tài liệu ôn tập môn tiếng anh kỳ thi tuyển sinh sau đại học grammar focus

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC TÀI CHÍNH – MARKETING

KHOA ĐÀO TẠO SAU ĐẠI HỌC

TÀI LIỆU ÔN TẬP
MÔN TIẾNG ANH
KỲ THI TUYỂN
SINH SAU ĐẠI HỌC
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Hệ thống hóa những điểm thiết yếu trong ngữ pháp
tiếng Anh.
Ôn tập kỹ năng sử dụng tiếng Anh ở trình độ trung
cấp- ngưỡng (Intermediate/ Threshold).
Cung cấp cho học viên một nền tảng cơ bản trong
thực hành hai kỹ năng đọc và viết, đáp ứng yêu cầu
của bài thi đầu vào.
Giúp học viên làm quen với các kỹ năng làm bài thi.
NGUYEN HOANG QUE
06/12/2011


A. GRAMMAR FOCUS
PART I: TENSES
1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE: Thì hiện tại đơn
I, We, You, They, plural Noun + V1

+O

He, she, It, Name, singular Noun + V –s / -es

+O

Khi thấy các trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên (adverb of frequency) như: always (luôn luôn),
usually (thường thường), often (thường), frequently (thường xuyên), sometimes (thỉnh
thoảng), occasionally, seldom (hiếm khi), rarely (ít khi), never (không bao giờ), every (day,
week, month… hằng ngày, tuần, tháng…), once a week, twice a day,… thì chia động từ chính
ở thì hiện tại đơn. Xem xét chủ từ số nhiều hay số ít tùy theo mà thêm “S/ES” hay giữ
nguyên động từ. (động từ tận cùng bằng SS, SH, TCH, X, O, Z thì ta thêm ES nếu chủ từ là
ngơi thứ 3 số ít. Hoặc động từ tận cùng bằng một phụ âm + Y thì ta đổi thành IES nếu chủ từ
là ngôi thứ 3 số ít.)
Ex:

- She goes to school by bus every day.
- He usually studies late at night.

Thì này được dùng để diễn đạt một hành động/ trạng thái hiện xảy ra, hiện có; một sự thật hiển
nhiên; một tập quán/ đặc tính; một việc tương lai đã lên lịch …
Ex:

This book belongs to me.
Mr. Brown drinks coffee after meal.
The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
Their train leaves at 9.00 tonight.

2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn
I

+ am

We / you / they / plural Noun

+ are V-ing

He / she / it / name / singular

+O

+ is

2.1. Khi thấy các chữ: now, at present, at the moment, while, Hurry up!, Look! thì ta chia động từ
ở thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn. Nhớ phải mượn động từ TO BE rồi mới thêm “ING” cho động từ chính.
Ex:

He is reading a book at the moment.
1


3. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: Thì hiện tại hồn thành
I, we, you, they, Plular Noun + Have + V3 / V – ed

+O

He, she it, Tên, Singular Noun + Has + V3 / V – ed

+O

3.1. Dấu hiệu : just, rencently, already, not… yet, never, ever, since + điểm thời gian, for +
khoảng thời gian, before, lately, so far, It’s the first time, Up to now, How long…
Ex:

She has learned English for 3 years

I have already booked my flight to Bangkok.

3.2. Thì này được dùng để diễn đạt một hành động vừa mới hoàn thành; một kết quả của hành
động trong quá khứ mà đến hiện tại (lúc nói) vẫn còn; một kinh nghiệm đến hiện tại mới ngưng;
một việc mãi đến hiện tại vẫn còn tiếp tục, …
Ex:

She has just written her letter.
Spring has come.
He left home last year and I have not seen him since.
Have you ever seen a whale?
I have lived in this city for 10 years.

