bộ đề ôn kiểm tra giữa kì lp 8 2021

Đề bài 1
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. vehicle

B. behaviour

C. exhibition

D. homeless

2. A. untidy

B. visual

C. surprise

D. environment

3. A. volcano

B. violent

C. technology

D. property

II. Choose the word with different stress from the others in each question.
4. A. geography

B. apology

C. employee

D. artistic

5. A. Taiwanese

B. biology

C. botanical

D. photography

6. A. historical

B. interviewee

C. biography

D. psychology

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
7. Last night’s storm caused a lot of __________ to people in that area.
A. droughts

B. forests

C. damages

D. volcanoes

8. If you can speak English, you __________ able to go to Canada.
A. will be

B. will

C. were

D. are

9. The road in front of my office is always __________ when it rains heavily.
A. to flood

B. flooding

C. flood

D. flooded

10. The fire was raging so fiercely that the rescue workers found it hard to put it
__________.
A. down

B. out

C. off

D. with

11. After I __________ in the room, she left.

A. come

B. had come

C. came

D. will come

12. This is one of the worst volcanic __________ in this year.
A. eruption

B. erupt

C. erupting

D. eruptive

13. The roof of the building __________ in a storm a few days ago.
A. damaged
damaged

B. was damaged

C. has damaged

D. has been

14. In some English speaking countries, turkey is __________food at Christmas.
A. national

B. historical

C. traditional

D. possible


15. If the factory _________ dumping poison into the lake, all the aquatic animals will
die.
A. continues

B. continued

C. will continue

D. continue

16. When the policeman came to the scene, the driver of the car __________.
A. have left

B. had left

C. leaves

D. was left

IV. Give the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
17. The street doesn’t look_____________ because it has a lot of rubbish. (attract)
18. If we use water____________ , more people will have fresh water. (care)
19. Air __________ is causing many environmental problems in our cities

today. (pollute)
20. Singapore is famous for its __________ and green trees. (clean)
V. Complete the passage with the given words
population

on

official

Many

began

English is the (21)_________ language of the Philippines. English-medium education
(22)_________ in the Philippines in 1901 after the arrival of some 540 US teachers.
English was also chosen for newspapers and magazines, the media, and literary
writing.
The latest results from a recent survey suggest that about 65% of the (23)_________
of the Philippines has the ability to understand spoken and written English with 48
person stating that they can write standard English. The economy is based
(24)_________ English, and successful workers and managers are fluent in English.
(25)_________ schools know that their students must be fluent in English to be
successful.
VI. Read the film review, and decide whether the statements are True or False.
The Hopi live in the northwestern part of Arizona in the United States. With modern
things all around them, the Hopi keep their traditions.
There are about 10,000 Hopi and they live in twelve villages in the desert. The
weather is very hot in summer, but in winter it freezes. The wind blows hard. Farming
is difficult. Corn is the Hopi's main food, but they plant vegetables, too. They raise
sheep, goats, and cattle. They also eat hamburgers, ice cream and drink soft drinks.

They live in traditional stone houses, but many of them have the telephones, radios,
and television. They have horses, but they have trucks too.
Kachinas are an important part of the Hopi religion. Kachinas are spirits of dead
people, of rocks, plants, and animals, and of the stars. Men dress as kachinas and do
religious dances. People also some make wooden kachinas. No two wooden kachinas
are ever alike.


The children attend school, and they also learn the Hopi language, dances, and stories.
The Hopi want a comfortable, modern life, but they don't want to lose their traditions.
26. Though surrounded with modern things, the Hopi keep their traditions.
27. The Hopi live in the mountainous areas.
28. The Hopi only eat corns.
29. They live in house made of stone.
30. Most wooden kachinas are all similar to each other.
VII. Write the sentences with the same meaning to the first ones. Use words
given.
31. The environment is polluted. Birds leave their habitats and plants die. (makes)
…………………………………………………………………………………
32. Mr Quang works in a noisy environment. His hearing becomes worse. (If)
…………………………………………………………………………………
33. The film started, and then we got to the cinema. (By the time)
…………………………………………………………………………………
34. Science and technology have completely changed human life. (been)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Đề bài 2
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. disaster
B. damage

C. collapse
D. rage
2. A. radioactive
B. pollution
C. contaminate
D. convey
3. A. official
B. cattle
C. icon
D. Scottish
II. Choose the word with different stress from the others in each question.
4. A. Chinese
B. coffee
C. trainee
D. trustee
5. A. thermal

B. pressure

C. damage

D. discharge

6. A. disaster

B. eruption

C. medical

D. survivor

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
7. Noise pollution can lead to________loss.
A. looking

B. hearing

C. listening

D. reading

8. If I________a millionaire now, I________travel around the world. But in fact, I am
very poor and have no money.
A. were/ would

