Sách giáo khoa địa lí lớp 10

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

DIALI
y

JHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM

^



BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
LE THONG (Tong Chti bien)
TRAN TRONG HA - NGUYfiN MINH TUE (dong Chti bien)
NGUYfiN TRONG HIEU - PHAM THU PHUONG
D 6 N G O C T I E N - NGUYfiN VIET THINH

DIALI
10
(Tdi bdn ldn thit tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM


Chill trdeh nhiem xuat hdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giam ddc NGO TR-\N .\l
Pho Tdng Giam doc kiem long bien tap NGUYEN QUY TH.\0
Bien tgp ldn dan

NGUYfiN DINH T.AM - TRAN NGOC DIE?

Bien tup tdi hdn : TRAN NG(X: DIEP

Bien tap mi tliiiat: T.A TRANH TL'NG
7;;;!/! bdy liia : NGUYfiN KEVI DUNG
Thiet keideh

NGUYfiN TRANH LONG

Sira han in : TRAN NGOC DifiP
Che han

CONG T\ c 6 PRAN MI THL.AT \ .A TRUYEN THONG

Ban quyen thuoc Niia xuat ban Giao duo Viet Nam - Bp Giao dye va Oao tao

DjA U 10
Ma s o : CH016T0
In 90.000 cu6n (ST) ktid 17 x 24 cm.
In tai Cong ti co phan in Phiuc Yen.
So in ; 12. So X B : 01 - 2010/CXB/559 - 1485/GD.
In xong va nop ii/u cliieu thang 01 nam 2010.


Phan mot
DiA Ll TU* NHIEN

M>^t'
Chuong I. BAN DO
Chuang IL VU TRU. HE QUA CAC CHUYEN

DONG

CUA TRAI DAT

Chuong III. CAU TRUC CUA TRAI DAT. CAC QUYEN CUA LOP V 6 DIA LI
Chuong IV. MOT SO QUY LUAT CUA L 6 P V 6 DIA LI


BANDO

Bai I

CAC PHEP CHIEU HlNH BAN DO CO BAN
Ban do la hinh anh thu nho mot phan hay toan bp be mat Trai Dat len mat
phang, tren ca so toan hoc nhat dinh nham the hien cac doi tucmg dia li tix nhien,
kinh te - xa hoi va moi quan he giua chting ; thong qua khai quat hoa npi dung va
duoc trinh bay bang he thong ki hieu ban do.
Phep chieu hinh ban do la each bieu thi mat cong ctia Trai Dat len mpt mat
phang, de moi diem tren mat cong tuong ting vai mpt diem tren mat phang.
Do be mat Trai Dat cong nen khi the hien len mat phang, cac khu virc khae nhau
tren ban do khong the hoan toan chinh xac nhu nhau. Vi vay, tuy timg yeu cau sti
diing ban do, tung khu vuc can the hien tren ban do, nguai ta dimg cac phep chieu
hinh ban do khae nhau.
Khi chieu c6 the giii nguyen mat chieu ban do la mat phang hoac cuon lai thanh
hinh non, hinh tni.
Mat chieu c6 the tiep xiic hoac cat be mat Dia Cau. Sau day chi de cap tai nhimg
truang hop mat chieu tiep xiic vai mat Dia Cau.

Hinh 1.1 - Mat chieu tiep xuc vori be mat Dia Cau


1. Phep chieu phi/ang vj

Phep chieu phuang vj la phuang phap the hien mang luai kinh, vT tuyen cua mat
cau len mat phSng.
Theo phep chieu nay be mat Dia Cau dupc coi la be mat Trai Dat, mat chieu la
mpt mat phlng tiep xiic vai mpt diem ciia Dia Cau. Tuy theo vi tri tiep xtic cua mat
chieu so vai true ciia Dia Cau se co cac phep chieu phuang vi khae nhau.

a - Pliep chie'u phuang vi dung
b - Phep chieu phuang vi ngang c - Pliep chie'u phuang vi nghien
Hinh 1.2 -Ba vi tri cua mat chieu trong phep chieu phuang vi

De tien hanh phep chieu phuang vi diing, nguai ta
cho mat chieu (giay ve ban do) tiep xiic vai cue cua
Dia Cau sao cho true cua Dia Cau vuong goc vai
mat chieu.

