Tài liệu Creating Cool Web Sites with HTML, XHTML and CSS (2010)- P1 doc

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Creating Cool
Web Sites with
HTML, XHTML,
and CSS
Dave Taylor
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Creating Cool
Web Sites with
HTML, XHTML,
and CSS
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Creating Cool
Web Sites with
HTML, XHTML,
and CSS
Dave Taylor
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Creating Cool Web Sites with HTML, XHTML, and CSS
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256

www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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ISBN: 0-7645-5738-6
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Copyright © 1994-2003 World Wide Web Consortium (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research
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About the Author
Dave Taylor has been involved with the Internet since 1980, when he first logged in as an
undergraduate at the University of California, San Diego. Since then, he’s been a research
scientist at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, reviews editor for SunWorld
magazine, and founder of four companies: The Internet Mall, iTrack.com, AnswerSquad, and
ClickThruStats.com. Currently, Dave is president of Intuitive Systems and is busy launching
an electronic book publishing company called Intuitive Press.
Dave has designed over 50 Web sites, both commercial and nonprofit, and has published
more than 1000 articles about the Internet, Unix, Macintosh, interface design, and business
topics. His books include Learning Unix for Mac OS X Panther (O’Reilly), Wicked Cool Shell
Scripts (No Starch Press), Teach Yourself Unix in 24 Hours (Sams Publishing), and Solaris
For Dummies (Wiley Publishing).
Dave holds a master’s degree in Educational Computing from Purdue University, an M.B.A.

from the University of Baltimore, an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from the
University of California at San Diego, and is an adjunct professor at the University of
Colorado, Boulder, and the University of Phoenix Online.
You can find Dave Taylor online just about any time at
/>, or
you can send him electronic mail at

.
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Credits
Senior Acquisitions Editor
Jim Minatel
Development Editors
Jodi Jensen
Brian Herrmann
Production Editor
Felicia Robinson
Technical Editing
Wiley-Dreamtech India Pvt Ltd
Copy Editor
Mary Lagu
Editorial Manager
Mary Beth Wakefield
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Vice President and Executive Publisher
Bob Ipsen

Vice President and Publisher
Joseph B. Wikert
Executive Editorial Director
Mary Bednarek
Project Coordinator
April Farling
Graphics and Production Specialists
Beth Brooks
Jonelle Burns
Jennifer Heleine
Quality Control Technician
Susan Moritz
Permissions Editor
Laura Moss
Media Development Specialist
Angela Denny
Book Designer
Kathie S. Schnorr
Proofreading and Indexing
Publication Services
Cover Design
Michael Trent
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To Kiana, Gareth, and Ashley, my guardian angels
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Preface
W
ho should buy this book? What’s covered? How do I read this book? Why should I
read this book? HTML? XHTML? CSS? Sheesh! Why not just use a Web page editor?
Who am I?
Welcome!
“Wow! Another Web book! What makes this one different?”
That’s a fair question. I want you to be confident that Creating Cool Web Sites with HTML,
XHTML, and CSS will meet your needs as well as provide fun and interesting reading. So
spend a minute and breeze through my preface to ensure that this is the book you seek
. . . .
What This Book Is About
In a nutshell, Creating Cool Web Sites with HTML, XHTML, and CSS is an introduction to
HTML, XHTML, and Cascading Style Sheets. HTML is the HyperText Markup Language, and
it’s the language that enables you to create and publish your own multimedia documents on
the World Wide Web. Millions of users on the Internet and online services such as America
Online, Earthlink, and the Microsoft Network are spending hours each day exploring the world
of the Web from within their Web browser, be it Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, or any of
a variety of other programs. XHTML is the modern “proper” version of HTML and is the future
of the markup language. Cascading Style Sheets are also part of that future, and it’s a rare
modern Web site that doesn’t use at least some element of CSS in its design and layout.
By using all these technologies, you can learn to quickly and easily create attractive docu­
ments that are on the cutting edge of interactive publishing. I went through the pain of learn­
ing HTML back in 1994, the very dawn of the Web era, precisely because I wanted to spread
my ideas to a global audience. For me, learning was hit or miss because the only references
I could find were confusing online documents written by programmers and computer types.
For you, it will be a lot easier. By reading this book and exploring the software and samples
included on the companion Web site, you can learn not only the nuts and bolts of HTML,
XHTML, and CSS, but also quite a lot about how to design and create useful, attractive Web

