRAC NGllll::M

126

CHUaNG 5. XU LV TH()NG TIN

121)

S.I.XU LV cAC TH6KG TIN l>!NH TiNH

11':)

5.2.Xl' L" THO~G 1'1 1)1('I.'ll LU(1 G

130

5.2. I.Dien glai

,il

li~u thl>l1g 411
5.:!.~.I)i~11~i~llSl\ li~ub:'n~h(lllg :-or; li~lI ,
j.2.3.lJicll

giiil

st,

li¢1I11;'llIgbi€1I uti

",,' so h~l1hallg
.,'
.5 .2..4 D"ien Sial
do> thi.

U I
1:'.1

132
135
<)


:U.5.Di~n ~:i,lis& li~1lhJIl!! ~;ich phallikh l'hi "llrlln!!
bmh

.

.

135

"
t
5.3.sAI SO
QLAN SAT

137

5.3.1.$"i si) ng5ullhu:n

IJS

5.3.2.Sai s6 kS' IIHI~I

IJIl

5.3.3.Sai

5.~.I'lIll(j

",i h~ Ih.-inl,'

G PHAP TIt!

131}

II HAY

DO

ClliNII XAC CllA

S61.1fl

131)

5.-1.1.J')(1 chinh xac phu IhuIJc kich Illl(Ik cuu h(:

I)'>

Ih(illg
5.-1.2.0(i chlnh de

phu IllLlIJcphuung

li~nlJll:1I1 "\1 .. 140

5.4.3.Tlnh nil:i'l 411~11[Illng khi trlnh "ily II.) chmh xac
elia si) li';u
1~O

VA TRINH riA Y BAO cAo
QUA NGIIlf:N cuu KHOA HOC ... 141

CHUONG 6. vrET
KI;;T

1i.1.C,\C IHJ()C TI~1I1:1\h.1I"1 \-IJr.· Br\N 1'11,\0 11,\0 (;,\0
NGIIII~'1l'aU KHOA II<)C .. ,

1~ 1

6.1.I.Ph:k lll.ill I" 1d:1I1 hill chi liel

I~I

(;.1.2. Vic'l b:in thao thco ha giai do,,1"

143

1i.2.Ql;Y CACH Tni.\'IIIlAy

10

......................................

LlJ~N vAt'

145

(l.2.I.Kfch lhulk giii"y

145

6.2.2.Ki,iu chef

145


6.2.3.('iin I~ \"1In ban

1-15

6.2.4.D(\ dui van han

145

6.2.5 Cilch d:inh "i Irang

1-1(,

6.3.cAII TRllC M(rr LU~~ VAN TOT NCIII';:P

146

6..>.I.PI1;'lnd~11nh,jp

)-17

6.3.2.PIt{anlJ(}i dung

1-17

6.Ll.Plu\l1lhillll khao

I-IS

1I.4.CI-I1"'IETTRi

'H u;\. \' I'IIA

OA:-\

'II~P

(,.4.I.TI':lnl,! bla
6.-I.2.Trang '\fa

I-IS
·····.·

de

1-11{
150

(\.-I.3.TI'

150

6.-I.-I.('a~ trung I1I1JllWi

ISO

0.-I.5.D<lnh muc h:tng. t">ICU\'a hinh ~nh minh hoa

151

(1.4.6.Bllllg <.:hl( vic',

152

l;11

6.-1.7.1\11.1<':
Il)l'

152

II.S.CIII TII-::TTRi:,\III~AY
6.5.I.Ph,\n

111,'1

I)"AN N<)I DUNG Cllil'iH

d{,u

.151
152

6.5.2.Ph5n m)i dung cue chirong

154

(,.5.J.Phiin

157

ke'l lu~n

6.II.CHI TIETTRiNH

B'\ Y PHAN THAM KH,\()

ISS

(l.n.I.Cluj thich

ISX

6.6.2.Ph\! luc ............................................................

101
II

6.().:l.Tili li~u tharn kh.io
6.7.C(}N(; B(). SAO

1()1

"f vA .\1' nuxc

TII~i\

"'\0 '111~fC

,

16~

,

(,.7.I.Vi~1 han 16mlftl d': chuan hi ban'~

161

6.7.1.Bao v~ mroc H{lidi.ng
' C'ollg b'0 va.,ap d~tngvao
. Ih~ICl~'
6.7..\.

163
16'j

CHU(jNG 7.DANH CIA C()NG TuiNH N(;,I-IIEN

CaU KHOA HOC
7.I.CACTIEU

..