Hinh 1.3a - Phep chieu phuang vi dimg

Hinh 1.3b - Luai kinh, vT tuyen cua ban do
diing phep chieu phuang vi dung

Vai nguon sang chieu tii tam qua Dia Cau, tren mat chieu cac kinh tuyen la
nhimg doan thang dong quy a circ. Cac vT tuyen la cac vong tron dong tam a cue.
Gang xa cue khoang each giiia cac vT tuyen cang dan ra.
Dii'a vdo liinli I ..^h, em hdy cho hid theo phep cliicii hinh ndy. khu vifc ndo ciia
han cld chinh .xdc. khu vuc ndo kem chinh .xdc
'7
Phep chieu nay bao dam chinh xac a khu vuc trung tam ban do, cang xa trung tam
cang kem chinh xac. Cach chieu nay thuang dung de ve ban do khu vuc quanh cue.

2. Phep chieu hinh noti
Phep chieu hinh non la each the hien mang luai kinh, vT tuyen cua Dia Cau
len mat chieu la mat hinh non, sau do trien khai mat chieu hinh non ra mat
phang ; tuy thuoc vao vi tri cua true hinh non so vai true ciia Dia Cau se co cac
phep chieu hinh non khae nhau.

a) Phep chieii hinh non diing
b) Phep chie'u hinh non ngang c) Phep chieu hinh non nghieng
Hinh 1.4 -'Bz. vi tri cua hinh non trong phep chieu hinh non

De tien hanh phep chieu hinh non diing, nguai ta lay mat chieu la hinh non chup len
mat Dia Cau sao cho true cua hinh non tning vdi true Dia Cau ; sau do tu tam chieu
(tam Dia Cau) ta ehieu cac diem tren Dia Cau len mat chieu hinh non (hinh 1.5a).
Dua vdo hinh 1.5a, hdy cho hid khi the hien tren mat chidt : vT tuydt tiep xiic
vdi hinh non vd cdc vi tuydt khdng tie'p xuc vdi hinh ndn, vi tiiydi ndo chinh xdc,
Vl tuye'n ndo khdng chinh .xdc ?
Khi trien khai hinh non ta se dupe mpt ban do hinh quat, cac kinh tuyen la nhung
doan thang dong quy a cue, vT tuyen la nhirng cung tron dong tam (hinh 1.5b).

Hinh 1.5a - Phep chie'u hinh non dimg

Hinh 1.5b - Luai kinh, vi tuyen cua ban do
theo phep chieu hinh non dimg


Chi CO vi tuyen tiep xiic giiia Dia Cau va mat non la chinh xac, con cac vT tuyen
khae deu dai ra, nen phep chieu nay khong dam bao dupc hinh dang va dien tich.
Phep chieu hinh non dung thuang diing de ve ban do a cac vung dat thuoc vT dp
trung binh (khu vuc on dai) va keo dai theo vT tuye'n nhu : Lien bang (LB) Nga,
Trung Quoc, Hoa Ki...

3. Phep chieu hinh try
Phep chieu hinh tru la each the hien luai kinh, vT tuyen ciia Dia Cau len mat
chieu la mat hinh tru, sau do trien khai mat tru ra mat phang.
Tuy theo vi tri ciia true hinh tru so voi true Dia Cau se c6 cac phep chieu hinh tru
khae nhau.

a) Phep chieu hinh tiu dting

b) Phep chieu hinh tru ngang

c) Phep chieu hinh tru nghieng

Hinh 7.6 - Ba vi tri hinh tru trong phep chieu hinh tru

Trong phep ehieu hinh tru diing, mat chieu la mpt hinh tru bao quanh qua Dia Cau.
Vong tron tiep xiic giiia Dia Cau va hinh tru la vong Xich dao (hinh 1.7a).

Hinh 1.7a- Phep chie'u hinh tru dung

Hinh 1.7b- Mot dang luai kinh, vT tuyen
cua ban do diing phep chieu hinh tru diing


Theo phep chieu nay chi co duang Xich dao la giti nguyen dupc dp dai
con khoang each va dp dai cac vT tuyen khae deu bi dan ra ; cac vi tuyen a gan
Xich dao bi dan it, cang xa Xich dao cang bi dan nhieu.
Kinh, vT tuyen deu la nhiing duong thang song song. Ban do nay chi chinh xac
d vung Xich dao, cang xa Xich dao cang kem chinh xac. Phep chieu nay thudng
dupe diing de ve ban do the gidi hoae cac khu vuc gan Xich dao.

