Lễ hội truyền thống - bức tranh về đời sống tín ngưỡng của các dân tộc thiểu số ở Tây Nguyên

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd2 - 2010. LE. 41. HOI TRUYEN THONG. - BIfC TRANH VE. DCfl SONG TIN NGI70NG CUA GAG DAN TQG THIEU SO 6 TAY NGUYEN TRUNG THI THII THUY'*'. T. ay N g u y e n du'dc bie't de'n nhfl mdt. ddc dao, v.v... ma Tay Nguyen cdn difdc. t r o n g bdy vflng vdn hda cfla ca. bie't de'n nhfl la vflng d a t cfla le hgi vdi. nflde, tiep giap vdi mien nui Q u d n g N a m. nhflng phong tuc. tfn ngfldng m a n g d a m. vd phfa Bac: ddng b a n g Ddng N a m Bd vd. chat tfl n h i e n va n h a n van khie'n con. phfa N a m ; hai nufdc Lao va C a m p u e h i a vd. ngfldi khdng chi gdn gfli va hda ddng vdi. phfa Tay; ddng b a n g duyen. Nam. thien nhien md cdn hda ddng gifla con. T r u n g Bd vd phfa Ddng. Tdng dien tfch tfl. ngu'di vdi n h a u tao t h a n h mdt cdng ddng. n h i e n eua k h u vflc n a y khoiing 60.000. gdn kdt ben chac.. bai. km'', chiem 20% dien tfch cfla ca nu'dc, bao gdm n a m tfnh: Lam Ddng, Dak Ndng.. 1. L e h o i t r u y e n t h o n g - Sfl p h a n a n h ddfi s o n g t i n ngufdng s i n h d o n g. Dak Lak, Gia Lai va Kon T u m . Cho ddn nay. d Tay N g u y e n cd k h o a n g 50 tgc. Le hdi vdn k h a n h ddng nay sinh t r e n. ngfldi sinh sd'ng. vdi d a n s d ' t r e n 4,6 trieu. cd .sd nidm tin tfn ngfldng tdn giao, vi vay. ngfldi, t r o n g dd cac tgc ngfldi cfl t r u k u. le bdi cfla ngufdi Tay Nguyen k dip de hg. ddi chiem con so' 12, bao gdm: E De. Gia. bdc Id mgt each sd'ng ddng q u a n m e m vd. Rai, Chu Ru, Raglai, Ba Na, Xd Dang,. v a n viit hflu linh. Hay ndi each khac, mdi. M'ndng, Kd Ho, Gie-Trieng. Ma. Brau. Rd. le hgi ddu hfldng ddn viec d a m bdo cho. M a m : Hg ndi hai ngdn ngfl chfnh Mdn-. mdt sfl trfldng tdn cfla cdng ddng. Nhflng. Khdme (ngfl h e N a m A) va Ma Lai Da. le. Ddo (ngfl he N a m Dao). Tay N g u y e n k h d n g chi dfldc bfet ddn la vflng van hda vdi kho t a n g sfl thi phong phfl cflng h a n g t r d m tac p h a m dfldc trinh. hdi. truydn. thd'ng. cua. ngfldi. Tay. N g u y e n la sfl t h a m gia cu the cua nhflng h u y e n thoai. truydn t h u y d t lien q u a n va ddn Ifldt nd, h u y e n thoai k i k suf cu the hda cua mdt q u a n niem tfn ngfldng tdn. dien t r o n g s i n h b o a t cdng ddng nhfl ndn. giao. Vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen, h u y e n thoai. am n h a e cdng c h i e n g ma tidn t h a n cfla nd. va nghi id dfldc lflu gifl tfl ngay xfla, dfldc. k nhflng bd d a n da tidn sii; Bd luiat tuc. t r u y e n k i qua nhidu the' he, nhflng gi. bdng van vdn t r u y e n mieng chfla dflng. t h d n linh da k m tfl budi khdi n g u y e n . td. nhflng tri thflc d a n gian phong phfl; Dieu k h a c tfldng n h a md, m! t h u a t t r a n g trf. *. ThS.. Khoa Van hoa va Phat tricii. Hgc vien Chfnh tri-Hanh cliinh khu \urc III. Da Niing..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> Nghien curu Ton g i j o ^ r / j - 2010. 