4. PAST SIMPLE TENSE: Thì quá khứ đơn
S + V2/ V –ed + O
Khi ta thấy các chữ Last, yesterday, ago, in 1990 …, when I was a child, this morning,… thì ta
chia động từ chính ở thì này (thêm ED hoặc chọn động từ bất quy tắc ở cột 2 của bảng động từ
bất quy tắc). Thì này được dùng để diễn đạt một hành động/ trạng thái đã xảy ra và xong hẳn
trong quá khứ; một tập quán, khả năng trong quá khứ; một kinh nghiệm quá khứ …
Ex:

They went to Singapore last month.
A terrible fire broke out downtown yesterday.
I wandered lonely in town last night.
He was happy when he lived in France.
She sang very well when she was young.
He used to smoke a lot.
Did you ever see a lion?

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn

We, You, They, plural Noun

+ were

+ V –ing

+O

He, She, It, I, Tên, Singular Noun

+ was

+ V –ing

+O

2


 Diễn tả một hành động đang thực hiện dở dang trong quá khứ tại một thời điểm được đề cập
đến. (at + thời gian + this morning / yesterday / last night, at the time).
Ex: This time last year I was living in Brazil.
 Diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra trong q khứ thì có một hành động khác xảy ra.
S + was / were + V –ing + O
While + S + was / were + V –ing
Ex:

when S + V2 / V –ed + O
+ O,

S + V2/ V-ed

+O

Yesterday, while we were having dinner, Tom phoned me.

6. PAST PERFECT TENSE: Thì q khứ hồn thành
Subject

+ had + V3 / V –ed

+ Object

Diễn tả một hành động xong trước hành động khác trong quá khứ.
After + QKHT, QKĐ

hoặc QKĐ + after + QKHT

Before QKĐ, QKHT

hoặc QKHT + before QKĐ

Thì q khứ hồn thành thì đi cặp với thì quá khứ đơn.
Ex:

We had finished dinner by the time you arrived.
When she got to the airport, the plane had already taken off.
Diễn đạt một kinh nghiệm chấm dứt trong một thời gian ở quá khứ.

Ex:

I knew that place well for I had often been there before.
Diễn đạt một hành động vẫn tiếp tục đến một thời gian quá khứ nào đó..

Ex:

He had been ill for 2 days when the doctor was sent for.

7. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE: Thì tương lai đơn.
I, We

+ will / shall + V1

He, she, it you, they

+ will

+O

+ V1 + O

Khi thấy các chữ như: Tomorrow, in 2010 …, the day after tomorrow, next week, ta chia động từ
ở thì tương lai. Thì này diễn đạt một hành động, trạng thái trong tương lai.
Ex:

We will complete our MBA program in 2012.

8. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENES: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn.
S + will + be + V –ing

+O
3


Diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong tương lai theo sự tưởng tượng .
Ex: By this time next Sunday I will be swimming at the beach.
9. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: Thì tương lai hoàn thành
S + will / shall + have + V3 / V –ed

+O

Diễn tả một hành động sẽ được hoàn tất tại một thời điểm trong tương lai theo sự tưởng tượng.
Ex: I intend to build this house in 3 months. I have built it for 2 months. So, I will have finished
it by next month.
10. THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE: Thì tương lai gần.
Subject + is / am / are / + going + to + V1 + Object
Diễn tả một dự định hay một việc chắc chắn sẽ được thực hiện trong tương lai.
Ex:

We are going to complete our MBA course next month.

PRACTICE: Fill in the blank with the correct tense of verb in brackets:
1. Buses

(pass) my house every day.

2. We

(live) here since 1990.

3. He always

(help) his father to plant the trees in the garden.

4. They
5. She

(ride) home from school now.
(fly) to New York tomorrow.

6. By the time next year, they

(buy) a new house.

7. They have kissed their mother before they
8. I

(leave) home for school.

(go) to Dalat last week and I have stayed there for five days.

9. She sometimes

( cut) her husband‟s hair.

10. They rarely

(remember) his address.

11. The boys

12. She doesn‟t work, she
13. We
14. Our teacher

(play) football in the field when I arrived.
(swim) now.
(give) her 100 thousand dong last night.
(teach) English at the moment.