Cau hoi va bai tgp
I. Ke lai bang \a dien nhiing noi dung thich hop \ao cac 6 trong :
The hien tren ban do
Phep
chie'u hmh

Cac
kinh tuyen

Cac
vT tuyen

Khu vuc
chi'nh xac

Khu Vtfc
kem chinh xac

Hinh non dimg

Hinh try dimg

2. Hii}- cho biet tirng phep chieu do thirdng diing de \ e ban do a kJiu vuc nao ?


Bdi 2
MOT S6 PHUONG PHAP BIEU HIEN
CAC D 6 | T U " 0 N G DJA Ll TREN BAN DO
1. Phuang phap ki hieu

Phuang phap ki hieu thudng ditng de bieu hien cac ddi tupng phan bd theo
nhiing diem cu the nhu : cac diem dan cu, eae trung tam cdng nghiep, cac md
khoang san, cac hai cang...
Nhiing ki hieu the hien tung doi tupng dupc dat chinh xac vao vi tri ma dd'i
tupng dd phan bd tren ban dd.
Cac ki hieu thudng cd ba dang chinh.

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a

b

Hinh 2.1 a - Ki hieu
b - Ki hieu
c - Ki hieu

Cac dang ki hieu
hinh hoc
chii
tuang hinh

c

Quan sdt hinh 2.1, hdy cho hid cd iiliuiig dgng ki hieu ndo .'
Phuang phap ki hieu khdng chi xac dinh dupc vi tri cua dd'i tupng ma cdn the
hien so lupng (quy md), cau tnic, chat lupng va ddng luc phat trien ciia doi tupng.
Vi du :
- De the hien cac nha may dien cd cdng suat khae nhau, ngudi ta thudng dung
cac ngdi sao to, nhd khae nhau.
- Nha may thuy dien dupc the hien la ngdi sao mau xanh, nha may thuy dien
dang xay dung la ngdi sao mau trang, nha may nhiet dien la ngdi sao mau dd...


TRUNG

QUOC

rfao Phi) Qu&V"* " " ^
Qd.An TT?*' '
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Qd.Nsm Du
Qd.J}i6Chu
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liim Chuoi

Hinh 2.2 - Cong nghiep dien Viet Nam

Dua vdo hinh 2.2, hdy chifng minh rdng phuang phdp ki hieu
khdng nhitng chi neu dugc ten vd vi tii md cdn the hien dugc cd
chdt luang ciia cdc ddi tuang tren bdn dd.

10


2. Phuang phap ki hieu duang chuyen dong
Phuang phap ki hieu dudng chuyen ddng la phuang phap the
hien sir di ehuyen cua cac hien tirpng tu nhien, ciing nhu cac hien
tupng kihh te - xa hpi tren ban do.

Hinh 2.3 - Gio va bao a Viet Nam

11


Vidu:
- Tren ban do tu nhien la hudng gid, dong bien...
- Tren ban do kinh te - xa hdi la cac ludng di dan, su van chuyen hang hoa,
hanh khach, duong hanh quan...
Bang phuang phap nay ngudi ta khdng nhiing bieu hien dupc hudng di chuyen
ma con the hien dupc ca khoi luong cQng nhu td'c dp di chuyen cua cac doi tuong
dia li bang nhiing miii ten dai ngSn hoae day, manh khae nhau.
Quan sal Iimh 2.3. cho hiet phucmg phdp ki lilcii du'dng chuxcii ddng hieu hien
dugc iiliii'ng ddc diem ndo ciia gid vd hdo iren hdn dd ?
3. Phuang phdp cham diem
Phuang phap cham diem bieu hien cac ddi tupng phan bd phan tan, le te (cac
diem dan cu nong thon, cac co sd chan nuoi...) bang cac diem cham tren ban do.
Cac diem cham la yeu to ca ban ciia phuong phap nay, mdi cham deu ed mpt
gia tri (so lupng hoae khoi luong) nao do.
Vi du : de bieu hien phan bd dan cu, mdt cham cd the tuong ung vdi 5000 ngudi;
hoac de bieu hien dien tich cay trdng, mdt cham cd the tuong iing vdi 1000 ha...