. 165

CHi DANH CIA KETQlIA NGIIIEN

crru

166

7.1.1.0;inh gia d~ lai nghicn ciru khoa hoc cua sinh

vien

166

7 .1.2.E)anh gi
7.2.CHli THE DANI:I GIA K£T QuA NGIlIEN cuu
7.2.I.Nh6m

nghien cuu 1\1danh gia

168
168

7.2.2.Co quan chu tri cl~ tai t~1climh gill

168

7.2.3.Co quan quan ly d~ lili III danh giil

168

7.2.4.CoqU7.2.5.11(>i d6ng khoa hoc danh gin

7.3.PlIll'(J G PHAr DANH GI,\

168

7.3.I.PlllI(JIlg phup chuycn gia

169

7.3.2.Phu(JIlg phap H(>idbng

169

7.4.1'111.:;\1'1
XI::T PHAN BlfN KAOA HQC
12

168

169

7..1.I.I'h5111110 ta rhu

7 . .j.-.~ 1'1l,lIl
'

•

170

[\1<:

.. d ling

. 170

nlO la 11(}I

7.4.1.. h~l xet \~ cai rnoi Imng nghicn ctru

170

7...J.·I.I'h£m nhan xel cac lu~n ell dum duoc xac nhdn

170

7.4.5. Phf.n khuyen ugh]

170

"

"

7.S. I)AM !lAO PI'IAP LY CHO CONG TRiNH KIIOA
II (>C

"

I7 I

75.1.11"'1 quvcn

151

7.5.2.<)uy6n s<'rhuu Cl>rlg Jlghi~p

171

TAl I.lt:!; Tlli\J\l KHAO

'"''''''''''''''''

173

PH V L~JC

175

I

,

-'


CHlfONG 1
Cldl THI¢U TONG QUAT

HOC

VE

KHOA

vA NGHIEN cuu KHOA HOC

I.I.KHOA HOC
l.J.J.Kh{li ni(!rn khoa hoc
Ili';lI nay ~Clrat nhi.}u ctich hiell v~ khtii niem khoa
hoc. Thco UNESCO(United

)l;)tions Educational Scientific and

Cultural Oganizationj- T6 chac giao due. khou 11\~cvii van hoa

eu a Lien hiep qu6e:
Khouhoc Iii:" H~ Ihilng Iri thtk v~ d~ quv lu~1 cua \'llil
eha'l vii S\(

V~1l

d~ng cua vj)1 chfll, Ilhi1ll~ (Illy lu~1 ciia II!'

nhicil. xii hl,li. nr duy".
J.1.2.PhQnIm.1ikhoa hoc
II.PhQn lo~i khoa hoc then dili ll((jllg n!:hi{\n d(u
-Khoa h9C nr nhien:
-Khoa hoc xii hqi:
@.Kholl hoc II!' nhien nhir : l()lln hoc, \'~I 19hoc. hcia hoc, sinh
V~I

14

hoc ..Jieu quan dc'n the' gil1i v~t lht! vfl V~I chat nhu: datllii.


l'lia

c,lng ngh~ mdi,

@I.Khon hQc xii hQi nhu: nhan chung hoc, chinh Irj hue. 1:'1111I~'
IH.le.• xil 11(.i hoc, kinh Ie::' hoc .. liel1

ngl(li. lin ngl('lng. hunh

\'1.

quan

,,! uic Ihjnl;

tle-n nghl':n

<:11.1 h,,) \a

CUll <:"11

l:a, djnh <:he.

b.Phan IfIl)i khou hoc theo tanh chat dIn): trmh J1j::hienn?u
-Khoa hoc

Iy IhllYUI: dua

tren cac nghien

drll C(1han

hay I1ghi~n

cilll Iy thuyet.
-Khoa hoc (tng dung: dtra Ircn nghien ciru tlurc nghicm,

1.1.3.Mqt so' thilnh

It!U khoa

hoc d~c bi~l

a, Phrit minh (discovery):

Lil ,1/ phtir hi~n

I'll

nl:tftng quy luf!l. nhftng tinh chat h(l~C

nhffng hi';n ILt<,mgcuu Ih0' gidi '(il dIal h\III:,i 111(>1
dch ktnich
quan mil IrLtlk dll chl!a ai hie!. nhC! (16 Iflln thuy <1fli ell )nin
nhfin Ihlle nia con nglt"i.