15. We

(swim) in the sea by this time tomorrow.

16. She

(wash) the dirty plates in the kitchen with her mother.

17. When you phone him, he

(help) me to wash the car.
4


18. I usually go buy bus tomorrow I
19. She

(take) a taxi.

(see) him at the supermarket yesterday.

20. We

(eat) dinner before we came here.

21. They

(spend) all the money last Monday.

22. I

(go) to Ho Chi Minh city with my parents last week.

23. The police

(catch) two thieves in Bien Hoa last night.

24. We

(move) to Long Khanh in 1986.

25. Ann

(draw) ten pictures for me last year.

26. The manager didn‟t allow the actors to travel by air while they
27. The neighbors often
28. The Earth

(work) on film.

(complain) about the noise of this machine.
(go) round the Sun.

29. The Sun

(rise) in the East.

30. Water

(boil) at 100 centigrade degree.

31. What

you

32. Ann usually

(read) now?
(do) the shopping at the weekend but today I

(do) it.
33. He usually drinks tea but today he
34. While we

(drink) coffee.

(plant) trees, the principal came and talked to us.

35. You can‟t see Tom now, he
36. Ann

(have) a bath.

(make) a new dress for her mother at the moment.

37. I

(wear) the sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.
(go) in Tom‟s car.

38. I usually go buy bus but tomorrow I

(not/tell) the secret if you don‟t promise.

39. I

40. The milk smells sour.

you

41.

(see) him before?

you ever

42. This message
43. We

(just, arrive).

(already, meet) our friends in the school yard.

44. Peter seldom
45. We

(work) in the garden. He often works in the office.
(understand) the lesson well after he had explained slowly.

46. He spoke very slowly so that we
47. We
48.
49. We
50. She

(keep) it for a long time?

(can) understand that.

(hear) a terrible noise on the street yesterday.
they

(go) to Dalat tomorrow morning.
(fish) for 5 hours.
(play) the piano when our guests

(arrive) last night.
5


(come) to see you since five o‟clock.

51. She

just

52.I

(come) as soon as my work is finished.

53. We

(not live) in London for the last two years.

54. They

(prepare) the Christmas dinner today.

55. John

(live) in the same house since he left school.

56. Our teacher

(tell) us yesterday that he

(visit) London

in 1990.
57. John

(work) at the university for 45 years before he

58. I

(lose) my key. Can you help me to look for it?

59. Alice and Peter

(retire).

(know) each other for 6 months.

60. My teacher wasn‟t at home. When I

(arrive) he

(just, go) out.

(get) there, Bob‟s plane

61.We went to the airport late. By the time we
(already, arrive).

62. We have been married for a long time. By the next anniversary, we

(be)

married for 43 years.
63. He

(come) and see you in ten minutes.

64. The doctor

(examine) the patients thoroughly before he

(prescribe) the medication.
65. Peter

(work) at the university for 45 years before he
(eat) breakfast at 8 o‟clock. He

66. Yesterday Tom

(already / finish) when he left for class at 8:45. He
he

(eat) breakfast before

(go) to class.

67. At 10 o‟clock tomorrow morning we
68. Next month they

(clean) the floor.
(be) here exactly 6 months.

69. How long

they

70. Your teacher
71. Why

(retire).

(live) here?
(wait) for you since 7:30.

you

(not/finish) this letter yet?

72. I found this ring while I

(dig) hole in the garden.

73. She

(buy) this house 3 years ago.

74. We

(meet) my parents at the airport tomorrow afternoon.

75. Why

you

76. My father

77. He

(go) to Vung Tau last week?
(move) to Nha Trang next month.

(phone) his girlfriend at the moment.

78. I wonder how many people

(be) here next week?
6


79. He

(take) the bus to Ho Chi Minh city every day.

80.

you

(interview) Miss World tomorrow?

81. After they had finished their work, they

(go) home at once.

82. He

(not/go) to school because tomorrow is Sunday.

83. He

(can) play piano when he was 8 years old.
(just/come) back from my uncle‟s farm.