sites and spread the word about them on the Net.
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Ł
Preface
xii
Before you delve into this book, you should know the basics: what the Internet is, how to get
on it, and how to use your Web browser. If you seek detailed information on these topics, you
can find many interesting and useful books from Wiley Publishing at
compbooks. After you have this basic knowledge, you’ll find that Creating Cool Web Sites with
HTML, XHTML, and CSS is a fun introduction to the art and science of creating interesting—
and, if I may say so, cool—Web sites that you’ll be proud of and that other users will want to
visit and explore.
Why Not Just Use a Web Page Builder?
If you’ve already flipped through this book to see what’s covered, you’ve seen a ton of differ­
ent sample listings with lots and lots of
<
and
>
instructions. Yet the advertisements in every
computer magazine are telling you that you don’t need to get your hands dirty with HTML
and CSS when you can use a Web page editor. So what’s the scoop?
The scoop—or the problem, really—is that every Web page editor I’ve used is designed to
create pages for a particular Web browser and has at best a limited understanding of the rich,
complex, evolving HTML language. Use Microsoft Front Page 2000, for example, and your
site will almost certainly look best in Internet Explorer (a Microsoft product).
It’s a subtle but insidious problem. One clue to this lurking problem is that surveys of Web
developers invariably demonstrate that almost all the most popular Web sites are coded by
hand, not with fancy page-building systems.
A development company that I occasionally help with online design recently sent me a plea

because they had encountered this inconsistency in browser presentation:
Dave, Help! Everything looks different in the different browsers!! This is turning
out to be a nightmare! How much effect do different browsers have on the
appearance of the site? My customer is using AOL and from the e-mail she sent
me, things are a mess. When I look at the site, it pretty much is ok. There are a
few modifications to make - font, bold - but what’s going on?
That’s one of the greatest frustrations for all Web site designers: Not only do different versions
of Web browsers support different versions of HTML and CSS, but the exact formatting that
results from a given HTML tag or CSS style varies by Web browser, too. It’s why the mantra
of all good Web designers is “test, test, test.”
In fact, if you’re going to get serious about Web development, I would suggest that you con­
sider a setup like I have: Before you officially say that you’re done with a project, check all
the pages with the two most recent major releases of the two biggest Web browsers on both a
Mac and a Windows system. (That’s a total of eight different browsers. Right now, I have the
two most recent versions of Internet Explorer and Netscape loaded on both of my computers.)
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xiii
Ł
Preface
Text Conventions Used in This Book
Stuff I ask you to type appears in bold, like this: something you actually type. I also use bold
in some lines of HTML source code to point out the specific tag or attribute that the discus­
sion is focusing on.
Filenames, directories, URLs, and names of machines on the Net appear in a special type­
face, like this:
/>.
HTML-formatted source code appears in that same special typeface, but on separate lines,
like this:
<html>

<title>How to Create Cool Web Sites</title>
<img src=”intro.gif” alt=”How To Create Cool Web Sites” />
Icons Used to Help You Navigate
I use the following icons to help you find your way around the text and to point out important
additional information that I want to emphasize.
Ł
This icon points out some expert tricks and techniques that can help you work
tip
more efficiently.
Ł
Pay attention to this icon. It alerts you to possible pitfalls and may help you avoid
caution
trouble.
Ł
Check out this icon for additional details that deserve special attention and may
note
help you work better in the long term.
Ł
Jump to the chapters elsewhere in the book that this icon points you to. You’re
x-ref
bound to run into some good information or more details about the topic at hand.
This icon points you to helpful information or samples on the companion Web site
on the
that accompanies this book (
/>) or to sites
Ł
elsewhere on the Net.
web
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Ł
Preface
xiv
Who Should Read This Book?
You can use this book to learn HTML, XHTML, CSS, and the techniques needed to create
cool Web sites. All you need is a simple text editor, such as Notepad (which comes with
Windows) or TextEdit (which is part of the Macintosh operating system), and a Web browser.
If you’re already online and have a Web browser installed on your computer, you can easily
explore all the examples in this book by going to this book’s accompanying Web site at
/>.
What’s on the Companion Web Site?
What would a Web book be without a companion Web site? The Creating Cool Web Sites
with HTML, XHTML, and CSS Web site can be found at