Vi du.Newton rhfll mini. dinh 11I,it V~11 ViiI hill' d~n,
Archimcdc phat minh dinh hl~1Sire nang ella runrc .... Phat minh
IiI kham pha v~ quy lu1il khach quan, chua

co y

nghia ap dvng

mrc li~p vao still ,(ll~t va doi 56ng. Vi v~y phai minh khang

gi;i Iri ihuong mai. Khong quoc gia nao

dp

co

paten cho cac plH1I

minh. Pluu minh khi>ng dtrrrc bao h\\ phap I).
15


h.Phlil hi~n (ding Iii discovery):

Lil 'If nhan ra nhung val lh~. nhifng quy IlI~1 xii hOi
dang h'>I1 l\li llIe)1 each khach quan.
Vi du: Kock pluit hien \ i trung Ian. 'vIark Curie pha: hi';n nhlmg
11\ phong xa radium.Marx ph,il hi~n qll~ IlI()1 gili tri Ih~ng

nguyen

dLI. Adam Smith pMI hi~n quy lu~t "han tay vf! hlnh ella kinh
rh] tnrong" .... Cac phat hien ellllg chi moi

la $11'kham

t6

pha rei cac

v~t th~ hone cac quy 11I~1xu h~'i.I~l11Ihay dili nh~n tlurc.chua Ih~

ap dllng true ti~p. chi co th~ ap dung thong qua cac gi,ii phap. Vi
\ ~y phat hi~n khong co gia tri thuong mai. 1.I1I1ngdp paten va

I.hong tltrqc bao hQ phap Iv.
c.SUng ch€

(invention):

Siln!_(ch~ 1ft loai thanh nru trong linh \ I" khoa hQC k5'
IhuZiI va

cong ngh~. Trong khoa hoc xii h(li \'il nhan van khong co

sun ph~lnlnay.
S~ng

chI} lil 111(>1
gUi phdp ky Ihll~l. mung 1111hl11e1i vd nguyen

1'1 ky thu~t. eli linh sang lao V:I ap dung dL(e}".
VI du; Nobel sang 'h~ cling Ihue Illll.)'.: nt; TNT. James Wall
sang ch~ ra OI,i)' hoi nuoc...

VI ~ang che' c6 lh~ ap dung dl(e!c. nen c6 y nghia
Ihl(llng 111,11.dlf.}c dip bring 'ring ehe' tI(k quy~n (patent). C(l
Ih(: mun h;i n patent ho\ic ky ke'l cac h<.}[1(.I<\ng d'[I gifly phcp SI(

1(,


qll~ en ,t'r lnru "U:in:,: 1,1, So s:inh J1h:il hi~lI, 11hftl minh, s:ill~dd

I

k hn niHl!! ap

I ~:;:~f,I~~g
g~~~'
i I

r

I

niing K.116ng
Irlll: I L'I '
"lone

Kh!l-

updungvaosan

I

1

l II

tiep,

vu.it.
,Ii,i 'tlllg

, pl"ai

cac
phap

(ji:'1Il'j
tlnru-l-d\lIl~
.
ng I
1111,11

I

B,HI h6 phap R--I'
.

".

:10 hI

qua
.

g':"
"(Ill

I J\lng~ir--JI
rruc ucp
CIl

(rtr,

I'
~ I',
'(']1, rna p tar
.
h'
qll~s..1Ih! \." ....

ilia

KI'l(lJlg ~
,

.

.

phni~ qua
111m nghl<;1Il
h"(11:

-

j

...

I

MlI:lhrilll'''ll:n]

. .

I'

tac P lam

-,-, -,
vrct

\'1:

va IIccnce
1 RaIl h'l "U\'~n
.:

I" mill],M'
cbnc,'
cae pIt"
Hli 11,11 \ " pIal
, Illrll
.
.
I
I"
.
nuh
...
p
I
l h..·n C\lC (. ;hl lIlil \ c 4U~en

..
tal: gla chu ~honghan hOI
han Ih511 1::1,' plliil hi¢n \ il
-I.-r!1:l1 111inh,
'"I

I

"

I
1

1,'\11 1,\li ellllg
Ilell

'II

I'

j_

CO

-

I'

l'i01.'.\()l1f Ih<:01
SIr lI"11 h\1cung

I

lIi.!h~

17


1.2.N(;HIEN

crru KHOA HOC

1.2.I.Kh~li ni¢m nghien
"'ghien

CITU

khoa hoc

Call khoa hoc Ihll,jlll,' lIlld,'

hieu lit l1)!hi'::n cuu

I1hilng v;i'n \1~ cihl khou hoc nhu: khoa hi.''' Illnhii:n.

khoa hue

X:'I h(li, khou hl,l(.: k5' Ihu@l.

