Mối quan hệ tôn giáo và chính trị những vấn đề lí luận và mô thức

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>Nghien ciJu Ton giao. Sd'7 & 8 - 2009 TON GIAO - VAN DE U LUAN VA THl/C TIEN. /s'. MOI QUAN HE TON GIAO VA CHINH TRI ^"^ NHUNG VAN DE LI LUAN VA MO THUC NGUYfiN HONG DlfONG'". T. on giao va c b i n h tri deu thuoc ve kien t r u e thUdng t a n g cua n h a nU6c. GiUa c h u n g c6 mo'i q u a n he vdi n h a u . Tuy vao thdi ki lich sii, tiiy vao t h e che n h a nUdc ma moi q u a n he gifla c h u n g co sU khac n h a u . Ton giao t r o n g bai viet nay dUdc hieu la t h a n hoc vdi nhUng tin If, tin dieu ve vu tru q u a n va n h a n sinh q u a n . Chi'nh tri t r o n g bai viet nay dUdc bieu la hoc t h u y e t lam nen t a n g cho the che nha nUdc, cho viec xay dUng va p h a t trien n h a nU6c. Va vi vay no cung dUdc hieu n h u the che n h a nUdc. Can t i n b ciia ton giao dUdc quy dinh bdi t h a n hoc. Ton giao n a y k h a c ton giao kia trUdc h e t va t r e n h e t la bdi sU quy dinh cua t h a n hoc. The che n h a nUdc b a y can tinh cua n h a nUdc du'dc quy dinh bdi hoc thuyet chinh tri m a n h a nU6c do sii dung.. Vi vay moi q u a n be th&n hoc va chinh tri la moi q u a n be chieu sau cua t a n g vi mo. Mdi q u a n he nay a n h hUdng tdi n h a u nliU the nao t a t yeu se tac dong vao can tinb ciia ton giao \kn the che n h a nUdc. Day la mot v a n de b e t siic q u a n trong. Nghien ciiu ve cac moi q u a n he ton giad vi v a y ' k h d n g t h e k h d n g nghien ciiu ve mm (juan he ton giao (than hoc) va chi'nh tri (the che n h a nUdc). Van de n g h i e n cUu. se chi r a cac d a n g thUc cua moi quan he; be qua ciia cac d a n g tbUc la mo thUc ciia the che n h a nudc. Dong thdi viec nghien ciiu cung chi r a dUdc sU tac dpng ciia chinh tri den ton giad. Viec nghien ciiu t a t yeu p h a i dUa chac chan vad nen t a n g t u tUdng chii nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tUdng Ho Cbi Minh. Chinh vi the ma bai viet nay tap t r u n g vao hai noi d u n g chinh sau; - Q u a n niem ciia Mac, Anggben va tU tUdng Hd Chi Minh ve mO'i quan be ton giad va chinh tri; - N h u n g bieu hien ciia moi quan he ton giao va chinh tri. I. Q U A N N I E M CUA. MAC,. ANGGHEN. vA TU T U 5 N G HO CHI MINH VE MOI. QUAN. HE. TON. GlAO. vA. C H I N H TRI 1.1. Quan niem cua Mdc, Angghen mdi quan he ton gido vd chinh tri. ve. C.Mac va Ph.Anggben khdng phai la nhUng n h a nghien cUu ve ton giao chuyen nghiep. De xay dUng hoc t h u y e t ciia minh n h a m giai quyet nbUng nhiem vu chinh tri thUc tien ciia phdng trad giai phong giai cap cdng n h a n , trong mdt sd luan van POSTS.. Vien Ngliicii. CULI. Ton giao..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> 8 ve triet hdc va chinh tri hpc'" hai dng cd gan vdi van de ton giad. Trdng nhUng luan van nay hai dng da "md xe" tdn giad bang the gidi quan duy vat bien chiing va lap trUdng chinh tri cua giai cap cdng nhan. Thdng qua nhUng "md xe" nay hai dng hudng tdi xay dUng mot the gidi quan kbda bdc cua giai cap cdng nhan va phdng trao dau tranh each mang cua giai cap cong nhan. Van de moi quan he tdn giad va chinh tri vi vay dUdc Mac va Anggben