B. am/ will

C. were/ will

D. am/ would


9. What is the main_______of visual pollution? - Because there are too many
advertising billboards.
A. effect

B. affect

C. result

D. cause

10. Ships spill oil in oceans and rivers. This results________the death of many aquatic
animals and plants.
A. to

B. in

C. from

D. at

11. There have been some __________ eruptions in this area for the last 10 years.
A. volcanic

B. scattering

C. homeless

D. disastrous

12. We____________ hard at the moment to prepare for our annual cultural festival.
A. prepare

B. are preparing

C. have prepared

D. will prepare

13. Poisonous ___________ from factories can kill a lot of wildlife animals.
A. things

B. animals

C. chemicals

D. nations

14. Last Tuesday, we did a _____________ about English speaking countries.
A. puzzle

B. question

C. task

D. homework

15. I usually__________to school by bike but today I ____________ to school by
motorbike.
A. go – go
going

B. go – am going

C. goes – go

D. goes – am

16. If it ________ this aftermoon, I’ll stay at home to do my English homework

on English speaking countries.
A. rain
B. rains
C. will rain
D. is raining
IV. Give the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
17. Noise pollution can also lead to headaches and high blood____________. (press)
18. Big Ben is a major monument in London which__________the United
Kingdom. (symbol)
19. New Zealand is famous for the___________beauty of its mountains and
forests. (scene)
20. The Glastonbury Festival in England is a __________ of music and it attracts
thousands of people. (celebrate)
V. Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage below.
Water pollution happens (21) __________ toxic substances enter water bodies such as
lakes, rivers, oceans and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in the water
or depositing on the bed. This degrades the quality of water. Not (22) __________
does this spell disaster for aquatic ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and


reach the groundwater, which might end up in our households as contaminated water
we use in our daily activities, including drinking.
Water pollution can be (23) __________ in a number of ways, one of the most
polluting being city sewage and industrial waste discharge. Indirect sources
(24)__________ water pollution include contaminants that enter the water supply
from soils or groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain. Soils and
groundwater contain (25)__________ residue of human agricultural practices and also
improperly disposed of industrial wastes.
Pollutants can be of varying kinds: organic, inorganic, radioactive and so on. In fact,
the list of possible water contaminants is just too vast to be listed here.

21. A. what

B. when

C. why

D. while

22. A. both

B. only

C. well

D. either

23. A. cause

B. caused

C. causing

D. causes

24. A. of
for

B. in

25. A. a

B. an

C. at
C. the

D.
D. x

VI. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following
questions.
An earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale hit Nepal on April 25th, 2015. It
was the most powerful earthquake to strike Nepal since 1934. The earthquake
occurred in central Nepal. It also affected India, Bangladesh and Tibet, China. The
earthquake killed more than 8,800 people and injured over 23, 000 people. Hundreds
of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened. Kathmandu
Burbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was destroyed. The earthquake also
caused an avalanche on Mount Everest which killed at least 19 people. About 90% of
soldiers from Nepalese Army were sent to stricken areas. Many countries and
international organizations sent medical experts, emergency workers, rescue staff, and
money as well as providing medical supplies, food and equipment to help Nepal.
26. What hit Nepal on April 25th, 2015?
A. a tsunami
fire

B. a tornado

C. an earthquake

D. a forest

27. How many countries are affected by the earthquake?
A. two

B. three

C. four

D. five

C. 88,000

D. 2,300

28. What is the number of people injured?
A. 8,800

B. 23,000


29. What happened to Kathmandu Burbar Square?
A. It was safe.
wasn’t exist.

B. It was destroyed. C. It was moved away

.

D. It

30. Which sentence is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The earthquake occurred in the north of Nepal.
B. It was the most powerful earthquake in the world.
C. Most of soldiers from Nepalese Army were sent to stricken areas.
D. Very few countries and international organizations helped Nepal.
VII. Write the sentences with the same meaning to the first ones. Use words
given.
31. It is a long time since we last met.
=> We haven't........................................................................
32. My father had watered all the plants in the garden by the time my mother came
home.
=> Before ..............................................................................
33. The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week.
=> The pollution problems.....................................................
34. He loses his job because he is late every day.
=> If.......................................................................................
35. I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone.
=> Unless...............................................................................
Đề bài 3
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. affect

B. cholera

C. aquatic

D. dramatic

2. A. debate

B. excursion

C. schedule

D. prevent

3. A. bury

B. erupt

C. country

D. puzzle

II. Choose the word with different stress from the others in each question.
4. A. permanent

B. illustrate

C. groundwater

D. official

5. A. diverse

B. freedom

C. garment

D. native


6. A. accurate

B. Thanksgiving

C. waterfall

D. absolute

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
7. If the air wasn’t dirty, I ________________ so much.
A. wouldn’t sneeze

B. sneeze

C. would sneeze

D. to sneeze

8. If people travel to work by bus, there______________fewer car fumes.
A. is

B. are

C. will be

D. won’t be

9. It can’t be denied that English has become an __________ language of the world.
A. national
multicultural

B. international

C. cultural

D.