Nt;11 khuc. ll);!hicll ,((u khoa itu,' ~i'n .111,.,,·Ilic'u Iii nghi('11 dIu

m,'1 \':1"11 tI~ 11:(1)til; 11101,';kh khoa hoc. nghi;1 I;) khi>ng Illy

li~n, chu quun. phien dien ....
V~y nghien cuu khoa hoc lit qUii Irinh lim kiC:m,"em
X~I. di~u Ira (co khi dn ca dtn Ihi nghi~m) di Itt nhung dii
ki~n

du

l'O (kic'n thl?C, Illi Ii~u, phal minh ..,) (1,.11 de'n mQI ke'l

(Iuii m(ji hon, cao hon, gh1 tr] hrrn.
(II

.l'Ighicn

cuu trong kinh doanh:

Lii lim ki~l11lhllng tin tit'- giai qU:~1 cue

dll d('lr(lllg

1.2.2.l'h9n loai nghicn cuu khoa h(lt
a,Phil n 1(1)i I heo cfurc IIA Ilg nghie n CI?U

Nghll:11dIu gi:'ti thrch:
-"'ghien

cuu £iai phup:

quan I:.


I\ghil:n
@ r ghi(\ n

n~u
.Ill h;il),

n7u mc'

1:1 :

1."1nghi':n ciru nham d,ra ra m\ll h';' Ihimg tri tlnrc "~ nhan

d:,lIlg 'V

"It,

!!IUP chung til phan hl~t dlf\R' ,\r khuc nhau

"e han

clKIt gilta ~lr ,~t mi) ,'iri ~\r' ~\ khac.
I\,)i dlllll:! I1ghi':n cuu mil ta han );(\01: m,' la hinh th(d, d(>ng thai.
tlr"ll~ Ilk Mi, Ili dinh tinh ttil' I" ctl<: d~lctl'll'll);

I'~ V~Ichftt

cua ~\I

\ i~..:. ~I(·) I~I.hnh hl·~.rl)gnhtlnl ...lu r,') c.ic d~)(.II'ullJ.! \~ Ilrl.',ng. cuu

W I,it
it

"glrien

CI?II

I!iiii thich:

I.a nghicn
thanh

iii

cuu nhnm lam

1'.-' nJ:!u)':1I IIh.in <"in d~-II 'V hinh

'1"~III.it chi ,,11<;i'Ilia mnl) \ an dnng cu.i "I

',it

N,)i dung nghl,'n ciru giai tlnch """ g.-'m: gl:1I rluch nglhin gAl',
di"'g

llrai, d" true, urong Iac , h,iu 'Ilia, t(1I~ 11I.)1~lllIng chi pht.i

qll~1 trinh 1'011d6ng cua s\r 1'(11,
@,Nghil!n ('((lIghli (lh'\(I:
I i1nghl'::n cuu nh1\111lam

1':1

111\')\'\I 1':)1 111(", chua tirllg lim I~i

@Nghi{-n et'(u dll 11,10:
La nghi':n cuu nhrun nh~11 dang Ir,lIIg Ih:1i nO:I '\1' "il l!'On!! IlInng

1.11

19


h.Phlln

Chung

10:;litheo cac giai dn~1I1nghien
Iii phan
I

CI?1I

chin thanh:

gillen ct'ru 1.'<1
han

-Nghien CUll (tng dung,
·Nghicl1 can Iri€n khai.
(Il).N~hil)l1l·17uccf h,.n
I... nhfl'llg nghl':n cuu nl1;l111
ph.u hicn litU(>Cunh, cau true.

dc)ng lh~li cue
git'ra de sv

~\I ,·,it.

"~l.

unrng lac IJ'(ln[!n(ii h() 'Ir ',iI' il 111(\ilien he

San pham nghi':n dIU

CIY

ban c() Ih':: 1;\cac kham

phil. phlil hi~n, phat minh, dan d~n hinh thanh m(il h'; 11l(3ngIS

111Il~~1cci gia tr] I&ng quat.
@.

~hicn CUll un~ dung

til ~\r v,il1dung quy Ill~t diroc phat hi~l1lir nghidn cuu coban

gifti thlch m(,1 sv "~l. 1~IOI'a nhirng nguyen

phap

V<'l

1'(1

mCYivc cac gifu

np dung chung vao sun xll,il vii doi ~c\llg.

Gied pll1ir co Ih~ Iii m(H giai phap

clurc

Iy

de

I'~ cttng

l1gh~.\'~ v~l li~ll. ,.~ 16

quail I)' ...

@.Nghicn cUlilril!n khaitcon gQi IL:i SIr v~n d\111gcac I~'Ihu~ ~I de dira ra cac hinh mall \ c'Yitharn
kha thi \'~ kS' thuat.