de cap den dUdi gdc dd khac nhau. Chung ta cd the due rut ra mdt sd' van de cd ban sau day. Thi2 nhat: Mac va Angghen cho ta mdt each nhin khai quat ve sU ra ddi cua th&n bdc, mdi quan he than hdc va chinh tri qua trUdng hdp than hdc Kitd giad ma ban dich dudi day goi la dao Cd Dd'c. "Tdn giad the gidi mdi, tiic dao Cd Ddc, da lang le ra ddi tU sU hdn hdp ciia than bdc Ddng PhUdng da dUdc khai quat, nhat la than bdc Dd Thai, vdi triet hdc Hy Lap da dUdc thong tuc hda, nhat la triet hoc khac ki. Mudn biet dad Cd Dd'c liic dau nhu the nad, chung ta trUdc bet phai nghien ciiu ti mi, vi hinh thUc quan phUdng dUdc truyen lai den chiing ta, chi la hinh thUc khi nd da trd thanh qud'c giao va da dUdc hdi nghi Nikea lam cho thich hdp vdi muc dich dd. Chi cai viec la 250 nam sau khi ra ddi, dao Cd Ddc trd thanh mdt qud'c giad, cung dii chiing minh rang nd la tdn giao thich hdp vdi hdan canh ciia thdi dai. Trdng thdi Trung cd, dad Cd Ddc cung phat trien thed sU phat trien ciia che dd phong kien ma nd trd thanh tdn giad phu hdp vdi che dd ay, va cd mdt tdn ti phdng kien tUdng ufng. Va khi tang ldp thi dan ra ddi thi di giad Tin Lanh, ddi lap vdi dad Thien Chiia phdng kien, phat trien trUdc bet trdng nbUng ngUdi Anbi d mien Nam nUdc Phap, trdng thdi phdn thinh nha't cua cac dd thi d mien dd. Thdi Trung cd da sap nhap vad than hdc ta't ca cac hinh thUr khac ciia he tU tUdng triet hoc.. Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So7 & 8 - 2009 chinh tri hoc. phap luat hpc. Dd dd nd budc mdi phong trad xa hdi va chinh tri phai mang hinh thiic th^n hpc; mud'n tad ra mdt phdng trad nhU vu bad. c^n phai dUa ra chd quan chiing ma tinh cam dUdc nudi dudng chi b4ng tdn giad. nhiing ldi ich thiet than ciia hd dUdi bd ad tdn giad. '(2). Luan de tren day dUdc Ph.Anggben trinh bay trong tac pham; Lutuich Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet hoc co dien Diic. Luan de tren, thed chiing tdi, lam sang td 3 ndi dung sau; a. Khi nha nUdc sU dung th&n hoc thi th&n hdc phai dUdc nhad nan lai chd phu hdp vdi muc dich ciia nha nUdc. Ban than tdn giad mud'n tdn tai, phat trien trdng long nha nUdc phai phat trien thed sU phat trien ciia nha nUdc ve linh vUc than hdc Cling nhu linh vUc he thd'ng td chUc. b. Khi tdn giad trd thanh qude giad thi chinh tri chi la mdt phan ciia than hpc, hoan toan khdng ngang bang vdi tb&n hoc va cang khdng diing tren than hpc, bad chiia than hpc. c. Thdi ki phdng kien phdng trad chinh tri, xa hdi mud'n phat trien manh me phai mang hinh thUc than hpc. Luan de ciia Ph.Angghen nhin tU Kitd giad nhUng sdi dpi vad cac tdn giad khac nhu Phat giad, Nhd giad, Dad giad, Islam giad ve cd ban cung tha'y sU ra ddi ciia than hdc va mdi quan he giiia than hpc va chinh tri la tUdng tU Kitd giad. Chdng ban nhu Nhd giao; Nha nUdc phdng kien (Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam...) sii dung Nho 1. Do la nhirng tac pham: Gop plu'in phe phc'iii tiiel hoc phap quyen ciia Hegheii: Ban thcio kinh le - trie) hoc 1844: He tu tiiang Dire: Gop phan phe phan khoa kinh te- chinh tri: Chong Duynnh: Liitvich Phoiobcic va sif cdo chung ciia liiel hpc co dien Dire: Luan cirong ve Phoiffbac. 