Tài liệu Toefl cbt book part 23 ppt

13 .
B. Ubiquitous means “omni-present” or “existing everywhere.”
14. C. The word stagnant means stale, “out-of-date,” or “not changing.” This passage
states that the bar code concept is still being changed.
15 .
D. The passage indicates that the bar code has been used in various ways since
the ’70s.
16 .
A. The passage covers both a review of existing technology and the new two-
dimensional code.
17.
A. The two-dimensional bar code, with an information density of 1,100 bytes,
allows a considerably greater amount of information to be coded than the tradi-
tional bar code, including customized information. T
hus, the manufacturer is
able to add additional information on the bar code that it finds useful for its own
tr
acking purposes. It also has built-in redundancy, meaning that the identical
information is duplicated on the same code. Therefore, if the code is damaged, it
can still be read. The technology even allows pictures or text to be contained
within the code, as well as barcode encryption. The new technology dramatically
reduces the errors of the single dimensional bar code and reduces the enormous
costs that some companies have reported in the past.
18 .
A. The reading states that the code consists of horizontal lines, black print on a
white background, with two and sometimes four different widths, and Arabic nu-
merals underneath.
19 .
B. The passage states: The bar code used on grocery products, introduced in the
1970s, is called a universal product code (or UPC), and assigns each type of
food or grocery product a unique code.

20.
A. Width is the noun related to the noun wide. It describes the size from left to
right.
21.
A. Traditional refers to a long-standing tradition or convention.
22.
B. Keeping track of products stocked and sold means the same thing as inventory
control. The other uses mentioned are potential uses of the new two-dimensional
bar code.
23.
D. In this context, considerably means “far” or “much.”
200
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201
WRITING
As I explain in Part II of this book, the Writing section score makes up half of
your Structure score. In this chapter, I explain how the TOEFL essay is graded.
Understanding how an essay is scored can help you determine how to tackle this
section of the test.
Each essay question can receive a score between 0 and 6, with 0 being the lowest
and 6 being the highest. Essay scoring is based on a checklist much like the one
below. This checklist is adapted from the Writing Scoring Guide contained in the
TOEFL test Information Bulletin.
How well
■
does the essay address the topic?
■
is the essay organized?
■

does the essay provide appropriate details to support the thesis?
■
does the essay display proper use of language?
■
does the essay show variety and use of words?
In other words, to create a successful essay, you need to do the following:
■
Write about the topic.
■
Organize it.
■
Give details.
■
Use correct grammar.
■
Use correct and varied vocabulary.
A separate score is given for each of these five aspects of your essay. Each sepa-
rate score can range from 0 to 6, in half-point increments. All five scores are then
averaged in order to determine the overall score for your essay. For example, you
might receive a score like the following:
Addressing the topic 5.5
Organization 4
Details 2.5
Grammar 5
Vocabulary 3.5
Average 20.5 / 5 = 4.1
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Writing about the essay topic is fairly easy to do: Simply answer the question.
Don’t get carried away trying to use impressive vocabulary or display grammati-
cal abilities and not end up addressing the question.

Use the scratch paper provided at the administration of the TOEFL test to outline
your essay topic. You can use any kind of outline technique to organize your
thoughts, but don’t skip this part. Proper organization translates into a fifth of
your writing score.
The particular position that you choose to take on the topic is not important. There
isn’t a right or wrong answer on this section of the test. However, make sure that
you can justify your position with details or examples.
If you use a traditional outline form before you write your essay, it should look
something like this:
1.
Introduction
2.
Major Topic
a. Detail
b. Detail
3.
Major Topic
a. Detail
b. Detail
4.
Major Topic
a. Detail
b. Detail
5.
Conclusion
As the outline shows, try to supply at least two (preferably three) supporting de-
tails for each major topic.
Don’t try to use grammar that you don’t know well. Just make sure that the gram-
mar that you use is correct. Likewise, don’t try to use vocabulary that you don’t
know well. Use only vocabulary that is correct in the context.

202
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Practice Exercise
Directions: This section measures your ability to write in standard English, includ-
ing your ability to organize ideas and support your thoughts with sufficient exam-
ples and evidence. Address the following topic by writing an essay in 30 minutes.
You may make notes on a separate piece of paper. Type or hand-write the essay.
It has recently been announced that a large multi-purpose store, similar to
those that offer a great number of different items and are open all the time,
will be built near your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan?
Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
First, create a major outline, such as the following. You may initially include
items that you will later eliminate.
1.
Introduction
2.
Convenience for neighborhood
3.
24-hour shopping
4.
More products
5.
More jobs
6.
Eliminate eyesores
7.
Conclusion
Next, go back and work on the details. If you can’t provide sufficient details for a
topic, eliminate the topic or merge it into another. For example:

1.
Introduction
2.
Convenience for neighborhood
a. Close to home, whereas other stores are farther away
b. More products and several classes of products in one place (groceries,
electronics, automotive, clothing, and so on)
c. Late-night shopping
3.
More jobs
a. Increased number of jobs for older persons
b. Increased number of jobs for students
4.
Eliminate eyesores
a. The property is currently vacant and unsafe
b. The owners don’t keep up on weed and garbage cleanup
5.
Conclusion
203
Writing
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From this type of outline, you can successfully organize a logical, effective essay:
I support the idea of building a new large multi-purpose store near my neigh-
borhood. It will provide convenience to me and my neighbors and additional
jobs, as well as eliminating unattractive areas of the neighborhood.
Having such a store near our neighborhood will provide convenience.
Currently we have to travel in one direction for a grocery store, another direc-
tion for clothing stores, and several other places for other types of stores. All
of these stores are at least several miles from our neighborhood. We will have
much less travel time to this one store. Because this store combines a number

of different product classes, we can avoid going to different stores for every-
thing we want to buy. We will be able to buy our groceries, clothing, elec-
tronic items and other products all at one time. And we will also have the
added convenience of shopping at any hour of the day when we are too busy
to shop during normal hours.
At the present time, there are students who would like to work after class, but
there are not sufficient jobs available. In addition, there are retired people in
our neighborhood who would like to supplement their meager income with
some light work. A multi-purpose store like the one that is proposed for our
neighborhood will provide a number of different job opportunities for these
two classes of people as well as others in the community who need full-time
jobs. This benefits the overall economic base of the community.
Now, there are two abandoned homes, one occupied home with junk cars and
another with debris in the yard, and several overgrown vacant lots on the
property where this store will be built. There is nothing beneficial about any
of these properties. They contribute to rodent and insect growth, contain hid-
ing places for criminals, and are dangerous for our young children. Replacing
these lots with the contemplated store will eliminate these dangers.
Allowing this store to be built will be much more convenient for the people
in my neighborhood than our current situation. Because it will provide addi-
tional jobs and clean up eyesores in the neighborhood, it has many benefits,
and we should all support it.
The above essay certainly is not of the highest quality if you compare it to ones
prepared for a writing class. But for purposes of the TOEFL test, in which you
have a short time to create an essay and no opportunity to research issues, it will
likely obtain a high score because it answers the question adequately. The intro-
ductory and conclusion paragraphs summarize the three major topics. Each major
topic contains two or three subtopics or examples, and there are no major gram-
mar, vocabulary, or spelling errors.
204

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