Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 7 ppt

Woman: Betty took the wrong bus and missed the meeting.
Man: I know. She showed up when it was over.
Q. Narrator: What do the speakers mean?
A. Betty is coming to the meeting.
B. Betty did not go to the meeting.
C. Betty might not come to the meeting.
D. Betty is on the bus.
The answer is B, “Betty did not go to the meeting.” The sentence is in the past
tense.
Man: Did Chuck call before or after the class?
Woman: He called during the class.
Q. Narrator: What did the woman say?
A. He did not call.
B. He called while the class was going on.
C. He called before the class.
D. He called after the class.
The answer is B, “He called while the class was going on,” because while means
the same as during.
Passive Voice
A sentence can be constructed either in the active or passive voice. In an active
sentence, the subject performs the action. In a passive sentence, the subject re-
ceives the action. To create a passive sentence from an active sentence, the order
of the active sentence is reversed. For the Listening section, you must be able to
understand active versus passive voice so you can identify who performs the ac-
tion and who receives the action.
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Samples
Woman: Where is David? I thought he was going to be here.
Man: He was chosen to lead the committee, and it is meeting tonight.

Q. Narrator: What does the man mean about David?
A. He will be here soon.
B. He chose the committee members.
C. He has been appointed as the leader of the committee.
D. He chose not to serve on the committee.
The answer is C, “He has been appointed as the leader of the committee,” a pas-
sive sentence. Answer choice B might be tempting, but it reverses the order of
who performed the action and who received the action.
Man: What did Rafael tell the officer about the accident?
Woman: He said the car was struck by the truck.
Q. Narrator: What does the woman mean?
A. The car avoided being hit.
B. The truck hit the car.
C. The car hit the truck.
D. The truck took evasive action.
The answer is B, “The truck hit the car,” which means the same as “the car was
struck by the truck.”
Appositives
An appositive is a reduced relative clause, which leaves a noun phrase. The noun
phrase provides additional information about the noun. An appositive will often
appear at the beginning of a sentence.
Gary Smith, w
ho is an excellent photographer, will carry the weight.
relative clause
Gary Smith, an excellent photographer, will carry the weight.
reduced relative clause
An excellent photographer, Gary Smith will carry the weight.
appositive
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Listening

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Sample
Woman: Do you know anything about the three students who are making
the video display?
Man: An excellent photographer, Gary Smith will carry the weight.
Woman: You don’t know the others?
Q. Narrator: What does the man imply about the video producers?
A. One person will make it successful.
B. The group is made up of great photographers.
C. There is no hope for the video display.
D. Gary will load the equipment.
The answer is A, “One person will make it successful,” because the appositive,
“an excellent photographer,” refers to Gary.
Modals
Modal auxiliaries are generally used to indicate something that is potential or un-
certain. The modals are: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, and
must.
Sample
Woman: Are you planning to go on the trip?
Man: I may be able to.
Q. Narrator: What does the man mean?
A. He is not sure whether he will go on the trip.
B. He will definitely go on the trip.
C. He will definitely not go on the trip.
D. He plans to go on the trip.
The answer is A, “He is not sure whether he will go on the trip,” because the word
may means the answer is unknown.
42
Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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Conditional Sentences
A conditional sentence indicates that something will happen if another event hap-
pens first. In other words, one circumstance will occur under the condition that
another circumstance occurs first. A conditional sentence can be real or unreal. If
it’s real, that means there is the potential for a result to occur in the future. If it’s
unreal, that means a result would have occurred already if a certain event hap-
pened, but in reality, the event didn’t happen.
Conditional sentences each contain a clause beginning with the word if. This
clause can appear as either the first or second clause in the sentence. A conditional
sentence with a verb that’s one step in the past means that it’s contrary to fact, or
unreal. That is, the opposite result occurred. Here is an example:
If the bus hadn’t already passed by, we would’ve been on time for our
meeting.
OR
We would’ve been on time for our meeting if the bus hadn’t already
passed by.
If the bus hadn’t already passed by means that the bus did pass by. This is a posi-
tive result because the clause is negative (the word not — contracted here as part
of hadn’t — makes it negative). Both of these sentences mean that the bus already
passed by.
The other clause, we would’ve been on time, is also contrary to fact. It’s a positive
clause, so the idea is negative. It means we were not on time.
If the bus had already passed by, there would be no people waiting.
OR
There would be no people waiting if the bus had already passed by.
The clause If the bus had already passed by is a positive clause, so it means that
the bus did not pass by. The clause there would be no people waiting is a negative
clause and, therefore, carries a positive meaning. It means there are people waiting.
If the man had called the ambulance, the boy would’ve survived.
OR

The boy would’ve survived if the man had called the ambulance.
This means the man did not call the ambulance and the boy did not survive.
Notice the difference, however, when the verb is in the same tense as the context.
This is called a real condition because the clauses don’t have the opposite meaning.
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Listening
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If the bus arrives soon, we’ll be on time for our meeting.
The bus still might arrive soon, and if it does, we’ll be on time for our meeting.
If the man calls the ambulance, the boy can survive.
The man might call the ambulance, and the boy might survive.
Wish
The verb wish can convey the same concept as an unreal condition. It conveys a
different concept from that of hope. Just like in the unreal conditional sentences
you read above, the tense of the other verb in the sentence will be one step further
in the past.
We wish the bus had arrived on time.
This means the bus did not arrive on time.
She wishes the man had called the ambulance.
This means the man did not call the ambulance.
Comparisons and Comparatives
Comparisons indicate degrees of difference or similarity.
Equal Comparisons
An equal comparison indicates that the two nouns or noun phrases in a sentence
are (or are not) exactly the same.
This car is as old as that one.
This sentence means that the age of the two cars is equal.
This car is not as old as that one.
This sentence means that this car is newer than the other one.
In a negative equal comparison, you can substitute the word so for as without al-

tering the meaning of the sentence.
His job is not as difficult as mine.
His job is not so difficult as mine.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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