coolsites/
. The site contains every single example in the book, pointers to every site men­
tioned, the extended table of contents for the book, and a sample chapter for your reading
pleasure. In addition, you’ll find an errata page in case any typos or glitches have come to
light between when we wrapped up production and when you picked up this book. From this
site, you can also access my Booktalk weblog, which offers a fun and informal Q&A environ­
ment where you can ask me questions about specific issues that might puzzle or confuse you.
Be Productive in No Time!
By the time you’re halfway through this book, you’ll be able to whip up the kind of pages you
see every day, guaranteed. And by the time you finish this book, you’ll know other ways to
organize information to make creating Web versions of print material easy. You’ll also learn
about the nuances of XHTML and the tremendous power and capabilities that Cascading Style
Sheets add to the equation, as well as why it’s crazy not to include at least rudimentary CSS
elements in your everyday site development work.
Want to contact the author? Send e-mail to

or visit my home page
on the Web at
/>.
If you’re ready, let’s go!
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Acknowledgments
N
o writing project can be completed while the author is locked in a room, although if
there’s a good Net connection, we can probably negotiate something! Seriously, a num­
ber of Internet folk have proven invaluable as I’ve written the different editions of this book—
some for their direct help and others for simply having produced some wickedly cool Web
pages that inspired me when things were moving a bit slowly.
Special thanks go to my many students at The University of Phoenix Online and elsewhere
who helped clarify what made sense and what didn’t in the previous editions of the book. I
also particularly appreciate the continued assistance of the team at Wiley Publishing, includ­
ing notably Sharon Cox and Jodi Jensen, and Dreamtech for the technical edit. My friends
and colleagues John Locke, Bo Leuf, Werner Klauser, Jon Shemitz, Richard Blum, and Jon
Trelfa helped keep the content fresh and accurate and helped to continually remind me that
there’s more to learn. Special thanks also to search engine expert Dan Murray for his help on
Google page ranking algorithms.
Most of the graphics presented in this book were created in GraphicConverter, a wonderful
shareware application for the Macintosh, though I used Adobe Photoshop CS a few times.
Screen shots were done with MW Snap on the PC and Snapz Pro X on the Macintosh. Most of
the book was written on my aging Apple Macintosh G4/450 system (I have to admit, I’m a
Mac guy at heart), and the Windows work was all done on a 900MHz Pentium III box running
Windows XP.
Finally, warm hugs to Linda, Ashley, Gareth, Jasmine, Karma, Angel, and, of course, the
newest member of my family, Kiana, for ensuring that I took sufficient breaks to avoid carpal
tunnel syndrome or any of the other hazards of overly intense typing. The time off would be a

lot less fun without ya!
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Part I: Building a Wicked Cool Web Page
Chapter 1: So What’s All This Web Jazz? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
What Is the Web Anyway? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Linear media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hypermedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Cool spots on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction to Internet Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Launching Internet Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Changing the default page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
All about URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
URLs to the rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Reading a URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
FTP via URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Anonymous FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Nonanonymous FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Using FTP URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Special characters in URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
E-mail via URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Telnet via URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Usenet news via URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The heart of the Web: HTTP URLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 2: Building Your First Web Page: HTML Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Basics of HTML Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
HTML and browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
If you open it, close it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Breaking at Paragraphs and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Building Your First Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Launching your HTML editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Saving your file as HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1
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