2. Nguydn Due Su. C Mdc-Ph Angghen ve van cle ton gido. Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi 1999. tr. 503504. ,',.'; - , , , ! . - '^.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> Nghien ciJu Ton giao. So7 &8 - 2009 giao va n h a o n a n chd nd p h u hdp. Nho giao p h a t t r i e n dUa theo mo b i n h cua n h a nudc phong kien. Thdi Binh kinh cua Dad giad dUdc d u n g l a m s a m vi phuc vu chinh tri. De l a n h dad n d n g d a n khdi nghia TrUdng Giac ( T r u n g Qud'c) dUa r a cau sam ndi tieng; ThUdng t h i e n di td., h d a n g thien dUdng lap; T u e tai Giap ti, thien b a dai cat (Trdi x a n h da chet, trdi v a n g dUdc lap vao n a m Giap ti, t h i e n h a t h a i binh). Trdi x a n h chi n h a Ddng H a n . Trdi vang cbi q u a n khdi nghia, nen deu d u n g k h a n vang (hdang can) ndi len vad ngay Giap Ti n a m Giap Ti, tiic ngay m o n g 5 t h a n g 5 n a m Giap ti (nam 184)*^*. Thii hai: N h a nUdc, xa hpi s a n sinh ra tdn giao. Mdi tdn giao deu gan vdi the che n h a nUdc, p h a n a n h h i n h m a u n h a nUdc. L u a n diem n a y dUdc t h e bien t r c n g ddan van sau day cua C. Mac; N h a nUdc ay, xa hdi ay san sinh r a tdn giad*'". Thi! ba: A n h bUdng qua lai giiia hpc thuyet cbinh tri - tU tUdng ciia n h a nUdc vdi t h a n hpc tdn giao. a n h hUdng nay dUdc the hien qua t h e che n h a nUdc - tdn giad vdi md h i n h cap ddi nhU n h a nUdc phong kien vdi Cdng giao, n h a nUdc tU ban vdi Tin L a n h giao. . Trdng Ldi tiia viet chd lan xua't b a n bSng tieng A n h tac p h a m Sii phdt trien cua chu nghia xd hoi tii khong tiidng den khoa hoc, P h . A n g g h e n chd tha'y k h a rd a n h bUdng q u a lai giiia Cdng giad va phong kien Tay Au; "NhUng t r u n g t a m quo'c te Idn ciia che dp p h o n g kien la Giad bdi Thien Chiia Rdma. Nd thd'ng nha't tdan Tay Au p h d n g kien - b a t chap ca nhUng cudc chien t r a n h ndi bp - t h a n h mot cbinb t h e c h i n h tri Idn do'i lap vdi the gidi Hy L a p tbupc giao p h a i H k h a i , ciing n h u do'i lap vdi t h e gidi Hoi giao. Nd khotic chd che dp phdng kien mdt vong bad q u a n g t h a n t h a n h . Nd da xay diing be thd'ng cap bac cua b a n t h a n nd theo mhu mUc ciia che dp phong kien va riit. cue nd trd t h a n h mdt chua phdng kien Idn nhat, bdi vi it ra mdt phan ba da't dai ciia the gidi thed dad Thien Chiia la thude ve nd"'''. Ngay n a y vdi dp liii cua lich sii vdi each n h i n bien chUng va nghiem tuc chiing ta tha'y re mdt dieu la C. Mac, Ph. Angghen n h i n n h a n t h a n hpc tdn giad chu yeu t h d n g q u a t h i n hpc Kitd giad. Do vay, mdi q u a n he giiia tdn giao va chinh tri dUdc C.Mac, Ph.Angghen p h a n ticb chii yeu la dUa vac mdi q u a n he phong kien vdi Cdng giad, thi d a n vdi Tin L a n h giad d PhUdng Tay. Vi vay, nbUng l u a n diem m a C.Mac va Ph.Angghen dUa ra nen dUdc xem la phUdng p h a p luan de nhin n h a n mdi q u a n he cap ddi nha nUdc - tdn giad d PhUdng Ddng nhU T r u n g Qude va Viet N a m c h a n g ban. Dd tinh dac t h u cua tdn giad PhUdng Ddng nen ve dai quat luan diem cua C.Mac, Ph.Angghen la p h u hdp, nhUng di vad tUng tdn giao cu t h e thi cd nhUng bieu hien dac