,,6


B:inl! 1.2.QUIlII h~ ~ifra de loai nghiclI dtu
'1ghicn ciru
Ihu5n
lu5

CIT"all

Nghien
1

;-.lghicll

ciru ncn

elm co

lang

ban
Nghien ciru
C(I

han dinh
lnrong

/

Nghicn
~

cuu
chllycn

d~
I\ghicn
cuu irng

dung

T,IO ding
ngh de ch~
tao prototype

San XlIĐ1loai
Tri~11

khai

nhotheo
prototype

Lam ra
, \·~t
mau

Ngll(\n liii li~lI soC}.

tprotorvpcl
21


c.l'hiiI110,li

then Ii'lng Ih((e: Chung

101 ('Ii

@.Tic'u lu(ln h()~c bao cao thlft t.~p: gfu nh:in va d~nh gia kCl

qu:i di Illllo: te nia vinh vicn. Tieu lu~n dll(.1 chuyen ,:iu t>~ng
huin \':In vl con thicu phan ccl M) Iy lu~n,
@.LII~n viln t6t nghi~p:

d~J1hcho xiuh vren chu5'n hi ra

tn(,'ng, F)iiy Iii 11101nghicn dru kGI IWp Iy IhuY(:1vdi Ih~rc 16 tai
,1<111 vi tlujc I~p,

@.Oll un lli'l nghi~p: dung cho ngilnh kS' Ihll:)I, tiling cdc mi\
hinh, III', hou. h';ng hop kien Ihlll: "';In khl;" hoc nhtr Iii rhauh
qua dt' 101nghiep ra tnnmg.
@.Lu(ln an: Iii mQI loai nghien

tlrU

khua hoc, dll m{>t nglfili

mil chi 111(;1nglfili m;1 Ihf,i thuc huin, til" "h:;o v\''' n,ng khai.
nhhm muc dich 11:)1dlf,,1c lu...
XCI11

VI

Ih:,ICsi. liell ,i, Lu(tn {In (ILrl,l,

II) hlnh Ihac nghi(\n cuu tun nhli'l IrOllg I,:(tt h{)e hoc vi.

@.Nh!)n xot khoa hoc: Iii loai nghiC:n cuu khoa

I1I,IC

nhlll11

diinh gi(l mOl ding trlnh nghien ciru nao <11'1:
.:lell. l1ii i bao, IU3n
.in, lic'u luan. lu~n van ....Nglfoi t1:inh gia vicl ra nhung nh~n

xcI, neu ri, nhung 1111
di€m va khu)'cl d":I1I.
@.Blli hao khoa hoc: Iii mQI "uic philll khoa hoc thu nh!) ".

T:il: gi:1 rrlnh

111I)lt1~ la i kit"" hoc nill'

till

111(.1ddl

(;1)

h\,


Ihi:ng.

B;1I hd" khoa hoc, ncu phat Iri<3n Icn.

l"()

Ihe In~f Ihiillh

m(ll nic phim khoa hoc.

@.nao cao khoa hoc: tharn lu~n trinh llilY b~ng I(li m!)1c6ng
trlnh nghren cau khna hoc.
@.S~ich l(i[lo khoa: Iii mt>! 1\)'.lidll1g trlnh khou hoc. trlnh hay
111,:'1 I'iln d~
giiill~

(1i.1)'

,',i lien quan

den 11101 linh vue khoa hoc n;", d,; d€

cho hoc sinh, sinh \ien.

N(,i (hlllg nia ,;\(;11 gi;ip

khou ':" lil.:' dn 1111)1Ilh;'1 khou h"e ha)

111('1 1('11Ih': I:,le 11M

khoa h,,>, rlurc 11I~n.

1.2.3.Ycu cfiu nghien cuu khoa hoc
Cci 3 ) ell dlll:!1 b;inl'lia nghien cuu kho •• Ill,>,
-Xtic dinh n'i rnuc lieu nghifn dIu.
-Xtlc dinh cac tlil' li~u c5n thu Lh~p(lli,\i dung nghien ciru)
-Lua .:111.'11phmmg phap nghieu cuu,

1_3.Plllf0NG

PHI-\P NGR1EN C(JU KHOA H()C

Plllldng pluip vit ni;i dung la hai pillJ(lng

Jioi'll l'U;' 111(\1

qua trlnh nghlcn cuu. 'J,)i dung Iii nhltng kicn tlnrc. Ihi\ng lin
1n,ll1g

Him hay "hli

de chinh

cua cling viec nghicn ciru dn trinh

Ilil}. Phllling ph.ip Iii c;kh Iht1,· glai 4l1YCll'hli d~ IfI!ng lam d6.

"

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