Hinh 2.4 - Phan bo
dan cu chau A

ã

EM W trôn 8 M u dan

ã

OD thi li/5 (Jn 8 W u dan

•

12

M6i ch^m tuong Lfng v(3i
500.000 ngt;^


Quail sdt hinh 2.4. hdy cho hid :
- Cdc dot tugrug dia li dugc bidt ludi bdng nhifng phuong phdp ndo ?
-Mdi diem chd'm tren bdn dd tifotig ifng hao nhieu ngifdi
'.'
4. Phuang phdp bdn do - bleu do
Phuong phap ban do - bieu do the hien gia tri tong cpng ciia mdt hien tupng
dia li tren mpt don vi lanh thd (don vi hanh chinh) bang each diing eae bieu do dat
vao pham vi cac don vi lanh thd dd.

TRUNG
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QUOC

'••'HaGang. • ' \ ' . C a o B ^ n g ^ . ' '

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TiDinfi iJBoSecn^ansW .,
Mnh Binh
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H >B"niafihHoS

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THAI LAN
I Dien tfch tr6ng liJa
a Tirong Lfng vft 50 000 ha
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Nghe An k

V, QuiigBinli
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Vv ' J "
--.' Thira ThiSrv- Hutf
•"••-. - , • f^-Gd Ning

Sin li/gng lija
Ti;org Lfng v6i 100 000 tan

C J"
*••. Q u ^ Nam -

CACTINH.THANHPHIS

BANHS(5TReNBANB6
IBacNinh

5. HungYSn

2. D6ng ThSp 6. Long An
3. Hi m

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KonTum -

1.

7. Vinh Long

4. Hai Duong 8. VTnh Phuc

CAM - PU - C H I A
Binh PhuOc^ _ - • - • J
'• J " -.','
Lam Odng : ' Ninhjhu^n

Hinh 2.5 - Dien tich
va san lugng liia
Viet Nam, nam 2000

13


Ngoai cac phirong phap tren cdn cd cac phuong phap khae bieu hien cac doi
tirpng dia H tren ban do nhu ; phuong phap ki hieu theo dudng, phuong phap dudng
dang tri, phuong phap khoanh viing (hinh 2.6), phuang phap nen chat lupng...

T h u o c

la

Hinh 2.6 - Mot so each khae nhau the hien viing trong thuoc la

Cdu hoi vd bdi tdp
1. Ccic doi tugng dia li tren hinh 2.2 dugc bieu hien bSng cac phuong phap nao ?

Cac phuong phap do the hien dugc nhCmg ngi dung nao cua doi tugng dia li ?
2. Hinh 2.3 the hien nhiing ngi dung nao bSng phuang phap ki hieu dudng
chuyen dgng.

14


Bai 3
SCr DUNG BAN DO TRONG HOC TAP VA DOI SONG
•

•

•

I - VAI TRO C O A B A N D O TRONG HOC TAP VA DOI S 6 N G
1. Trong hoc tdp
Ban do la mdt phuong tien de hpe sinh hpe tap va ren luyen cac ki nang dia li
tai ldp, d nha va tra ldi phan lon cac cau hdi kiem tra ve Dia li.
Vi du : Thong qua ban do cd the xac dinh dupc vi tri dia li mdt diem nao do tren
mat dat (toa dp dia li), d vao ddi khi hau nao, chiu anh huong cua bien nhu the nao,
lien he vdi cac trung tam kinh te - xa hpi ra sao...
Qua ban do biet dupc hinh dang va quy mo ciia chau luc nay so vdi chau luc
khae ; biet dupc su phan bd ciia cac day mii va dp eao eiia chimg, biet duoc chieu
dai cua mpt con song, pham vi luu vuc song... ciing nhu su phan bd dan cu,
phan bo cac trung tam cong nghiep...
2. Trong dai song
Ban do la mpt phuang tien dupe su dung rdng rai trong ddi sdng hang ngay.
Hd\ cho vi dii vc nhu'ng nNinh id sif dung hdn dd
Tim dudng di, xac dinh vi tri va dudng di chuyen cua mpt eon bao khi nghe