42 tien ndi tiep khdng thay ddi thi ngdy nay con ngfldi phdi lap lai dung nguyen nhfl vay, gid'ng nhfl ngfldi lfl hanh dam len bflde chan nhflng ngufdi da vach nen nhflng eon dfldng mdn khdng the phai md vd mdt van ddng lien tuc. Tren cd sd ndn tdng kinh te-xa hgi ciia cfl dan trdng trgt nfldng rdy, he thd'ng le hdi cfla cac tgc ngfldi cfl trfl lau ddi d Tay Nguyen dfldc binh thanh va phan chia thanh hai true chfnh chi phdi sd'phan ciia tflng ca nhan va cd cgng ddng. Dd k le hdi ndng nghiep va le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi. 1.1. Le hgi gdn nghiep. vdi sdn xudt. nong. Day dfldc xem k mang quan trgng ciia le hdi Tay Nguyen. Trong quan niem cua ngfldi dan, cae le thflc tfl khi chgn da't, phat rflng, dd't ray, tria hat, chdm sdc va thu hoach la nhflng md'c quan trgng cfla ca chu trinh canh tac trdng lfla; Cac le thflc sfla lai Id ren trufdc mdi mfla canh tac, cflng ben nflde, cung rfla tdi ldi, cau mfla, sfla lai dfldng len ray, dn lfla gidng cdn lai sau khi tria. mflng nam mdi, v.v... la sfl hoan chinh cho he thd'ng 16 hdi ndng nghiep truydn thd'ng. Thieu cac nghi le nay thi toan bd hoat ddng canh tac ndng nghiep ddu bi ngflng tre. Dflng nghi cac nghi thflc nay la cai ndm ngoai quy tririh canh tac ma nd thflc suf tham gia vdo cac boat ddng ben trong. thiim chf la cai chfnh yeu ciia qua trinh canh tac ay. Dd la chudi cac le thflc chuyen tidp. hoan chinh mdt chu trinh canh tde nfldng ray. Cd dufdc quan niem mdi chfnh trfldng eiia. sfl nhii't quan dd k do trong dan gian, hdn lfla, than Lua k cai quyet dinh suf sinh cay lua, mdi chfnh k sfl quyet. dinh cho sfl phong ddng cua cay trdng, thidu cai dd thi ngay ban than hoat dgng lao dgng san xua't ciia con ngfldi cung trd nen vd nghia. Do vay, md dau vu gieo trdng va sau khi phat dot, ngfldi ta lam nghi le rflde hdn lua tfl kho ra nfldng ray, gifl chan hdn lua sud't qua trinh chdm soc tai cac rdy thieng; kdt thflc vu thu hoach, ngfldi ta chang day rflde hdn lua trd ve kho lua. v.v... Trong tam thflc ciia cac cfl dan ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen, hdn lua, thdn Lua hien len vdi hinh dang ciia mgt vi nui thdn. Ngfldi Ba Na cd nhflng cau chuyen ke ve mdi tinh eua than Lfla vdi than Sam Set; ngfldi Xd Ddng xem than lua hien t h a n dfldi hinh dang ciia con cdc xfl xi hay mdt ba gia xa'u xf; ngfldi M'ndng gdn thdn Lfla vdi hinh dnh cua ngfldi phu nfl trong gia dinh, ngfldi dfldc chgn de bat dau cho le thflc gieo tria ray thieng, v.v... Vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen, lua la phu nfl, lfla k sfl sd'ng nen chi cd dan ba mdi biet each cham lo cho nd tfl tren nfldng cho den trong bep nfle na'u nfldng. Tuy nhien, cung d cdc tde ngfldi nay, hdn lua. thdn Lfla trong cac boat ddng nghi le, nhdt la le thflc tra hat va le thflc thu hoach lai dfldc hien thflc hoa trong t h a n xdc me lua, thfldng la ngfldi phu nfl trong gia dinh, n h a n vat chfnh cua cac Id thflc. Hg la ngfldi ddu tien ra rdy gieo nhflng h a t lfla dau tien tai rdy thieng; la ngfldi ddu tien ngdt nhflng bdng lfla chi'n tfl rdy thieng ve dd lam thfl Ifldng thflc dang cung than Lua. Sti gdn bd thdn bf gifla tfnh phi nhieu ciia ddt va sfle m a n h sang tao eua ngfldi phu nfl la mgt trong nhflng trfle cam ed ban cfla didu cd the ggi la y thflc ndng nghiep..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> Trung Thi Thu Thuy. LS hdi truyen thdng.. 43. Rd r a n g , chu t r i n h canh tac nfldng ray. thai; tieng hea (...) k mdt trong nhflng. ciia cac tgc ngfldi Tay Nguyen, ma cac. hinh thflc cfla linh bdn. trong t r f l d n g h g p. chu t r i n h ndy lai dfldc quydt dinh bdi mdi. nay k mdt con chim"'". Ngu'di M i i d n g cho. trfldng tfl n h i e n va khf h a u n h i e t ddi gid. rdng:. mfla vdi h a i mfla mfla n a n g rd ret, tao. (heeng), mdi hdn cd nhidu d a n g va cd the. nen n h i p sinh hgc va h a n g loat cae sinh. ndi la cd each cfl xfl rieng; hdn t h a c h a n h. boat v a n hda tfn