thu. C h a n g b a n nhU P h a t giao mdt tdn giao "tuy duyen" da "cap ddi" vdi cac loai b i n h n h a nUdc, nen mdi quan be qua lai cd nhUng bieu hien dac thu. O dd tb&n bee va chinh tri it cd sU thdn tinh Idai trU n h a u ma thUdng hda quyen mdt each hai hda. Ve mdi q u a n he tdn giao va chinh tri, Mac va Anggben n g h i e n g ve phia phe p h a n cbinb tri ldi d u n g tdn giao de thd'ng tri n h a n dan. Vi vay, tdn giao trd t h a n h ddi tUdng cua chinh tri. Trdng tac pham; Lutvich Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet hoc co dien Diic, Ph. Anggben viet; "Seng vi bdi dd, chinh tri la mdt linh vUc r a t gai gdc, n e n cudc d a u t r a n h chii yeu la n h l m chd'ng tdn giad. NhUng hdi dd, nha't 3. Nguyen Duy Hinh. Ngirdi Viet Nam vai Dao fiuio. Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2003. tr. 71. 4. Nguydn Dire Su (ehii bien). Cdc Mac - Ph Angghen ve van de Idn gido. Sdd.. tr. 1 18. 5. Nguydn Diic Su (chii bien). C Mdc - Ph Angghen ve van de ton gido. Sdd.. tr. 524-52.'i..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> 10. Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 7 & 8 - 2009. la tii nam 1840, dau tranh chdng tdn giad cung gian tiep la dau tranh chinh tri"'^'.. nam 1927, He Chi Minh vdi each nhin bien chiing va thien tai da gbi nhan cac gia tri nay. Trdng bai Khong Tu viet tai Quang Chau ngay 20/2/1927 cua NgUdi ed dean; "Vdi viec xoa bd nhUng le nghi tudng niem Khdng Tu, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da lam mat di mdt the che cii va trai vdi tinh t h a n dan chii. Cdn nhUng ngUdi An Nam chiing ta bay tU hdan thien minh, ve mat tinh t h i n bang each dpc cac tac pham cua Khdng Tii, ve mat each mang thi can dpc cac tac pham ciia Lenin"'^'.. 1.2. Tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh quan he ton gido vd chinh tri. ve mdi. Tu tUdng Hd Chi Minh ve mdi quan he tdn giao va chinh tri b i t ngudn tii quan diem cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ve tdn giad. Sdng nd cdn dUdc tham nhuan bdi nen tang van hda - tdn giad PhUdng Ddng dac biet la van hda - tdn giad Viet Nam. 0 mdt dan tdc da ten giad, mdt dan tdc ma tdn giad cd vai trd trdng van hda, dac biet la chinh tri, gdp phan vad viec xay dUng va phat trien dat nUdc, Hd Chi Minh da cd nhan quan bien chiing ve mdi quan he tdn giae va chinh tri. Thii nhat, Trong tU tUdng Hd Chi Minh ve tdn giad ndi chung va ve mdi quan he ten giad va chinh tri ndi rieng, NgUdi chUa bad gid chu trUdng xda bd tdn giad; ddi dau chinh tri vdi tdn giao. Khi phe phan tdn giad, NgUdi chi phe phan chii nghia giae hdi, phe phan cac the lUc chinh tri ldi dung tdn giae tham gia vad nhUng hdat ddng di ngUdc lai ldi ich dan tdc, nhiing banh ddng bdc lot quan chiing tin do hoac nhUng viec lam phan van hda. Thii hai. He Chf Minh triet de khai thac, van dung nhUng tU tUdng td't dep ciia than hpc tdn giad vad hdat ddng cbinh tri ma cu the la cudc dau tranh danh dudi thUe dan de qud'c, gianh lai ddc lap chd dan tdc va xay dUng met da't nUdc Viet Nam mdi. Vdi Nhd giad, ngUdi khai thac cai tinb tuy cua nd la TRUNGHIEU. Tii cai tmh tuy dd Hd Chi Minh da dUa vad tU tUdng mdi la Trung vdi