84. We

85. The banks open at 8 o‟clock and
86. After John

(close) at four thirty.
(wash) his clothes, he began to study.

87. George

(wait) for an hour before the bus came.

88. Jane sent a letter to her university after she

(receive) her scholarship.

89. Look! The train

(come).

90. Be careful! Our teacher

(look) at you.

91. Be quiet! Her baby

(sleep).

92. Tom

(do) his homework when I visited him last night.

93. Hurry up! The bus

(come).

94. That man

(suffer) from the heart disease for many years.

95. She

(go) to supermarket twice a week.

96. Last night, I………………(1.walk) along the street when I………………(2.realize) that a
man with a black beard, whom I…………………(3.see) three times already that afternoon,
…………………..

(4.follow)

me.

I……………..(5.be)

very

worried,

and

at

last

I……………….(6.stop) and asked him why he…………..(7.follow) me. The man apologized
and told me he………………(8.mistake) me for one of his friends.
97. Yesterday morning, when I………...…(1.arrive) at the airport, Sophie……………….(2.wait)
for me. She………………….(3.wear) a pink dress and……………..(4.look) very pretty.
98.

Yesterday

Ann

introduced

me

to

her

husband.

As

I

………..(see)

him,

I……………….(know) that I……………(meet) him before we went to primary school together.
99. When she…………(go) out of the house this morning, she …………..(take) her umbrella
because it……………..(rain).
100. Sally is a writer. She (1)

(write) several novels, and (2)

(win)

several a wards for her books. A few years ago, she (3)

(win) the prize for most

promising author of the year. At the moment, she (4)

(write) a detective story.

101. In the evenings I often play chess with my next door neighbor. I (play)………………. chess
with him ever since I (come)……………..to live here ten years ago. He (be)………………. here
all his life; he (inherit)…………………… the house from his father, another great chess player.
7

- You ever (play)…………………… chess with the father?
- We (play)………………………once or twice but he (die)………………………………… a
year after I (arrive)…………………………….
102. Mary had to go to New York last week, but she almost…………(1)…………(miss) the
plane. She…….(2)…………(stand) in the queue at the check-in desk when she
suddenly……………..(3)……………..(realize) that she…………….(4)………….leave) her
passport at home. Fortunately, she………..(5)……………(not/live) very far from the airport, so
she …………..(6)……………….(have) time to take a taxi home to get it.
1.

A. missed

B. was missing

C. had missed

D. had been missing

2.

A. stood

B. had stood

C. was standing

D. had been standing

3.

A. was realizing

B. realized

C. had realized

D. would realize

4.

A. was leaving

B. left

C. had left

D. would leave

5.

A. hadn‟t lived

B. hasn‟t lived

C. isn‟t living

D. doesn‟t live

6.

A. has

B. had

C. had had

D. has had

8


PART II: PHRASES AND CLAUSES
1. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
1. Mặc dù, cho dù, bất luận, dù thế nào:
Though / Although
Even though

+ S + V + (O),

SVO

Even if / Much us
Clause of concession
(OR Main clause
Ex:

main clause
+

Clause of concession)

Although the team played well, they lost.
Even though the play received good notices, a few people went to see it.
Much as I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.

 Chữ MUCH AS thường đi với các động từ như like, dislike, approve, admire, enjoy,
sympathize.
2.
Subject + verb + object, BUT / YET / NEVERTHELESS + main clauses (SVO)
Ex: I am very hungry, but I dare not to eat much.
3.
Despite
In spite of

possessive adjective + noun / V-ing,

For all

(Phrase)

main clauses
(SVO)

Notwithstanding
Ex:

Despite their playing well, they lost.
In spite of good notices, a few people went to see it.
For all his wealth and fame, he‟s a very lonely man.

Notwithstanding her bad behavior, we love and forgive her.

4.

Ex:

Past participle
Although he is old, he still manages to enjoy life.
(V3 / V-ed) + As / Though + subject + verd, main clauses

Ex:

Adjective
Although he is old, he still manages to enjoy life.