du bao thdi tiet... deu phai dua vao ban do.
Ban do la hinh anh cu the ciia thien nhien da dupc he thong hoa tren may tinh,
tren giay, tren dia CD ROM... Nganh san xuat nao ciing can den ban do.
Vi du : Lam thuy lpi, nghien ciiu thdi tiet va khi hau, canh tac diing thdi vu,
xay dung cac tnmg tam cong nghiep, md cac tuyen dudng giao thong... Tat ca
nhiing cdng vice do muon lam tdt deu phai su dung ban do.
Quan su lai cang can tdi ban do. Vi du : de xay dung phuong an tac chien, can
lpi dung dia hinh, dia vat trong phdng thii va tan cdng,... tat ca nhiing cong viec do
deu can phai c6 ban do.
II - SL; DUNG BAN DO, ATLAT TRONG HOC TAP
1. Mot SO van de cdn luu y trong qud trinh hoc tdp dia li tren co sa bdn do
a) Chgn bdn dd phu hap vdi ndi dung (muc dich) cdn tim hidi (hgc tap)
b) Dgc bdn do phdi tim hidi ti le cira bdn dd vd ki hieu tren hdn dd
- De dpe mpt ban do trude het can xem ti le ciia ban do, tu dd biet dupc
1 cm tren ban do iing vdi bao nhieu m, bao nhieu km tren thuc dia.
15


Vi du : Ti le ban do la 1 : 6.000.000 nghia la 1 cm tren ban do iing vdi 60 km
tren thuc dia.
- Ki hieu ciia ban do diing de the hien cac dd'i tupng dia li tren ban dd. Trudc
khi sir dung ban do phai nghien ciiu ki phan chii giai va ki hieu de hieu rd ndi dung
cac ki hieu the hien tren ban do cd lien quan de'n ndi dung can tim hieu.
c) Xdc dinh phuang hucmg tren bdn do
- De xac dinh phuong hudng chinh xac tren ban do chung ta can phai dua vao
cac dudng kinh, vi tuye'n. Theo quy udc thi dau tren cua kinh tuye'n chi hudng BSe,
dau dudi chi hudng Nam ; dau ben phai ctia vT tuye'n chi hudng Ddng, dau ben trai
chi hudng Tay.
- Ddi vdi nhiing ban do khong ve kinh, vT tuye'n thi chiing ta can dua vao miii
ten chi hudng BSc de xac dinh hudng BSc, tu dd xac dinh cac hudng cdn lai.

2. Hieu moi quan he giua c d c yeu to dio If trong bdn do. trong Atlat
Dpe ban do khong phai chi la dpe timg dau hieu rieng le cua ban do nhu :
day la mii gi, song nao ?... ma can phai dpe duoc moi quan he giiia cac dau hieu
(doi tupng dia li) d ban do.
Vi du : dpe mdt con sdng d ban do dia hinh, chiing ta phai tha'y duoc moi
quan he giiia hudng chay, dp ddc, dac diem ciia long sdng vdi dja hinh d do nhu
the nao ? N6i each khae la phai biet dua vao dia hinh de giai thich : hudng chay,
dp doe,... ciia ddng sdng.
Khi dpe ban do d Atlat, giai thich mdt su vat hoac mdt hien tuong dia li nao do,
chiing ta can phai tim hieu cac ban do cd ndi dung lien quan nhu : de giai thich tinh
hinh phan bd mua cua mdt khu vuc, ngoai ban dd khi hau ta can phai tim hieu ban
do dia hinh cd lien quan de'n khu vuc dd ; hoac de giai thich su phan bd mpt so
trung tam cdng nghiep thuc pham, chiing ta can tim hieu ca cac ban do ndng nghiep
va ngu nghiep,... Ngoai ra, khi can tim hieu dac diem, ban chat ciia mdt dd'i tupng
dia li d mpt khu vuc nao do, chiing ta can so sanh vdi ban do cung loai cua khu
vxrc khae.