Nudc, Hieu vdi Dan. Chd den khi tien hanh cdng cudc cai each md ciia, Trung Qud'c mdi quay lai de cad nhUng gia tri dad diic, nhan van ciia Nho giao va van dung vao xay dUng, phat trien da't nUdc. NbUng ngay tii. Nhiing tU tudng ciia Phat giad nbu tii bi, ciiu khe, ciiu nan, ldi lac quan sinh, vd nga vi tha dUPc Hd Chi Minh hieu biet rat sau sac de rdi van dung, ke thiia vao cdng cudc dau tranh gianh dec lap dan tdc, xay dUng va phat trien dat nUdc. Viec triet de khai thac, van dung nhiing tU tUdng td't dep ciia than hpc tdn giao vad hdat dpng cbinh tri ciia He Chi Minh the hien cu the d quan diem sau day cua NgUdi; "Hpc thuyet cua Khdng Tii cd Uu diem ciia nd la sU tu dUdng dad diic ea nhan. ,, ,,fp ^f,\- i>i>.n Ten giae Giesu cd Uu diem eua ne la long nhan ai cao ca. Chii nghia Mae cd Uu diem cua nd la phUdng phap lam viec bien chiing. Chii nghia Tdn Dat Tien cd Uu diem cua nd, ehinh sach ciia ne thich hdp vdi dieu kien nUdc ta. Kheng Tii, Giesu, Mac, Tdn Dat Tien ching cd nbUng diem chung dd sad? Ho deu mud'n mUu hanh phiic chd Idai ngudi, mUu phiic ldi cho xa hdi. Neu hdm nay bp cdn sd'ng tren cci ddi nay, neu bp hdp lai met chd, tdi tin r i n g bp nha't dinh chung sd'ng vdi nhau rat bean mi nhU nhUng ngUdi ban than thiet. 6. Nguydn Dire Sir (ehu bien). C.Mdc - Ph Angghen ve vein de ton gido, Sdd, tr.488. 7. Vien Nghien eiru Ton giao. Hd Chi Minh ve vd'n de ton gido tin ngucJng. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, I998.tr. 142..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> Nghien curu Ton giao. So7 &8- 2009. 11. Tdi cd g a n g lam ngUdi hoc trd nhd cua cac vi ay"'*'. • . , ., *,, , >;.. phong p h u t u t u d n g n a y ciia C.Mac va Ph.Angghen.. Thii ha, X u a t p h a t tU viec ke thUa nhUng t u tUdng td't dep cua t h a n hpc tdn giao vao h e a t ddng chinh tri n e n H e Chi Minh chu trUdng xay dUng mdt n h a nUdc ma d dd chinh tri va tdn giao deu tU de p h a t trien. T r o n g Thii giii nhiing ngiidi Idm cong tdc vdn hoa vd tri thUc Nam Bo de ngay 23 t h a n g 5 n a m 1947, Hd Chi Minh td rd q u a n diem nay: "Chfnh phii cung tdan t h e ddng bad Viet N a m kien quyet chie'n dau, t r a n h quyen thd'ng nha't va ddc lap chd nUdc n h a de chd van hda Cling n h u chfnh tri va kinh te, tin ngUdng, dao dUc deu dUdc p h a t trien tU dd"'^'.. I I . NHLTNG B I E U. Ngdai ra, cdn eac q u a n diem tU dd tin ngUdng cua M a t t r a n Viet Minh, q u a n diem tin ngUdng tU dd va lUdng giad ddan ket ciia N h a nUdc Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hda. NhUng q u a n diem t r e n da tae ra sU ddng t h u a n giufa ngUdi cd tin ngUdng, tdn giae vdi ngUdi k h d n g cd tin ngUdng, tdn giad, ddng vien tdi da chUc sac, n h a tu h a n h va tin dd cac ten giao t h a m gia vae h e a t ddng chfnh tri, cung cd nghia la t h a m gia vao sU nghiep each m a n g dUdi sU l a n h dao ciia D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m , m e t D a n g lay chii nghia Mac - Lenin lam n e n t a n g t u tudng. Thii tii, Hd Chf Minh p h a n biet rd rang nbUng gia tri tdt dep ciia than hpc tdn giao vdi viec ldi d u n g t h a n hpc va t h a n quyen ciia cac t h e lUc chfnh tri