(SVO)
9


Old as he is, he still manages to enjoy life.
Even though you are bored to death, you have to continue to life.
Bored though you are to death, you have to continue to live.
5.
Whatever = It doesn‟t matter what / which = It makes no difference which
= No matter what + Noun: Bất luận gì đi nữa… thì
Whoever = It doesn‟t matter who = It makes no difference who = No matter who
Whenever = No matter when: Dù lúc nào đi nữa, bất luận khi nào… thì
However = No matter how + Adjective: Dù thế nào đi nữa…
Try as + Adj + as I might = No matter how I tried: Dù tôi cố gắng đến mấy đi nữa

Ex:

Try as hard as I might, I can‟t lift this metal box.
Dù cho tơi cố gắng mấy đi nữa thì tơi cũng khơng thể nâng nổi cái hộp kim loại
này.
EXERCISE

Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first sentence.
1. If you like, you can eat everything. (whatever)
You can ............................................................................................................................
2. Take what kinds of measures you consider best. (whatever)
Take

.............................................................................................................................

3. No matter what you say, I won‟t believe you
Whatever ..........................................................................................................................
Although ..........................................................................................................................
4. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn‟t open the door
However ...........................................................................................................................
Hard as .............................................................................................................................
Although ..........................................................................................................................
Try as hard as ...................................................................................................................
5. No matter what your problems are difficult, you have no right to o that.
Whatever ..........................................................................................................................
Although ..........................................................................................................................
Difficult as .......................................................................................................................
However ...........................................................................................................................
10

6. No matter what kinds of difficulties you have, you should study well.
Whatever ..........................................................................................................................
Although ..........................................................................................................................
In spite of .........................................................................................................................
7. However much I like the job, I still wish to earn more.
No matter how..................................................................................................................
Much as ............................................................................................................................
In spite of .........................................................................................................................
8. However much ill children are, they still try to smile.
No matter how..................................................................................................................
Ill as

..............................................................................................................................

In spite of .........................................................................................................................
9. In spite of his illness, he goes to school every day.
Although ..........................................................................................................................
No matter how..................................................................................................................
10. You can use it as long as you like, it has no problem.
No matter how..................................................................................................................
Long as .............................................................................................................................
Although ..........................................................................................................................
11. Although it rains heavily, we go to school.
Despite ............................................................................................................................
Heavy as the .....................................................................................................................
No matter how heavy .......................................................................................................
12. In spite of his trying, he couldn‟t pass the exam.
Although ..........................................................................................................................
Try as ..............................................................................................................................

Hard as he ........................................................................................................................

11


2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON
1.

FORM:
S+V +O+

Because / Since / As + S + V + O

Main clauses

Subordinate Clauses

S + V + O + BECAUSES OF

+ The / His / Her… + Adj + N

Main clauses

DUE TO

V-ing + O
Phrase

2.

USES:



Mệnh đề chỉ lý do được bắt đầu bằng một trong những liên từ sau: AS, SINCE,
BECAUSE, FOR.

Ex:

Why do you study English?
I study English because / as / since it is necessary for my future.



AS and SINCE are used when the reason is already known to the listener or
hearer.

AS and SINCE – Clauses often come at the beginning of sentence.
Ex:

As it‟s raining again, we‟ll have to stay at home.
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.



BECAUSE puts more emphasis on the reason, and most often introduces new

information which is not known to the listener.


Khi lý do là phần rất quan trọng của câu thì khơng thể dùng AS hoặc SINCE.

Ex:

Why are you leaving? – I‟m leaving because I‟m fed up.



FOR cũng giới thiệu thông tin mới. Chữ “FOR” khơng bao giờ đứng ở đầu câu.

Nó thường xuất hiện ở giữa câu và sau dấu – hoặc dấu phẩy.
Ex: I decided to stop and have lunch – for I was feeling hungry.

