IELTS academic words English lesson 2 pdf

Video Lessons


ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY
F O R I E LT S
LESSON 2


ACADEMIC VOCABULARY FOR IELTS
• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Definitions
• Extra language


EXPENDITURE
• (all of) the money or resources spent by a government/ organization/
person
• Governments are sometimes criticized for reducing expenditure on
long-term infrastructure projects because the benefits will not be
seen for generations.
• Unless the authorities continue increasing expenditure on
healthcare in real terms, the quality of patient care is likely to fall.
• Companies which expend a great deal of time and effort on
recruiting and retaining top-quality staff are usually successful and
profitable.
• Children need to realize that they have to expend energy in order to
burn off the calories taken in as food.

EXPENDITURE
• Governments are sometimes criticized for reducing expenditure on
long-term infrastructure projects because the benefits will not be
seen for generations.
• Unless the authorities continue increasing expenditure on
healthcare in real terms, the quality of patient care is likely to fall.
• Companies which expend a great deal of time and effort on
recruiting and retaining top-quality staff are usually successful and
profitable.
• Children need to realize that they have to expend energy in order to
burn off the calories taken in as food.


ADDITIONALLY
• A word used to give extra/ supporting information; furthermore
• The amount of fruit consumed by teenagers fell slightly during the period for
which we have data. Additionally, those in their twenties and thirties appear to
have eaten a smaller amount of fruit.
• There are clear economic benefits to maintaining public parks and gardens in
large cities. In addition, ensuring that metropolitan areas contain green areas can
have positive psychological implications.
• In the previous paragraph, the economic case for protecting wild animals was
outlined. It is worth adding that there is also a moral or ethical argument.
• Large companies sponsor major sporting events. It should be added that without
this financial backing, prize money would be considerably lower.
• Although athletes participate principally for the glory of winning, they also
compete for additional reasons such as prize-money and fame.

ADDITIONALLY
• There are clear economic benefits to maintaining public parks and gardens in
large cities. In addition, ensuring that metropolitan areas contain green areas can
have positive psychological implications.
• The amount of fruit consumed by teenagers fell slightly during the period for
which we have data. Additionally, those in their twenties and thirties appear to
have eaten a smaller amount of fruit.
• In the previous paragraph, the economic case for protecting wild animals was
outlined. It is worth adding that there is also a moral or ethical argument.
• Large companies sponsor major sporting events. It should be added that without
this financial backing, prize money would be considerably lower.
• Although athletes participate principally for the glory of winning, they also
compete for additional reasons such as prize-money and fame.


THEORETICALLY
• On paper; not in a practical sense; not likely
• Theoretically at least, there should be no difficulty in eradicating starvation and
disease.
• In theory, everyone entering the country is registered and the authorities should
know where suspected terrorists are. However, in practice, it is almost impossible
to keep tracks on every person who crosses an international border.
• From a theoretical standpoint, it should be possible to travel back in time.
Obviously, major scientific breakthroughs will need to be made before this dream
can be realized.
• It is probably futile to theorize about what preceded the so-called ‘Big Bang’, 13.8
billion years ago.There will never be sufficient proof to confirm any particular
hypothesis.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is probably one of the most well-known and

successful pieces of scientific work.


THEORETICALLY
• Theoretically at least, there should be no difficulty in eradicating starvation and
disease.
• In theory, everyone entering the country is registered and the authorities should
know where suspected terrorists are. However, in practice, it is almost impossible
to keep tracks on every person who crosses an international border.
• From a theoretical standpoint, it should be possible to travel back in time.
Obviously, major scientific breakthroughs will need to be made before this dream
can be realized.
• It is probably futile to theorize about what preceded the so-called ‘Big Bang’, 13.8
billion years ago.There will never be sufficient proof to confirm any particular
hypothesis.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is probably one of the most well-known and
successful pieces of scientific work.


MANIPULATE
• To control people/things in a way which benefits you
• Politicians and public speakers seek to manipulate their audiences.
• By manipulating certain variables, and holding others constant,
scientists are able to carry out experiments and reach meaningful
conclusions.
• The manipulation of consumers is a key aim of advertising; those
who create adverts aim to persuade consumers that they urgently
need the goods and services being offered.
• Both parents and children can at times accuse each other of
being manipulative.

MANIPULATE
• Politicians and public speakers seek to manipulate their audiences.
• By manipulating certain variables, and holding others constant,
scientists are able to carry out experiments and reach meaningful
conclusions.
• The manipulation of consumers is a key aim of advertising; those
who create adverts aim to persuade consumers that they urgently
need the goods and services being offered.
• Both parents and children can at times accuse each other of
being manipulative.


VALID
• Genuine; reasonable; acceptable
• There is no valid reason why anyone on our planet should lack food or clean
drinking water. We have sufficient resources for everyone.
• Although some gamblers claim that the addictive urge to bet money is too strong
for them to control, I do not consider this to be a valid excuse for their behavior.
• It is invalid to suggest that children who under-perform in education are simply
lazy.
• Some climate-change deniers have suggested that experiments prove that the
planet is not warming as a result of human activity.The validity of these findings is
questionable and needs to be challenged.
• Statistics showing that ex-criminals are extremely likely to re-offend validate my
assertion that prison is ineffective.
• Recent investigations invalidate earlier beliefs that ours was the only planet in the
solar system which contained water.

