Tài liệu Toefl cbt book part 21 ppt

13 .
-tang-
-strict-
-gress-
-grat-
Meaning of root: touch
Meaning of whole words: something you
can touch; something you can’t touch
A corporation has to pay _____ible tax on
personal property it owns and in_____ible
tax on stocks, notes, and other paper
obligations.
14 .
-viv-
-mort-
-ject-
-vor-
Meaning of root: eat
Meaning of whole word: meat eating
Some dinosaurs were carni_____ous.
15 .
-viv-
-vor-
-secut-
-cred-
Meaning of root: live
Meaning of whole word: lively, full of life
Mr. Pinder is a talented author whose
_____id imagination brings the characters
to life.
16 .

-mor-
-omni-
-vict-
-viv-
Meaning of root: every
Meaning of whole word: all
powerful
A proper government carefully follows a
series of checks and balances so that no
person or group can become _____potent.
17.
-viv-
-ped-
-mor-
-fid-
Meaning of root: foot
Meaning of whole word: person on foot
Anne was charged with careless driving
when she struck a _____estrian while dri-
ving too fast.
18 .
-cred-
-fid-
-corp-
-viv-
Meaning of root: body
Meaning of whole word: embodiment of an
organization
Mr. Padgett said that the articles of
in_____oration could be filed the day after

they were signed.
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19 .
-frag-
-grat-
-viv-
-mort-
Meaning of root: break
Meaning of whole word: easy to
break, not strong
Her health is very _____ile at this
time.
20.
-gress-
-grad-
-cred-
-secut-
Meaning of root: step
Meaning of whole word: one step at
a time, little by little
Richard _____ually improved in his
anatomy course.
181
Reading
Answers
1.
interjects
2.

gratuity
3.
ruptured
4.
credence
5.
cursive
6.
induce
7.
fiduciary
8.
immortal
9.
evict
10 .
deflected
11.
fractured
12 .
consecutive
13 .
tangible; intangible
14 .
carnivorous
15 .
vivid
16 .
omnipotent
17.

pedestrian
18 .
incorporation
19 .
fragile
20.
gradually
Suffixes
A suffix is a group of letters attached at the end of a word. Usually, suffixes indi-
cate the word’s part of speech. For example, a suffix may indicate that the word is
a noun, adjective, or adverb, and it may indicate the verb tense, aspect, or person.
I cover verb tenses, aspects, and forms in the “Structure Section” chapter.
Normally, the TOEFL test Reading section does not use incorrect parts of speech
in the answer choices. For example, if the word being tested is a noun, all the an-
swer choices are also nouns. Therefore, you normally can’t use your knowledge
of suffixes to eliminate answer choices without understanding the word. However,
understanding suffixes can be very useful in order to recognize that a word is re-
lated to another that you know.
If there are words or roots in this section that you don’t know, look them up in a
dictionary. In fact, you can often understand three or more words from learning
one root. The purpose of this section is to assist you in recognizing these suffixes,
not in forming words. (That is why I haven’t explained in detail how the suffix is
affixed to the root.)
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A suffix often tells whether the word is a noun, verb, or other form. The following
table offers an example of how suffixes work.
Root +Suffix = Part of speech
imagin- -e imagine (verb)
imagin- -ation imagination (noun)
imagin- -ary imaginary (adjective)

imagin- -ative imaginative (adjective)
imaginative -ly imaginatively (adverb)
Noun Endings
The following endings normally indicate that the word is a noun: -sion, -tion,
-ition, -ation, -ance, -ence, -or, -er, -hood, -ship, -ty, -ity, -cy, -ment, -ness,
-ism, and -ist.
All of these suffixes are added to the root of verbs except -ship and -hood, which
are added to nouns, and -ness and -ty, which are added to adjectives.
Suffix (Noun Ending) Root + Suffix = Noun
-ion, -sion, -tion action, explosion, invention
-ation, -ition communication, composition
-ance, -ence insurance, correspondence
-or, -er professor, computer
-hood neighborhood, childhood
-ship friendship, membership
-ty, -ity, -cy loyalty, reality, complacency
-ment judgment, argument
-ness stubbornness, happiness
-ism, -ist capitalism, capitalist
Occasionally, -ant or -ent can indicate a noun, although they normally indicate an
adjective and -ance and -ence indicate the related noun. Examples of -ant and -ent
as noun suffixes are confidant and correspondent.
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Following is a list of suffixes from the previous table that often apply to a person.
Suffix Person
-or instructor
-er teacher
-ist biologist

Following are suffixes from the same table that often apply to an intangible thing
(an abstract concept).
Suffix Concept
-ion, -sion, -tion concentration
-ance radiance
-ence competence
-ty, -ity, -cy legality
-ness stubbornness
-ism communism
Verb Endings
The endings -en and -ize normally indicate that the word is a verb.
The suffixes -en and -ize are normally added to nouns or adjectives to make verbs.
Root + Suffix = Verb
haste (noun) -en hasten
standard (noun or adjective) -ize standardize
Other examples of verbs created by -en are awaken, harden, flatten, shorten,
heighten, enlighten, weaken, hearten, darken, and strengthen.
Examples of verbs created by -ize are authorize, legalize, criticize, rationalize, in-
tellectualize, symbolize, neutralize, centralize, summarize, emphasize, visualize,
mobilize, categorize, stabilize, economize, and terrorize.
Adjective Endings
The following endings normally indicate that the word is an adjective: -less,
-ful, -al, -ous, -ious, -eous, -ed, -en (past participle), -ive, -able, and -ible.
183
Reading
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You normally add all the previous suffixes to nouns, except -able, -ible, and -ive,
which you add to verbs.
Suffix (Adjective Ending) Root + Suffix = Adjective
-less hopeless, thoughtless

-ful hopeful, thoughtful
-al original, functional
-ous, -ious, -eous gaseous, dangerous
-ed, -en (past participle) cooked, broken, beaten
-ive aggressive, attractive
-able, -ible agreeable, digestible
Adverb Endings
The suffix -ly added to an adjective usually forms an adverb.
For example, intelligent plus -ly equals intelligently. Other examples of adverbs
formed this way include absolutely, independently, delightfully, politely, greatly,
silently, nicely, centrally, resolutely, falsely, brightly, meaningfully, definitely, and
randomly.
Note: There are some exceptions to this rule. Hard and fast can be used as both ad-
jectives and adverbs, while hardly is an adverb that means “barely.” Both friendly
and lively look like they should be adverbs, but they are actually adjectives.
Related Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives
Following are lists of verbs, nouns, and adjectives that have the same roots (and
sometimes prefixes) but different suffixes. If you don’t know the meaning of the
words, look them up in your dictionary. When you look up one of the words in a
row, you should be able to determine the meaning of the other two words by rec-
ognizing the words’ parts of speech from their suffixes.
In these lists, you may recognize prefixes or roots from the previous sections of
this chapter that will help you determine each word’s meaning.
In the following table, each noun is made by adding -tion or -sion to the root.
Verb Noun Adjective
apprehend apprehension apprehensive
assert assertion assertive
communicate communication communicative
184
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