ngfldng, m a n g tfnh chu. t r u d ngay s a u t r a n , hdn nhiet t h o a t r a. ki. Tfnh c h u ki cfla cae boat ddng le thfle. khdi ddu khi ngu, hdn t r a u dfldc cac t h d n. nay ngdy n a y qua ngay k h a c dfldc h d n. (yang) nudi dfldng t r e n trdi"'-'. Ngfldi Xd. sau va cd d i n h t r o n g nep sd'ng cfl dan.. D a n g b i n h d u n g trong mdi con ngfldi binh. Chfnh didu ndy cflng gidi thfch vi sao khi. thfldng bao gid cung tdn tai sau linh hdn.. nhflng didu kien k i n h td t h a y ddi, chuyen. tdn ggi mdi linh hdn thdng thfldng dfldc. tfl c a n h tac nfldng r a y s a n g trdng trgt cac. ggi trflng vdi so' thfl tfl cfla linh hdn ay, vf. loai cay cdng n g h i e p nhfl ca phe, cao su,. du: linh hdn thfl n h a t dfldc xem k. bdi ldi, tieu, didu, v.v... thi cac b o a t ddng. hdn chu, k. le hdi g a n vdi t r d n g trgt nfldng ray cflng. thd, cua nhip tim, ciia sfl sd'ng; linh hdn. thay ddi theo, tao n e n nhflng. "Mdi. con. ngufdi. cd. nhidu. hdn. linh. linh hdn cua mau, cfla hdi. khoang. thfl h a i k linh hdn cfla sfl hda hieu trong. trd'ng t r o n g nghi le va phong tuc cua cac. gia dinh: linh hdn thfl ba la linh hdn cfla. tgc ngfldi ndi day.. sfl c h a m chi k o ddng. kheo leo, tai ba;. 1.2. Le hoi gan. vdi vdng ddi. ngitdi. Day c u n g k h e t h d n g le hdi ddng vai trd q u a n t r g n g k h d n g kem trong ddi sdng t a m linh cua tgc ngfldi Tay Nguyen. Cac le bdi vdng ddi ngfldi h i n h t h a n h tren cac ndn t a n g q u a n niem va (luan he xa hdi khac n h a u . Trflde hdt, nghi le vdng ddi. linh hdn thfl tfl k linh hdn cfla sfl hieu khach; linh hdn thfl n a m k linh hdn cua sfl t h a t tha, ngay t h a n g ; linh hdn thfl sau k linh hdn dam bao con ngfldi trflde t h a n linh r d n g con ngfldi se hi trflng tri ndu vi p h a m quy c h u a n truydn thd'ng, v.v... l.,inh hdn gan vdi the xac, do vay con. hinh t h a n h tfl q u a n n i e m vd linh hdn. ngfldi khi eii't tieng khde chao ddi da phdi. ngfldi. Tfly theo tflng tgc ngfldi ma (juan. thflc hien le k h a i tam, le thdi tai. Ldn hdn. niem ve linh hdn cd sfl k h a c n h a u , sd'. nfla phdi k m le trfldng t h a n h , 16 cfldi.. Ifldng linh h d n t r o n g tflng con ngfldi cung. Khi dau d'm, b e n h t a t tfle k lflc hdn di. k h a c n h a u . Dd k. lang t h a n g h a y hi cac t h d n ac bdt m a t. cai gd'c cua sfl h i n h. t h a n h , tdn tai t r o n g ddi sd'ng cua mdi con. phdi lam 16 ggi hdn, le an t r a u cdu sfle. ngfldi. Ngfldi Ba N a q u a n niem con ngifdi. khde. Va cudi eung k cuidc chia lia td't ydu. cd ba hdn vdi mdt hdn chfnh n a m d dfnh. xdy r a gifla l m h hdn va the xac bdng. ddu, h a i hdn p h u n d m d t r a n va trong cd. nhflng Id thflc t a n g ma. Id bd ma.. the. Ngfldi E De. cho rdng: "Cd ba h n h. So vdi 16 hgi ndng nghiep, 16 hdi vdng. hdn k h a c n h a u t r o n g mdt ca the: m'gat. ddi ngfldi g a n bd m a t thie't vdi mdi trfldng. sinh ra cac giac md va dfldc cdu k h a n sau khi che't; m ' n g a b la hdi thd cua suf sd'ng, nd di lang t h a n g s a u khi con ngu'di che't, trflde khi tim dfldc t h e xac khac de ddu. 1. Dam Bo. Mien ddt huyen do. Nxb. I loi nha \'an. Hii Ngi. 2003. 2. G. Condominas. Chimg toi an rimg dd than Gd. Nxb. The gioi. Ha Ngi. 2003..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> Nghien ctru Ton giao. Sd2 -20W. 44 xa hdi. Dd la vice t h d n g qua cac nghi 16 vd. k h d n g theo k i e u p h i n h a n tfnh nhfl con. phong tuc. mdi ca n h a n xac k p mdi q u a n. ngfldi h i e n dai cfl xfl vdi cai tfl nhien vo. he vdi cdng ddng. cdng ddng hda ca n h a n. tri giac. H a y ndi each khde, dd la cung. khidn cho t r o n g xa hgi cd tru.