Cdu hoi vd bdi tdp
1. Hay cho biet tac di,ing cua ban do trong hgc tap. Neu dan cluing minh hoa.
2. Chiing minh rang ban do la mgt phuang tien dugc su dung rgng rai trong ddi song
hang ngay.
3. De trinh bay va giai thich che do nudc ciia mgt con song, can phai su dung nhung
ban do nao '.'

16


BaiH
THUC HANH
XAC DJNH MOT SO PHLTONG PHAP BIEU HIEN

CAC D 6 I TUONG D.IA LI TREN BAN D O
I - CHUAN Bi

Phdng to cac hinh 2.2, 2.3 va 2.4.
II - NOI DUNG THUC HANH
1. Noi dung

Xac dinh mdt so phuang phap bieu hien cac dd'i tupng dia li tren cac hinh 2.2,
2.3 va 2.4.
2. Cdc buac tien hdnh

Dpe tung ban do theo trinh tii sau :
- Ten ban do.
- Ndi dung ban do.
- Cac phuang phap bieu hien dd'i tupng dia li tren ban do.
- Trinh bay cu the ve tung phuang phap nhu :
+ Ten phuang phap bieu hien.
+ Phuang phap dd bieu hien nhiing ddi tupng dia li nao.
+ Thdng qua each bieu hien ddi tuong dia li ciia phuang phap nay, chiing ta cd
the bie't duoc nhiing dac tinh nao cua dd'i tuong dia li dd.

2. OjA LY 10 (C)-A

17


vu TRU. HE QUA CAC CHUYEN DONG
C O A TRAI DAT

Bai O

VU TRU. HE MAT TROI VA TRAI DAT.
•

•

•

HE QUA CHUYEN DONG TU QUAY QUANH TRUC
C O A TRAI

DAT

I -KHAI O U A T VE VU TRU. HE MAT TROI. TRAI D A T TRONG HE MAT TROI
1. Vu Trij

Vii Tru la khoang khong gian vo tan chiia cac thien ha. Mdi thien ha la mdt tap
hop ciia rat nhieu thien the (nhu cac ngoi sao, hanh tinh, ve tinh, sao choi,...) ciing
vdi khi, bui va biic xa dien tu.
Thien ha ehiia Mat Trdi va cac hanh tinh cua no (trong dd cd Trai Da't) dupc
gpi la Dai Ngan Ha.

Hinh 5.1 - Vi tri Mat Trai trong Dai Ngan Ha

2-D!ALY10{C)-B


2. He Mdt Trai
He Mat Trdi la mpt tap hop cac thien the nam trong Dai Ngan Ha. He Mat Trdi
gom ed Mat Trdi d tmng tam ciing vdi cac thien the chuyen dpng xung quanh
(do la cac hanh tinh, tieu hanh tinh, ve tinh, sao choi, thien thach) va cac dam bin khi.

He Mat Trdi co tam hanh tinh la : Thuy tinh, Kim tinh, Trai Dat, Hoa tinh,
Mpc tinh, Thd tinh, Thien Vuong tinh va Hai Vu'ong tinh.
Quan sdt hinh 5.2, nhdn .xel hinh dgng quy dgo vd hudng chitydi ddng cua cdc
hdnh tinli.

1 - Thuy tinh ; 2 - Kim tinh ; 3 - Trai Dat ; 4 - Hoa tinh ; 5 - Moc tinh ; 6 - Tho tinh
7 - Thien Vuong tinh ; 8 - Hai Vuong tinh.
Hinh 5.2 - Cac hanh tinh trong He Mat Troi va quy dao chuyen dong ciia chiing

3. Trdi Dot trong He Mdt Trdi
Trai Da't la mdt hanh tinh trong He Mat Trdi. Khoang each trung binh tu
Trai Da't de'n Mat Trdi la 149,6 trieu km. Khoang each do ciing vdi su tu' quay lam
cho Trai Dat nhan dupc lupng nhiet va anh sang phii hop de su song c6 the phat
sinh va phat trien. Ciing nhu cac hanh tinh khae. Trai Dat viia tu' quay quanh true,
vua chuyen dpng tinh tie'n xung quanh Mat Trdi. Cae chuyen dpng nay da tad ra
nhieu he qua dia H quan trpng tren Trai Dat.