p h a n ddng. Tii dd NgUdi sii d u n g mdt each tai tinh, khee lee nbUng gia tri tdt dep ciia t h a n bee tdn giad de chdng lai sU ldi d u n g nd. Do chinh la viec ddng ton gido de gidi quyet vdn de chinh tri. Hoac diing ton gido de gidi quyet vdn de ton gido. Q u a n diem nay hien dang dUdc Dang ta ap d u n g va bieu qua tii cudc song la r a t td't dep. T u t u d n g Ho Cbi M i n h ve mdi q u a n he ton giao va chfnh trj dUdc de cap d t r e n da gdp p h a n q u a n trpng vad viec lam. HIEN. CUA. MOI. QUAN HE TON G l A o v A CHINH TRI Q u a n diem cua C.Mac, Ph.Anggben va t u t u d n g Hd Chf M i n h ve mdi q u a n he tdn giad va chfnh tri la cd sd de chung ta nhin n h a n va p h a n t a c h m e t each cu the nhiJng bieu hien ciia mdi q u a n be tdn giae va chi'nh tri. T h e e c h u n g tdi. cd ba loai bieu hieu s a u day: - C b i n b giae hdp nha't; - C b i n b giad p h a n li; - C b i n h giad boa hdp. Sau day c h u n g tdi l i n lUdt di vao tUng bieu bien. 2.1. Chinh gido hdp n/idt L u a n diem chinh giao hdp n h a t (nha nUdc va n h a thd/giao hdi hdp lam mot) dUdc Ph. Angghen de cap t r e n g tac pham; Phridrich Vinhem IV, vua nUdc Phd nhU sau; "Trong n h a nUdc Tin Lanh, vua la s u m m u s episcopus (giao chii tdi cae) va ket hdp trdng con ngUdi ciia minh quyen lUc tdi cad cua n h a thd va ciia n h a nUdc; muc dich cudi ciing cua b i n h thUc n h a nUdc n a y la sU hdp n h a t n h a nUdc va n h a thd, n h u H e g h e n ndi"'"". "Trong lich sii the gidi, hinh thUc chinh giae hdp nha't la vd cung phong phu va k h a c n h a u r a t Idn. N h a xa hdi hoc DUc, M a x Weber, da tien b a n h p h a n ticb r a t cd he thd'ng dac diem va loai hinh ciia cbinh giao hdp nha't, t a p t r u n g the bien t r e n g chUdng 6 ciia cudn Xd hoi hoc chi phdi va trong cudn Xd hoi hoc quyen thong tri ton gido. Ndi m e t e a c h k h a i 8. Vien Nghien euu Ton giao. Ho Chi Minh ve vdn de ton gido tin ngirang. Sdd. tr. 185. 9. Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao. Ho Chi Minh ve van de ton giao tin ngirang. Sdd, tr. 197. 10. Nguyfin Dure Su (chu bidn). C.Mdc - Ph Angf>hen ve van di- Ion gido. Sdd. tr. 139..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span> 12. Nghien cijru Ton giao. So7 & 8 - 2009. quat. the che chi'nh giae hpp nha't tren the gidi cd hai dac trUng cd ban; l . T h i n hpc tdn giad la chuan tac tdi cac cua hinh thai y thiic nha nUdc, ke thd'ng tri hi t h i n thanh hda trd thanh hda than hdac dai dien cua t h i n thanh; 2. Nhan vien chiic sac tdn giad trUc tiep tham gia quan li hoac khd'ng che bd may nha nUdc. Trong lich sii the gidi cd ba leai md thUc chfnh giae hdp nhat dien hinh; Thii nhdt la chinh tri tang IQ (hierecracy), trong Idai chinh the nay, lanh tu tdn giae ciing la nguyen thu qud'c gia, ke chap chinh lay giad si lam ehu dae, giae phap va t h i n hpc tdn giae chinh la phap luat va hinh thai y thiic cua qud'c gia, tieu bieu cua leai nay la chi'nh quyen ngUdi Do Thai cua Moses trong CUu Udc. giad trieu Rdma ciia Vatican va chinh quyen Tay Tang cii d Trung Qud'c; Thi^ hai la chinh tri t h i n quyen (theecracy). trdng Idai hinh chinh the nay, hinh thai y thiic nha nUdc