\'6n con. each m a con ngfldi cfl xfl vdi mgi vat vdi. ngufdi va cdng ddng gan ket vdi n h a u lam. tif each la cai b e n t r o n g , cai cflng chu the. mgt, khien cho ca t h e r a t kbd t n i thiinh. chfl k h d n g phdi la cai k h a c h t h e theo kieu. ca nhiin cd ca tfnh nhif t r o n g xa hoi bien. tfl duy chu t h e - k h a c h t h e t r o n g tfl duy. dai. T h d n g (pia cac 16 hgi vdng ddi, cgng. hien dai ve mdi q u a n h e gifla con ngfldi. ddng Ihfl'a nhiin suf hien dien va tiing na'c. v d i tif n h i d n .. •/-•. i ••. trifdng t h a n h cfla mdi t h a n h vien t r o n g. Trong cai tfldng tac m a n g tfnh "ben. cgng ddng. Do vay, xet tfl phifdng dien. trong" a'y, con ngfldi trong each thflc cfl xfl. nao dd, t u y cac 16 thflc vdng ddi ngifdi chi. vdl mgi vat, du hflu h i n h (tfl nhien) hay vo. n h a m vao tflng ca n h a n cu the, chi k h u d n. binh (than linh), ddu t h d n g qua kenh diem. trong p h a m vi gia d i n h nhifng nd bao. bao, ddu tin vao ,sfl m a e h bdo cua linh hdn.. chfla tfnh cgng ddng s a u sdc.. Diem bao trong nhflng giae md, vdi ngufdi mgi. Tay Nguy6n, la mgt t h d n g diep a n va ngfldi. q u a n he xa hgi. mgi 16 hdi gan vdi chu. ta cd cd mdt h e thd'ng cac chia khda de giai. t r i n h c a n h tac nfldng ray. vdi vdng ddi. ma y nghia cfla nd. Va chf lflc nay, quydn. ngifdi va s m h hoiat v a n hda deu dfldc hinh. ndng cfla cac p d k u (thdy cung) mdi dfldc. t h a n h , tdn tiai t r o n g cai k h u n g xii hgi. the Inen rd net. Chi cd hg mdi du kbd nang. budn lang, ndi nhfl G. (Condominas, dd la. dc gidl dap nhflng chdm bao thdng qua cac. mgt diang "khdng gian xa hdi".. Trong. giiac md. Nidm tin vao cac phfl thfly, vdi. k h d n g gian xa hgi nay tif b a n t h a n mdi. ngfldi Tay Nguyen ed thd xem k bdn dai. h a n h vi cfla ca n h a n dien r a trong budn. nha't va m a n h me nha't'*.. Vdl cac tgc ngu'di Tay Nguyen,. k n g . vd phufdng dien t a m linh h a y luiat tuc. ddu lien q u a n trfle tid']) de'n budn k n g . chiu suf che chd h a y trflng p h a t cuia. 2. N h u ' n g b i e n. doi. trong. 16 hoi. truyen t h o n g Tay N g u y e n. t h a n linh. H a n h dgng t r o n g cac 16 thflc. Cd mdt thflc tc' la xa hgi va v a n hda. thfldng gaj) k lii'y m a u cfla con vat hi6n. T a y N g u y e n , t r o n g n h f l n g giai doian lich. sinh bdi len ngfldi. Ion mgi v a t trong lang n h d m xda di sif rui ro. tdi ldi ma ke nao dd t r o n g l a n g da p h a m phai hoiac t r u e tie'p xflc p h a m tdi thiin l m h .. •. ' •'''. Gdp p h d n k h d n g nhd tao nen sac dien t r o n g be t h d n g 16 hdi ndng nghiep va 16 hgi vdng ddi ngu'di k kidu tfl duy "hien thufc h u y e n do" (chu' d u n g ciia GS. Ngd Dfle T h i n h ) . T r o n g q u a n m e m cua ngfldi Tay N g u y e n , mgi vat ddu cd lmh hdn, didu nay khidn cho con ngu'di cfl xfl vdi moi Viit theo b e quy chi6'u n h a n tfnh chfl. 3. Nguoi Tay Nguyen co cii mgt he ihong cliia klitia dc' giiii ma nhCrng giac mo. vf dii: - Mo thay song niroc: dirge mua - Mo thiVy minh giau: minh ngheo - Mo thay ca_\' da co nhieu canh: ngiroi den mua ilia dong nhu chim tren cay da - Mo thay cau dtrgc ca tre. ca trau: di buon dirge lifi to - Mo thay bat du'Oc klii: thang giac va biit dtrgc nhieu tii binh - Mo tliay nguoi lang khac bit dugc khi: bi thua tran \'a hi biit - Mo thay chay cay cd: trong lang co dich - Mo thay m'inli rung mgt rang: mgt ngiroi than Slip chei . v.v....