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II - HE OUA CHUYEN DONG TU OUAY OUANH TRUC CUA TRAI D A T
1. St/ludn phien ngdy, dem

Hinh khoi cau cua Trai Dat ludn dupc Mat Trdi ehieu sang mdt nua, edn mpt
nua khdng dupc chieu sang, vi the da sinh ra ngay va dem. Tuy nhien, do Trai Da't
tu quay quanh true, nen mpi noi d be mat Trai Da't deu lan lupt duoc Mat Trdi
chieu sang roi lai chim vao bdng td'i, gay nen hien tupng luan phien ngay, dem.
2. Gid tren Trdi Dot vd duang chuyen ngdy quoc te

Trai Dat c6 hinh khoi cau va tu quay quanh true tu tay sang ddng, nen d cung

mdt thdi diem, ngudi diing d cac kinh tuye'n khae nhau se nhin tha'y Mat Trdi d cac
dp cao khae nhau, do do cac dia diem thudc cac kinh tuyen khae nhau se c6 gid
khae nhau, do la gid dia phuang (hay gid mat trdi). Gid dia phuong khdng thuan
tien trong ddi song xa hdi. Do do, ngudi ta da chia be mat Trai Dat lam 24 miii gid,
mioi miii gid rdng 15 dp kinh tuye'n. Cac dia phuang nam trong cung mdt miii se
thong nhat mdt gid, dd la gid mui. Gid d miii so 0 dupe lay lam gid qud'c te hay
gid GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). Viet Nam thudc miii gid so 7.

Hinh 5.3 - CAc miii gia tren Trai Dat

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Trong thuc te, ranh gidi miii gid thudng dupe quy dinh theo bien gidi quo'c gia
(hinh 5.3). Mdt so nudc c6 lanh thd rpng nhung ehi diing 1 gid chung cho ca nudc
(vi du Trung Qud'c), mdt so khae lai chia ra nhieu miii gid (vi du LB Nga cd
10 miii gid, C a n a d a c6 6 miii gid).
Theo each tinh gid miii, tren Trai Dat liic nao ciing cd mdt miii gid ma d dd cd
hai ngay lich khae nhau, vi vay phai chpn mdt kinh tuyen lam moc de doi ngay.
Ngudi ta quy dinh lay kinh tuye'n 180° qua giiia miii gid so 12 d Thai Binh Duong
lam dudng chuydi ngdy qudc te. Neu di tir phia tay sang phia ddng qua kinh tuyen
180° thi liii lai 1 ngay lich, cdn ne'u di tu phia dong sang phia tay qua kinh tuyen
180° thi tang them 1 ngay lich.

3. Su lech huang chuyen ddng cua cdc vdt the
Khi Trai Dat tu quay quanh true, mpi dia diem
thude cac vT dp khae nhau d be mat Trai Dat
(trir hai cue) deu cd van tdc dai khae nhau va
hudng ehuyen ddng tu tay sang ddng. Do vay,
cac vat the ehuyen ddng tren be mat Trai Dat se bi

lech hudng so vdi hudng ban dau (vi phai giii
nguyen chuyen ddng thang hudng theo quan tinh).
Luc lam lech hudng dd dupc gpi la luc Cdridlit.
O ban cau Bae, vat chuyen ddng bi lech ve ben
phdi, d ban cau Nam bi lech ve ben trdi theo
hudng chuyen ddng (hinh 5.4).
Luc Cdridlit tac ddng manh tdi hudng chuyen
ddng cua cac khdi khi, cac ddng bien, dong sdng,
dudng dan bay tren be mat dat,...

Huang ban dau
Huang sau khi lech
Hinh 5.4 - Su lech huang chuyen
dong cua cac vat the tren be mat
Trai Dai

Cdu hoi vd bdi tdp
1. Vii Tru la gi ? He Mat Trdi la gi ? Em co nhung hieu biet gi ve Trai Dat trong
He Mat Trdi ?
2. Hay trinh bay cac he qua chuyen dgng tu quay quanh true ciia Trai Dat.
3. Can cu vao ban do cac miii gid, hiay tinh gid va ngay a Viet Nam. biet rang d thdi
diem do, gio GMT dang la 24 gid ngay 31-12.