VALID
• There is no valid reason why anyone on our planet should lack food or clean
drinking water. We have sufficient resources for everyone.
• Although some gamblers claim that the addictive urge to bet money is too strong
for them to control, I do not consider this to be a valid excuse for their behavior.
• It is invalid to suggest that children who under-perform in education are simply
lazy.
• Some climate-change deniers have suggested that experiments prove that the
planet is not warming as a result of human activity.The validity of these findings is
questionable and needs to be challenged.
• Statistics showing that ex-criminals are extremely likely to re-offend validate my
assertion that prison is ineffective.
• Recent investigations invalidate earlier beliefs that ours was the only planet in the
solar system which contained water.


EVIDENT
• Obvious; clearly true because there is proof; easy to see or know
• It is evident that for many citizens of developing countries, living in cities is a more
attractive prospect than remaining in the countryside.
• There is a considerable amount of evidence to support the notion that although
some human behavior is genetic, a great deal of it is learnt.
• Some commentators are concerned that in many of the world’s countries,
nationalism and even jingoism seem to be in evidence.
• Although poverty is not much in evidence in city-centres, a significant proportion
of the population actually lives below the poverty line.
• As parts of the developing world become more prosperous, meat consumption in
these areas rises. Evidently, wealthier individuals are keen to eat a protein-rich diet
including chicken, pork or beef.

• Evidently, life expectancy has more than doubled over the past century.


EVIDENT
• It is evident that for many citizens of developing countries, living in cities is a more
attractive prospect than remaining in the countryside.
• There is a considerable amount of evidence to support the notion that although
some human behavior is genetic, a great deal of it is learnt.
• Some commentators are concerned that in many of the world’s countries,
nationalism and even jingoism seem to be in evidence.
• Although poverty is not much in evidence in city-centres, a significant proportion
of the population actually lives below the poverty line.
• As parts of the developing world become more prosperous, meat consumption in
these areas rises. Evidently, wealthier individuals are keen to eat a protein-rich diet
including chicken, pork or beef.
• Evidently, life expectancy has more than doubled over the past century.


RESPECTIVELY
• Connected to something previously mentioned, and in the same
order
• According to the chart under discussion, the most popular forms of
entertainment in Italy, Spain and France were cinema, theatre and
live music performances respectively.
• The numbers for car-users, motorbike-riders, cyclists and
pedestrians involved in accidents on the roads were 43, 441. 28 and
18 respectively.
• Studies reveal that sports-teams playing matches in their respective
stadiums are at a distinct advantage.

RESPECTIVELY
• According to the chart under discussion, the most popular forms of
entertainment in Italy, Spain and France were cinema, theatre and
live music performances respectively.
• The numbers for car-users, motorbike-riders, cyclists and
pedestrians involved in accidents on the roads were 43, 441. 28 and
18 respectively.
• Studies reveal that sports-teams playing matches in their respective
stadiums are at a distinct advantage.


PRAISE
• To express admiration; to say that something is good
• Although parents should punish their children for unacceptably bad
behavior, they should also remember to praise them when
appropriate.
• Employees usually respond well to praise but managers seem quite
reluctant to make positive comments about their staff.
• Attempts by charities to raise money for the homeless are clearly
praiseworthy. However, it concerns me that the poorest members of
society have to rely on the kindness of wealthier fellow-citizens.
Surely, the state should take responsibility and use taxpayers’ money
to support the most vulnerable.


PRAISE
• Although parents should punish their children for unacceptably bad
behavior, they should also remember to praise them when
appropriate.

• Employees usually respond well to praise but managers seem quite
reluctant to make positive comments about their staff.
• Attempts by charities to raise money for the homeless are clearly
praiseworthy. However, it concerns me that the poorest members of
society have to rely on the kindness of wealthier fellow-citizens.
Surely, the state should take responsibility and use taxpayers’ money
to support the most vulnerable.


DEPEND
• To rely on; to need
• Whether small businesses prosper often depends on how well they treat their
customers.
• Solar energy is sometimes criticized as an unreliable source of power because it is
dependent on the sun shining.
• As teenagers mature, they usually want to become more independent from their
families.This can lead to arguments and conflicts with parents and other family
members.
• Ethnic groups often seek independence for their region.They express the desire
for autonomy and for the right to self-govern.
• An alarming number of apparently healthy individuals have a dependence on painkillers and other medication.


DEPEND
• Whether small businesses prosper often depends on how well they treat their
customers.
• Solar energy is sometimes criticized as an unreliable source of power because it is
dependent on the sun shining.
• As teenagers mature, they usually want to become more independent from their
families.This can lead to arguments and conflicts with parents and other family

members.
• Ethnic groups often seek independence for their region.They express the desire
for autonomy and for the right to self-govern.
• An alarming number of apparently healthy individuals have a dependence on painkillers and other medication.


GUIDELINES
• Official advice about how to do something
• It is essential for the authorities to publish guidelines on how
prisoners should be treated so that those running prisoners clearly
understand their duties and responsibilities.
• It is sometimes argued that if clearer guidelines were published by
the powers-that-be, hospitals would be safer as those working there
would clearly understand their role.
• Guidelines suggesting that children should have no more than one
sugary snack a day have been praised by health experts.


GUIDELINES
• It is essential for the authorities to publish guidelines on how
prisoners should be treated so that those running prisoners clearly
understand their duties and responsibilities.
• It is sometimes argued that if clearer guidelines were published by
the powers-that-be, hospitals would be safer as those working there
would clearly understand their role.
• Guidelines suggesting that children should have no more than one
sugary snack a day have been praised by health experts.


WHAT SHALL I DO NOW?

• Study the language in this lesson
• Complete the quiz for this lesson
• Study related topics on the course
• Visit our website at www.prepareforielts.com
• Find out about our other IELTS courses
• Get your IELTS Speaking marked by experts
• Get your IELTS Writing marked by experts
• See lots of FREE IELTS resources created by experts


Copyright