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> 45. Trung ITii lliu ITiuy. Le h()i truyen thi'mg... sfl, cd nhflng t h a y ddi r a t to ldn va cang. s i n h k h d n g cdn chd dflng t r o n g cac k n g. ngay, td'c do t h a y ddi dd didn ra cdng. k con chien cua Chfla. trfl phi cd sfl hd. n h a n h chdng. Cd nhflng bid'n ddi chflng ta. trd cua Sd Vdn hda. The t h a o va Du lich. cd t h e n h a n. cac t i n h t r o n g viec p h u c dflng lai nghi le. tha'y dfldc trflde mdt, cd. nhflng bie'n ddi didn ra a m t h d m . d be. an. trau. c u n g nhfl. nhflng. nghi. 16 cd. m a t chim cfla cd tdng van bda-xa hdi. t r u y e n k h a c . T r o n g nhflng ddt dien da. truyen. me. vao cdc n a m 2004, 2005 va 2008, gia. khdng k e m . Con do van hda tflng tgc. l a n g d cac k n g ngfldi Ba Na ven thi xa. ngfldi tu'dng chflng vflng chdc nay trd nen. Kon T u m cho c h u n g tdi bidt, chi khi nao. mong m a n h , r a t cd nguy cd t a n vd.. Sd Van hda. Thd t h a o va Du lich dai thg. thd'ng. nhflng. cung. manh. Ddi vdi 16 hdi ndng nghiep. khi cay ca phe, cao su, bdi ldi, v.v... thay the cho nhflng rdy lua truyen thd'ng; khi dicn tfch lua nflde t a n g ddn len; khi con ngfldi bie't dflng t r a u cung p h a n bdn cho n h u n g m a n h rudng cua minh, v.v... thi tfnh chfnh the cfla nd da hi pha vd d nhieu khau. Trong dieu kien dinh c a n h dinh cfl nhfl hien nay cflng chinh sach giao d a t giao rflng cho cac hd ndng dan ((udn If, cac Id thflc chgn da't l a m ray, phat rflng, dd't riing l a m ray. v.v... khdng cdn difdc thufc hien phd bidn. H a n buu cflng cd nhflng trifdng hdp dfldc tidn h a n h nhflng chf d vflng s a u v u n g xa nhfl Tu Md Rdng. k i n h phf thi l a n g mdi cd didu kien lam 16 an t r a u mflng n a m mdi hoac le k h a n h thanh. nha. Rdng.. nhflng. dd cflng. k. nhflng dip hidm hoi. N h i e u k n g da ba bd'n n a m n a y k h d n g cdn td chflc 16 dn t r a u nfla.. • •• "i'-- - •' '••• '''!' i. Tfl nhflng van dd trong viec thay ddi vd n h a n thflc, mdi trfldng xa hdi, chuydn ddi cd cau kinh te-xa hgi, v.v... cfla ngfldi ban dia khidn cho he thd'ng 16 hgi lien quan tdi cay trdng bi suy gndm, cd ndi cd lflc bi mai mdt hoan toan ma he qud keo theo la tiao nen sti hut b a n g vd ddi sd'ng tam hnh, tao nen khoang trd'ng de nhieu thfl t a m h n h khac thiim nhap va khda lap.. hoae D a k Glei (Kon T u m ) , Ea H'leo (Dak. He thdng 16 hdi vdng ddi k h d n g m a t di. Lak), v.v... Nhflng Id thflc sfla lai Id ren. nhfl he thd'ng 16 hdi ndng nghiep t r u y e n. trflde mdi mfla t r d n g tria: cung t h d n Lfla. thd'ng m a thufdng la, mdt m a t , cac le hdi. trflde khi dd't rdy cdu cho mfla ray td't. dd hi mai mdt di, c h a n g b a n nhidu nghi 16. tfldi; cung t h d n Sii'm, t h d n Nflde cdu mfla. thi6n t a n g h a y t a n g ma eiia cai chet xa'u. trong nhflng ldn b a n b a n ; cflng t h d n n h a. da trd t h d n h qua khfl; 16 bd md ctia n h d m. Rdng. t h d n ben nifdc khi trong k n g cd. Gia Rai M t h u r sd'ng tai cac budn Chai,. nhflng ke q u a n he ba't chfnh, v.v... chi cdn. Tring, Bdu, Bdng thudc vflng Cheo Reo. k. da t h a y thd cho tuc bda thieu: 16 chuy6n. bdng md trong kf fle cua ngifdi gia.. Nhflng le thflc n b u (4ign me Lfla. 16 bdi. kng. m a u cho lua. Id ddng cifa kho lfla, 16 dfla. c h a n g th6 xdy r a vdi nhflng lang da dinh. lfla 16n ehdi, 16 cflng lfla d a n g thi, 16 an. cuf, v.v... M a t k h a c , lai dfldc bd s u n g cac. lfla gid'ng, id lam dfldng, 16 m a n g nflde..... nghi 16 mdi do giao lflu, ti6p xflc tfl cac. da trd t h a n h q u a khfl; 16 dn t r a u mflng. tgc ngfldi k h a c , dac biet la tfl. dfldc mfla cdu ki va d a m miiu sac hi6n. K m h , the hien rd d cac 16 cfldi xin, t a n g. kbi trong k n g cd ngufdi chd't du. ngfldi.