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Bai 0
HE QUA CHUYEN DONG XUNG QUANH MAT TROI
CUA TRAI DAT
I - CHUYEN DONG BIEU KIEN H A N G NAM CUA MAT TROI

Hien tupng Mat Trdi d diing dinh dau liic 12 gid trua (tia sang mat trdi chie'u
thang goc vdi tiep tuyen d be mat dat) dupc gpi la Mat Trdi len thien dinh.
O Trai Dat, ta thay hien tu'ong nay chi lan lupt xay ra tai cac dia diem tir vi tuyen
23°27'N (ngay 22-12) cho tdi 23°27'B (ngay 22-6) roi lai xudng vT tuyen
23°27'N. Dieu do lam ta eo ao giac la Mat Trdi di chuyen. Nhung trong thuc te,
khong phai Mat Trdi di chuyen, ma la Trai Dat chuyen dpng tinh tien xung quanh
Mat Trdi. Chuyen dpng khong co thuc do cua Mat Trdi dupc gpi la chuydi ddng
bidt kidi hang nam ciia Mat Trdi (hinh 6.1).
23°27'B

23 27N

Thang

i

n

in

iv

v

vi

vn

vni

ix

x

xi

xu

Hinh 6.1 - Duong bieu dien chuyen dong bieu kien ciia Mat Trai trong nam

Difa vdo hinh 6.1 vd kidi thifc dd hgc. hdy .xdc dinh khu vifc ndo trim Trdi Dd't
cd hien titaiig Mat Trdi len thien dinh mdi ndm liai Idn ? Nai ndo chi mgf Idn "!
. Khu vtfc ndo khdng cd hien tugng Mat Trdi len thien dinh ? Tgi .sao ?
II - CAC MUA TRONG NAM
Miia la mdt phan thdi gian cua nam, nhung cd nhiing dac diem rieng ve thdi tie't
va khi hau. Nguyen nhan sinh ra cac miia la do true Trai Da't nghieng vdi mat
phang quy dao cua Trai Dat va trong suo't nam, true ciia Trai Da't khdng doi phuong
trong khdng gian, nen co thdi ki ban cau Bae nga ve phia Mat Trdi, ed thdi ki ban
cau Nam nga ve phia Mat Trdi. Dieu do lam cho thdi gian chie'u sang va su thu
nhan lupng biic xa mat trdi d moi ban cau deu thay ddi trong nam.
Ngudi ta chia mpt nam ra bon miia. 6 ban cau Bae, thdi gian bSt dau va ket thiic
cac miia cua cac nudc theo duong lich va mpt so nudc quen diing am - duong lich
d chau A khong giong nhau.
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Cac nudc theo duong lich d ban cau Bae lay bon ngay : xuan phan (21-3), ha
chi (22-6), thu phan (23-9) va dong chi (22-12) la bon ngay khdi dau cua bon
miia (hinh 6.2). C) ban eau Nam, bdn mua dien ra ngupc vdi ban cau Bae.
Nudc ta va mpt so nudc chau A quen diing am - duong lich, thdi gian bat dau

ciia cac miia duoc tinh sdm hon khoang 45 ngay :
- Mua xuan tir 4 hoac 5 - 2 (lap xuan) den 5 hoae 6 - 5 (lap ha).
- Miia ha tir 5 hoac 6 - 5 (lap ha) den 7 hoac 8 - 8 (lap thu).
- Miia thu tir 7 hoae 8 - 8 (lap thu) de'n 7 hoae 8 - 1 1 (lap dong).
- Miia dong tii 7 hoac 8 - 1 1 (lap ddng) de'n 4 hoac 5 - 2 (lap xuan).

Hinh 6.2 - Cac miia theo
ducmg lich a ban cau Bae
III - NGAY, DEM DAI NGAN THEO MUA VA THEO VI DO

Trong khi chuyen ddng quanh Mat Trdi, do true Trai Da't nghieng va khdng ddi
phuong nen tuy vi tri Trai Dat tren quy dao ma ngay, dem dai ngan theo miia va
theo vT dp. Miia theo duong lich va dp dai ngay, dem d hai ban cau trai ngupc nhau.
Dudi day ta xet d ban cau Bae.

Hinh 6.3 - Hien tuong
ngay, dem dai ngan khae
nhau theo miia va theo vT do
(Vi du trong cac ngay 22-6
va 22-12)

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