cbinh la t h i n hpc ten giao, chfnh quyen nha nUdc van hanh dUdi sU chi dae va giam sat ciia quyen uy tdn giao, giae si triic tiep dam nhan chiic vu lanh dae bd phan cd cau hanh ehinh, tieu bieu cua leai nay la chinh quyen phai Cahnn Anh thdi ki thdng tri ciia Oliver Crcmwell d giUa the ki XVII, hay chinh quyen Iran thdi ki Khdmeini d thap nien 80 the ki trUdc; Thii ba la the che quan chu giae chii, nghia la nguyen thu qude gia cUng la lanh tu tdi cad cua tdn giae, quan quyen khdng che than quyen"''^'. Ve trUdng hdp nay Ph.Angghen trdng tac pham Phridrich Vinhem TV, vua niidc Pho da phan tich kha ki; "Seng cai dia vi giad chu ciia qud'c vUdng - ciing nhU tdan bd dad Tin Lanh - la mdt sU nhUdng bd ddi vdi nguyen tac the tuc. Vi dia vi giac chu ciia qud'c vUdng thcfa nhan sU can thiet phai cd ngUdi thu linh trdng tha'y rd cua nha thd, cho nen nd la sU xac nhan va chiing thuc dia vi diing dau ciia giae hoang, nhUng, mat khac, nd tuyen bd'. quyen lUc t r i n tuc, quyen lUc the tuc. tiic quyen lUc nha nUdc la toi cao tuyet ddi va b i t quyen lUc nha thd phai phuc tung quyen lUc nha nUdc. Day khdng phai la xac lap met sU binh dang nao dd giiia the tuc va giae hdi, ma la giad hdi phai phuc tung the tuc. Bdi vi nha vua da la nha vua trUde khi la summus episccpus, va sau khi da la summus episcepus vua chii yeu v i n la vua, ma khdng dUdc ban mot chiic vi giao hpi nao ca. Mat khac ciia van de la. gid day qud'c vUdng tap trung tdan bd quyen lUc, quyen lUc tran gian va quyen lUc tren trdi vao trong con ngUdi cua minh, vdi tU each la ThUdng De cila t r i n gian, dng ta la mdt bieu hien bean thien ciia nha nUdc tdn giae""^'. Md thiic chinh giae hdp nha't thU ba dUdc Ph. Angghen lam sang td nhU viia trinh bay d tren chd tha'y net dac trUng la quyen lUc tdi cae cua chinh quyen va giao quyen nam trong tay mdt ngUdi. Dd la the che Q U A N CHU - GlAO CHU. Tren thUc te, vUdng quyen khdng che giae quyen, chinh quyen cae hdn giad quyen, dem giao quyen dat dudi sU khd'ng che cua minh, phuc vu sU thd'ng tri cua minh. 2.2. Chinh gido phan li Hinh thiic chinh giad phan li ngUdc lai vdi hinh thiic chinh giae hdp nhat. 0 dd nha thd tach khdi nha nUdc. Nha thd/giad hdi tdn giad hdat ddng thuan tuy tdn giao khdng can thiep vao boat ddng ciia nha nudc. Deng thdi nha nUdc quan If nha thd/giad hpi b i n g phap luat. Tieu bieu d day la nUdc Phap vdi Luat Phan li ban hanh ngay 9/12/1905. Md thiic chfnh giao phan li dUdc Ph.Angghen de cap den trong tac pham; Gop phan phe phdn dii 11. Tang TruySn Huy. Gidi md tinh hinh chinh tri vd Ion gido Tdy Tang dirang dai qua so sanh bdn vdn kien lich sir quan trpng. Tap ehf Nghien cirii Tdn gido. so 2-2009, tr. 49-50. 12. Nguydn Due Sir (chii bien). C Mdc - Ph. Angghen ve vdn de Ion gido, Sdd, tr. 139-140..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span> Nghien cuu Ton giao. S67 &8'. 2009. 13. thdo ciidng linh ndm 1891 cda ddng Ddn chd - Xd hpi: "Tach ban nha thd ra khdi nha nudc. Tat ca nhung dean the tdn giad, khdng trii mdt doan the nao, deu se dUdc nha nUdc coi la nhiing hdi tU nhan"<"'.. "lay Nho tri qud'c, lay Phat tri tam, lay Dao tri than""^'.. 