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span> 46 ma. Ddn cii vf du, trflde day ngfldi Tay Nguyen khdng lap ban thd tai gia dinh de sung kfnh linh hdn ngfldi chd't ma hg cd canh rflng thieng, ndi ay k diem gap gd gifla hdn ngfldi sdng va linh hdn ngfldi chet. Bdi trong quan niem ciia ngfldi dan, eai che't va sfl sdng k sfl tach biet. Ngfldi sd'ng khdng ed quydn xam pham den thd' gidi cua ngfldi che't va cflng tfldng tfl nhfl the', ngfldi che't khdng cdn dfldc eai quyen thfldng xuy6n cfl ngu d k n g ngfldi sd'ng. Viec ngfldi Tay Nguydn hi6n sinh cho cac Iinh hdn ngfldi che't ndy sinh khdng chf ddn thudn tfl long thfldng tie'c ngfldi qua cd' ma cdn xua't phat tfl mdt sfl sd hai trflde mdt the' lflc sieu nhidn vd'n ndm ngoai cdm quan cfla con ngfldi nhflng lai cd vai trd to ldn trong cuge sd'ng ciia hg. Trong mdi giao hm vdn hda vdi ngfldi Kmh, ngfldi Tay Nguyen da bat ddu thd td tidn dng ba ben canh cac 16 hien sinh thfldng nien. Hg lap ban thd dng ba ngay trong ngdi nha ciia minh. Dd k ldp van hda mdi da de dang bam re trong ddi sdng tam linh cua ngfldi ban dia. Dac biet cdn lflu y la sfl giao lflu, tie'p xflc nay lai khdng dufa trdn sfl ngang bang ve trinh do, sfl tfl nhan thflc ve gia trj bdn sac van hda ma mang nang tinh tie'p thu thu ddng. Trong qua trinh van dgng ciia lich sfl, nhieu id hdi ciia ngfldi Tay Nguyen da hi mai mdt ddn, chf cdn k qua khfl hoae trong kf fle ciia ngfldi gia. Tuy vay, cd nhflng nghi Ie van duy tri dfldc ddi sd'ng cua nd nhfl li cung nflde gigt, 16 mflng nam mdi, le an lfla mdi, v.v... trong he thd'ng nghi le ndng nghiep; 16 khai tam, 16 cflng sfle khde, le cfldi, 16 tang, v.v... trong he thd'ng le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi. Nhflng id hdi edn dfldc bao lflu thi tfl ban. Nghien cuu Ton giao. Sd 2-2010 than nd cung da ed nhflng thay ddi vo cflng phong phfl, dfldc bieu hien d mat sau; - StX thay dd'i ve khung thdi gian cua le hgi Hdu he't ta't ca nhflng le hgi ndng nghiep hoac 16 hgi vdng ddi ngfldi cdn tdn tai trong ddi sd'ng cgng ddng cfl dan Tay Nguydn deu cd nhflng thay ddi nha't dinh ve thdi gian. Trflde he't, d thdi diem td chflc cua 16 hdi. Ddn cuf nhfl le khai tam cua ngfldi Xd Dang, ne'u nhfl trflde day nd phdi dfldc td chflc vao ngay thfl ba khi dfla tre sinh ra thi bay gid, thdi gian dd khdng nha't thie't nfla. Ne'u san phu qua yeu hoac sinh nd d benh 'vien, ngfldi ta se td chflc sau dd cung vdi le eflng udng mflng rung rdn. Khung thdi gian ciia 16 hdi cung da thay ddi theo hfldng gian tien. Le an trau ki mflng sfle khde ciia ngfldi Ba Na theo quy dinh phai dfldc td chflc bay ngay va khach phai d lai k n g trgn bdy ngay nhflng bay gid thi khdng can nfla. Hg cd the ra ve sau khi an mdt mieng thit trau va ud'ng mgt kang rfldu cdn. Le bd ma eua ngfldi Gia Rai cung vay, thay vi phai td chflc bay ngay nhfl trflde day thi bay gid ehi keo dai trong khoang ba ngay. Trong Id cflng mflng nam mdi, de do de'm thdi gian tie'n hanh cac Id, nhflng vi tinh tu, vi trf cua Mat Trdi, Mat Trang khdng edn tac dung, gia chu trdng cay vao quyen lich va chiec ddng hd deo tay. Thdi gian vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen dfldc dong dem khuc chiet. - Ldi cung cung Id mgt trong ye'u tdthay ddi khd dam net. nhdng. O cac k n g theo Cdng giao, ldi khan giau hinh tfldng, phdn anh ldi tfl duy eu the, cam tfnh dfldc thay the bdng nhflng ldi cau nguyen dfldc trfch ddn tfl Kinh.