3. WHY questions and Clauses of Reason:
is/ am / are
was / were
WHY + will / shall / may / can…. + Subject + (main verb) + (Object)?
have / has / had
do / does / did
12


Ex1: He is going to the post office because he wants to send some letters.



Why is he going to the post office?

Ex2: We went without him because he wasn‟t here.



Why did you go without him?

EXERCISE
I. Rewrite these sentences using BECAUSE OF:
1. They didn‟t come to your party because they had a meeting.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. He was punished because he talked during the class- hour.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. She doesn‟t want to have dinner because she feels very tired now.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. We didn‟t go to Vung Tau because it rained heavily.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. The train couldn‟t continue to go because the fog was so thick.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. We postponed our trip to Dalat because the weather was too bad.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. She was absent yesterday because her father was ill.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. We don‟t buy that car because we haven‟t got enough money.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. I am very disappointed because my students are very lazy.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. These people have to live in the cottages because they are so poor.
.............................................................................................................................................
11. All the students respect the principal because he is very kind.
.............................................................................................................................................
12. Because he behaves badly, he is punished by his father.
.............................................................................................................................................

13. My parents are happy because I get good marks at school.
.............................................................................................................................................
13


14. The chairman was pleased because he was cheered by the crowd.
.............................................................................................................................................
15. They don‟t buy that house because it is too old. (n, a)
.............................................................................................................................................
16. He was here yesterday because he wanted to meet his father.
.............................................................................................................................................
17. They didn‟t come here on time because they started so lately.
.............................................................................................................................................
18. These people are homeless because the fire burnt their house.
.............................................................................................................................................
19. Because he didn‟t prepare the lesson well, he failed that exam.
.............................................................................................................................................
20. Because the sea is rough, we can‟t go fishing.
.............................................................................................................................................
21. His parents are pleased because he is a pious (hiếu thảo) child.
.............................................................................................................................................
22. We like him because he is kind to everyone.
.............................................................................................................................................
23. Loan stayed at home because her mother was sick.
.............................................................................................................................................

14


3. PHARSES AND CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

1. So that + clause (S + can / could / would + V1 + O) dùng để diễn tả mục đích: để mà

Ex

S+V +O

+ SO THAT

+ CLAUSE

Main clause

IN ORDER THAT (S + can/could/will/would + (not) V1 + O)

I study hard so that I can pass this exam = I study hard for this exam.
These soldiers risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.
I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes.

2. To infinitive phrase được dùng để diễn tả mục đích của hành động của chủ ngữ.
Ex:

The bank receives money. It wants to keep it safe.
 The bank receives money to keep it safe.
TO
S

+

V +

O + IN ORDER (not) TO + Infinitive + O
SO AS (not) TO

Ex1: We write these letters SO THAT we send them to our friends.
Ex2: She drinks orange juice IN ORDER THAT she isn‟t thirsty.
Ex3: He has a mountain of homework TO DO.
3. Subject + need / want + object + to infinitive: cần…để…
Need to be + V-ed / V3 = Need + V-ing: Cần phải được
Ex:

I need a typewriter to type this contract.
This car needs to be repaired = This car needs repairing.

4. For + V-ing / Noun cũng được dùng để diễn tả mục đích.
Ex: He decided to put his money in a bank for safekeeping.

EXERCISE
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using TO, SO AS
TO, IN ORDER TO where necessary:
1. I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door. (To / so that)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
15


2. He opened the lions cage. He intended to feed the lions. (in order to / in order that)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. She has a box. She wants to put her savings in it. (so as to / so that)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
4. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to rescue the child. (in order to)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
5. They got up very early. They wanted to get the top of the hill before sunrise.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6. She rang the bell. She wanted to tell us that dinner was ready.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
7. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his marks with the Headmaster.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below the window. He wanted to escape from fire.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. The government evacuated the habitants from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce
the risk.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. I am learning Chinese. I want to work for a Chinese company.
.............................................................................................................................................
11. We are saving up. We want to buy a new house.
.............................................................................................................................................
12. He coughed. He intended to warn them that he was coming.
.............................................................................................................................................
13. The workmen left red lights near the hole. They wanted to warn motorists.
.............................................................................................................................................
14. They sent their children to their aunt‟s house. They wanted to have some peace.
.............................................................................................................................................
15. The town council has forbidden coal fires. They are trying to keep the air clean.
.............................................................................................................................................
16