2.3. Chinh gido hoa hdp. • .f•. \ -. ,. Cd the coi day la mot hinh thiic tdng hdp vdi nhieu dang me thUc. Mo thiic tha nhdt: t h i n hoc tdn giae cd vai trd chii dao treng he tU tUdng tri nUdc va la ngudn gdc cua phap luat. Nghien ciiu ve nha nUdc Thd Nhi Ky ciing nbU cac nha nUdc PhUdng Ddng, C.Mac chi rd; "NhUng nha nUdc Thd Nhi Ky cung nhU ta't ca cac nha nUdc Phu'dng Ddng, lai dUdc xay dUng tren cd sd sU hda nhap bet siic chat che va g i n nhU la sU deng nha't giiia nha nUdc va giac hdi, giiia chinh tri va tdn giae. Ddi vdi de qud'c Thd Nhi Ky va nha cim quyen cua nd, thi kinh Islam giao la ngudn gdc tin ngUdng viia la ngudn gdc ciia phap luat"""". Md thufc nay kha phd bien treng lich s i the gidi tii cd dai den nay. O Trung Qud'c khi Nho giao ra ddi, nha nudc phdng kien Trung Qud'c sii dyng Nhd giad lam he tU tUdng tri nUd'c va vi vay Nho giad cbi phdi tU tudng ciing nhU phap luat cua nha nUdc phcng kien Trung Qud'c. Nha nUdc phdng kien Viet Nam thdi Dinh - Le - Ly - T r i n bi cbi phdi bdi Phat giad. thdi Le - Nguyin bi chi phdi bdi Nhd giao. Tuy nhien, vdi nha nUdc pheng kien Trung Qud'c. nha nUdc phdng kien Viet Nam, dd trdng Idng xa hdi nd tdn tai tam giad (Nho, Phat, Dad) chii khdng phai la tdn giad ddc t h i n nen met tdn giae nao dd trong mdt thdi ki lich sii nad dd chi giii vai trd chii dad. Bdi be tU tudng nha nUde cdn bi bai tdn giad cdn lai chi phdi. Vi vay, cd nha nghien ciiu chd ring, nha nUdc phdng kien Trung Qud'c I'ii. i.r;. r.. Md thiic nay dang hien dien d hang Idat cac nUdc lay met tdn giao nao dd nhU Islam giao, Phat giao, Anh giao hay Chinh Thdng giao lam qud'c giao. Mo thUc thii hai: ve quan phUdng nha nUdc la nha nudc the tuc nhUng nha nUdc da khai thac, Ung dung nhiing tU tudng t h i n hpc phu hdp de xay diing dat nUdc. Giao hpi va cac ddan the tdn giae ddng thuan vdi nha nUdc. Giad si, nha tu hanh trong nhiing chiing miic khac nhau tham gia vao td chiic cdng quyen: tdn giae dUdc huy ddng vad cac hdat ddng kinh te, van hda, xa hpi. Trong lich sU ciing nhU hien tai, md thiic nay dUdc the bien kha nhieu. Nha nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda va nay la nha nUdc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam thude ve md thUc nay. Cac tdn giao Idn ra ddi deu diia tren nen tang cbinb tri, van hda, xa hdi cua mdt nha nUdc nha't dinh. Vi vay, tdn giad va chfnh tri ludn cd mdi quan he vdi nhau. Tuy thee mdi thdi ki lich sii, tuy thed vi trf mdi tdn giad (ddc than, da thin, da phiem thin) ddng thdi tuy thee the che nha nUdc ma tdn giae va chfnh tri bay than hpc va nha nUdc cd mdi quan he khac nhau. DUa tren quan niem cua C.Mac, Ph.Angghen va tU tUdng Hd Chf Minh ve mdi quan he tdn giae va chinh tri, chiing tdi dUa ra nbUng md thiic tren. Cd the cd nhUng each tiep can khac, ciing cd the cdn cd nhiing md thUc khac. Xin dUdc ban dpc cbi giad./. 13. Nguydn Due Sir (chu bien). C.Mdc - Ph.Angghen ve van de ton gido. Sdd, tr.520. 14. NguySn Due Su (chu bien). C.Mdc - Ph Angghen ve vdn de ton gido. Sdd. tr.324. 15. Trin Lam Thu, Trin Ha. Ton gido hoc nguyen li. T6n giao van hoa xuai ban xa. 1999, Tr.354 (ban tieng Trung)..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span>