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span> 47. Trung Thi Thu Thiiy. Li hdi truyen tluing. Thanh trong ta't ca eae 16 hdi. Qua phdng van nhflng ngfldi gia eua 5 k n g thudc xa Dak Rd Wa, thi xa Kon Tum vao thang 7/2005, chung tdi dfldc bidt rang, nhflng 16 hgi cfla k n g thfldng dfldc bdt ddu bang nhflng ldi cdu kinh cua giao phu, cau bien cflng cae con chi6n, rdi gia k n g ndi trd'ng bao hieu budi 16 chfl khdng he cd nhflng 16 thflc cung thdn cung cac ldi khan xfla. Ngay ca cac k n g ma tfn ngfldng cd truyen dan dat tam linh con ngfldi thi ldi cflng cd trong cac 16 hgi da khdng cdn nhieu. Ngfldi ta k p lai cac cau cdn nhd nhflng ddi khi k vd thflc. Ldi cung hien gid trd nen gidn tien va ngdn ggn. N6'u ldi cflng trong cac 16 hdi dn trau xfla thfldng dai va hay, ngan nga nhfl hat, ggi ta't cd thdn linh va danh thflc linh hdn mudn vat thi bay gid ngfldi ta qudn nhidu, cbi cdn nhd mgt vai doan va cung khdng hay nfla. Trong tam thflc cua ngufdi Tay Nguyen xfla, nhflng an fle ve lfla gao, vd sfl binh yen trong cudc sd'ng, vd sfl no dfl trfldng tdn cua cdng ddng, v.v... tha'm dam trong nhflng ldi khan. Ngfldi ta cdu xin, mac ca, tham chf ra didu kien vdi than linh vd nhflng nhu edu gian di cfla cudc sd'ng, thi hien tai, trong bat cfl le hgi nao, ldi cflng eung deu gan vdi tfnh thflc dung, ngfldi ta cdu xin xe may, may keo. cat set, ti vi, nha cfla, v.v... - Sii thay ddi ve le vdt Mdt quy tde cfla hidn sinh k viec con ngufdi dang 16n th6' lflc sieu nhien nhflng thfl ma vdi hg k gia tri hdn cd. Vi vay. khi he gia tri ft nhieu thay ddi lap tfle nd di vao cac 16 hdi. Khdng chi dang cho thdn linh thfl rifdu ghe ma thdn ydu thfch, ngfldi dan cdn dang cho cd thfl rfldu trdng (rfldu d6) mua d cac quan eiia ngfldi Kinh. Trong 16 bd ma, nhflng 16 vat. dang cho ngfldi qua cd hien gid cflng khdng phdi k chieng, che, khd, vay, v.v... ma phd bien hdn k dd Tay, tidn mat cflng vdi con vat hidn sinh. Tinh trang "chdy mau cdng chieng" khie'n cho nhflng bd chidng quy cfla ngfldi E De, Gia Rai, M'ndng, Ba Na, v.v... thfla vang ddn trong ddi sd'ng 16 hgi, ddi sdng tam linh cfla chfnh hg. ao qudn, tidn mat, v.v... thi ludn san dd. Cd the ra chd mua hay ddi nhflng vat pham ngang gia hoac ban di bat ki thfl gi dang gia trong gia dinh. - Sii thay ddi ve thde dn Trong 16 hgi cua ngfldi Tay Nguyen, bfla an bao gid cung mang tfnh cdng cdm ldn nha't, ndi dd thd hien sfl phong phfl trong eac mdn dn, the hien sfl kheo leo khi pha cb6 bay ndu nfldng. Hay ndi each khac, bfla an trong 16 bdi k suf kdt tinh "nghe thuat dm thflc" cfla ngfldi dan. Cbi trong mdt 16 bd ma md tac gia Ngd Van Doanh da thd'ng ke ra nhflng mdn an vdi nhflng chflc nang rieng eua nd. Vf du, mdn d6 cflng ma (tai kidm). mdn d6 ud'ng rfldu (nhdm pai), thit dap 16 (nhdm he), thit chia cho nhflng ngfldi tham dfl 16 bd ma (nham rd pa), thit d6 mdi ngfldi che't cflng an (nham pa), v.v... hoac nhflng mdn dfldc che bien ngay tai 16 bd ma de mgi ngfldi cflng thfldng thflc nhfl thit d'ng (nham dmh), thit bdm (nham tab), thit ndi (nham go), cdm nfldng trong d'ng (brdng kuach), v.v...'". Hien tai, tham duf bat ki 16 hgi nao cua ngfldi Tay Nguydn, dieu khi6n chflng ta d6 nhiin thii'y chfnh k sfl ngheo nan cfla nhflng mdn an truydn thdng va sfl pha trdn vdi mdn an cua ngu'di Kinh. Ngfldi ta mua san nhflng gdi 4. Ngo Van Doanh. Le hdi hd md {pa tlu) cdc ddn ldc Bdc Tdy Nguyen - Ddn tde Gia Rai. Ba Na. Nxb. Van hoa dan toe. Ha Noi, 1995..