16. They employed a detective. They wanted to learn what I did in the evenings.
.............................................................................................................................................
17. The boys are collecting the wood. They intend to put them on the fire. (bỏ “them”)
.............................................................................................................................................
18. His mother sent him to the U.S.A. She wanted him to study computer.
.............................................................................................................................................
19. He left his rifle outside. He didn‟t want to frighten his wife.
.............................................................................................................................................
20. Mrs. White read only for short periods each day. She didn‟t want to strain her eyes.
.............................................................................................................................................
21. We must keep our gloves on. We don‟t want to get frost-bitten.
.............................................................................................................................................
22. I took off my shoes. I didn‟t want to make any noise.
.............................................................................................................................................
23. he was playing softly. He didn‟t want to disturb anyone.
.............................................................................................................................................
24. We put bars on the lower windows. We didn‟t want anyone to climb in.
.............................................................................................................................................
25. He killed that woman. He wanted nobody to know why she died.
.............................................................................................................................................
26. He wears a false beard. He doesn‟t want anybody to recognize him.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

17


4. CLAUSES OF RESULT

1. TOO …TO: Quá … đến nỗi không thể…
S + V + TOO + Adj + (For me / him / her / you / us / them) to V1 + (O)

Ex:

The tea is too hot for me to drink.

2. ENOUGH TO: Đủ… để…
S + V + Adj + ENOUGH + (For me / him / her / you / us / them) to V1 + (O)

Ex:

The man is not strong. He can‟t run far.



The man is not strong enough to run far.

3. SO… THAT: Quá… đến nỗi…
Subject + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + Subject + can / can‟t + V1 + Object

Ex:

I am very weak. I can‟t lift this metal box.



I am so weak that I can‟t lift this metal box.

4. SUCH … THAT:

S + V + SUCH (a / an) + adjective + Noun + THAT + S + (can / can‟t) + V1 + Object

Ex1:

It is such a bad film that many people go out of the cinema.

Ex2:

That was such an exciting match that it pleased a large number of fans.

EXERCISE
Use TOO.. TO, ENOUGH TO, SO… THAT or SUCH… THAT to combine the
following pairs of sentences.
1. She is very short. She can‟t win the Miss World‟s diadem
She is too .............................................................................................................................
18


She isn‟t tall enough............................................................................................................
She is so ..............................................................................................................................
She is such...........................................................................................................................
2. Tea is very hot. I can‟t drink it.
Tea is too .............................................................................................................................
Tea is not…………………………… enough……………………………….. (warm)
Tea is so ..............................................................................................................................
It is such ..............................................................................................................................
3. This car‟s very expensive. I can‟t buy it.
This car is too ......................................................................................................................
This car is not……………………… enough………………………………… (cheap)
This car is so .......................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................
4. That metal box is very heavy. He can‟t carry it.
That metal box is too...........................................................................................................
That metal box is not…………………………… enough………………….. (light)
That metal box is so ............................................................................................................
Is it such ..............................................................................................................................
5. The ceiling very high. She can‟t touch it.
The ceiling is too .................................................................................................................
The ceiling is not……………………………. enough……………………… (short)
The ceiling is so ..................................................................................................................
It is such ..............................................................................................................................
6. This shirt is very old. She shouldn‟t wear it.
This shirt is too....................................................................................................................
This shirt is not……………………………… enough………………………. (new)
This shirt is so .....................................................................................................................
It is such ..............................................................................................................................
7. They are so busy. They can‟t help you.
They are too ........................................................................................................................
They are is not……………………………

enough…………………………. (free)

They are so ..........................................................................................................................
These are such .....................................................................................................................
8. He is too tired. He can‟t walk with you.
19