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span> 48. Nghien CU'U Ton giao. Sd2 - 2010. mi an lidn na'u cflng vdi thfl rau hai d rflng hoac vfldn nha; ngfldi ta ndu thit theo each cua ngfldi Kinh vdi nhflng dd gia vi mua sdn; mdn ca hap dufdc cac tidu thfldng ngfldi Kinh dfla len cung tham gia vao bfla an cgng cam. v.v... - Sa thay ddi cu.a trang phue Dieu nay eflng the hien kha rd trong cac 16 hdi cdng ddng. Trang iihuc truydn thdng ft tha'y xudt hien, nhflng vay, ao, khd, dfldc det mgt each tmh xao hdu nhfl khdng cdn nhieu, thay vao dd ngfldi ta mua san nhflng thfl vai re tien d chd cfla ngfldi Kinh. Trang phuc truyen thd'ng dfldc ngfldi dan danh de ban cho khach du lich hoac nhflng khach dat hang; Vdi hg. 250.000 ddng de'n 300.000 ddng/tam vai qua la so' tien qua ldn so vdi "sfl chdi vdi" ciia trang phuc truyen thd'ng khi nd khdng cdn xua't hien nhidu d 16 hgi. Thanh nien vao 16 bgi vdi (jiidn jeans, ao sd mi, ao pun. Dieu cac cd gai quan tam k ao (judn ma ban minh mac dfldc mua d dau? Bao nhieu tidn? chfl khdng phdi la cau hdi: ao nay det bao k u ? Vay nay theo hoa van gi? ,, ,, . ,,, Ta't cd nhflng bieu hien cua sfl thay ddi trdn ndi 16n mdt didu rdng. dfl le hdi edn dfldc bao lflu cung da cd mdt sfl thay ddi ldn ve mat tinh than ciia nd. Neu ngay xfla 16 hdi dn trau mflng sfle khde hoae mflng chie'n thang hay mflng ddi dfldc nd k 16 hgi tdi linh thieng, bao trflm bdy ngay nghi 16 la sfl e sd va kfnh can, con ngfldi khdng bao gid dfldc phep nhdc ndi ciia mieng cau "chflng tdi dn trau" thi bay gid didu cam ki dy khdng chi dfldc ndi ma. cdn cham khde len cd trang thd trong gia dinh. Hien nay, tham dfl nhieu 16 hdi ciia ngufdi Tay Nguydn, chung ta de nhan tha'y khdng khf trdn tuc ua vao cac cdng doan cua nghi 16. Ddi ndi ngfldi ta thflc hien ddn gian va qua loa. Dam thanh nien thfldng say mdm va hat nhflng bai nhae tre. Ngfldi ta den vi phdn bdi nhieu hdn phdn 16. Dan cdng chieng xfla kia dfldc coi la tieng ndi thieng lidng ciia con ngfldi thdng quan vdi thdn linh, chi vang 16n trong cac 16 thflc thi bay gid cdng chieng dfldc thd tuc hda, vang len trong eac dip hgi he vui nhgn. Trong cudc vui, ngfldi ta cd thd danh nhflng bai chieng nhfl "chieng an com", "chieng ddng cfla kho lua", tham chf cd "chidng tang 16", v.v... ma chang phdi lo sd hay kieng ki gi. Nhflng thfle hanh truyen thd'ng bi bo qudn, trdi dat vd mien qua khfl hay chi "vfldng td long" vdi ngu'di gia. Ta't ca cac xa hdi va van hda loai ngfldi ddu thay ddi qua thdi gian. dfl td'c do bien ddi cfla chung cd the khac nhau: dd la mdt qua trinh tfl nhidn, mgt sfl tdt ye'u eua lich sfl. Ndu khdng he chuydn ddi gi cd thi xa hgi dd, vfln hda dd se hi hda thach va chac chdn se tidu vong. Tuy nhi6n, ndi nhfl nha nhan loai hge ndi tieng ngfldi My, Franz Boas trong nhflng ndm ddu the ki XX, mdi ndn van hda nhan loai k mgt eai gi dgc dao va hdn the nfla, la mdt cai gi bet sfle quy bau. Sfl ma't dl cfla bat cfl mgt nen van hda nao cflng k m cho ca nhan loai ngheo di. Vi vay, viec bao tdn nhflng nen vdn hda thieu so', cho dfl chflng ludn thay ddi, cd tdm quan trgng to ldn./..

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