10. The train __________ the railway station at 8:00 a.m. every morning.
A. leave

B. leaving

C. will leave

D. leaves

11. Since 1965, the maple tree with red leaves _________ the most well-known
Canadian symbol.
A. has become

B. become

C. became

D. becoming

12. Canada is made up _________ 10 provinces and 6 territories

A. on

B. of

C. by

D. with

13. After the tornado, a great number of people are made __________.
A. shaking

B. homeless

C. raging

D. volcanic

14. Up to now, the number of __________ is still an estimate.
A. victims

B. rescuers

C. trapers

D. homeless

15. Pollutions are harmful __________ human health.
A. with

B. at

C. to

D. on

16. My little sister is afraid of __________, so when there is a bad storm she always
hides.
A. lightening

B. collapsing

C. shaking

D. scattering

IV. Give the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
17. The country’s________ resources include forests, coal and oil. (nature)
18. There are many cultural_________between his country and mine. (differ)
19. Farmers collect ____________ and garden waste to make compost. (house)
V. Complete the passage with the given words


Environmental pollution is a term that (20)______ to all the ways by which man
pollutes his surroundings. Man dirties the air with exhaust gases and smoke, poisons
the water with chemicals and (21)_____ substances, and damages the soil with too
many fertilizers and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surroundings (22)_____ various
other ways. For example, people ruin natural beauty by leaving
junk and
litter on the land and in the water.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing mankind

today. Air, water and soil are necessary to the (23)_______of all living things. Badly
polluted air can cause illness, and (24)__________death. Polluted water kills fish and
other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land that is available for
(25)_________food. Environmental pollution also ugliness to man’s natural beautiful
world.
20. A. means

B. refers

C. provides

D. reduces

21. A. another

B. other

C. others

D. the other

22. A. on

B. in

C. by

D. with

23. A. survival

B. environment

C. development

D. growth

24. A. so

B. ever

C. too

D. even

25. A. grow

B. grew

C. growing

D. grown

VI. Read the film review, and decide whether the statements are True or False.
TORNADOES
Did you ever see the movie The Wizard of Oz? A tornado sweeps up Dorothy and
Toto, sending them to a new world where there are witches and talking lions! That
entire story is fiction, but tornadoes are real and they are serious business. In fact, they
can be the most dangerous storms of all.
Tornadoes are sometimes referred to as twisters or cyclones. They are shaped like a

cylinder. They are born in thunderclouds. The winds inside a tornado swirl around and
around and can be more than 300 miles per hour (mph). The winds are so strong that
tornadoes can lift animals, cars and even houses.
The United States has more tornadoes than any other country in the world. State such
as Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska are hit hard by tornadoes. This part of the
country is known as “Tornado Alley”. Tornado season is during the springtime and
summer. If the conditions are right, a tornado can happen any time of year.
26. Tornadoes are sometimes referred to as twisters or cyclones.
27. They are formed in thunderclouds.
28. The winds inside a tornado can be more than 500 miles per hour (mph).


29. The winds are not strong enough for tornadoes to lift animals, cars and even
horses.
30. Tornado season is during the springtime and summer.
VII. Write the sentences with the same meaning to the first ones. Use words
given.
31. Many people speak English in the world.
=> English..............................................................................
32. People get more diseases. The water is contaminated.
=> If.......................................................................................
33. David went home before we arrived.
=> After.................................................................................
34. This is the first time I have had such a delicious meal.
=> I have never.....................................................................
Đề bài 4
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. affect

B. algea

C. aquatic

D. damage

2. A. country

B. ocean

C. circle

D. icon

3. A. unique

B. puzzle

C. monument

D. evacuate

II. Choose the word with different stress from the others in each question.
4. A. terrific

B. Arabic

C. statistic

D. cosmetic

5. A. coffee

B. Chinese

C. payee

D. trainee

6. A. hurricane

B. tornado

C. volcano

D. eruption

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
7. If we want to reduce pollution, we have to make_________changes in the way we
live.
A. dramatic

B. little

C. medium

D. special

8. ___________ is the destruction of the earth's surface caused by the misuse of
resources and improper dumping of waste.

A. Noise pollution

B. Air pollution

C. Land pollution

D. Light pollution

9. The Statue of Liberty___________over 12 million immigrants entering the USA
through New York Harbor since 1900.


A. welcomes

B. is welcoming

C. welcomed

D. has welcomed

10. At present, the National Cherry Blossom Festival __________in Washington. D.C.
to celebrate spring's arrival.
A. occcurs

B. is occuring

C. has occurred

D. occured

11. In Canada, the handshake should be firm and accompanied by direct eye contact
and a_________smile.
A. sincere

B. fake

C. funny

D. serious

12. When there is a _________ a lot of water covers an area where there usually isn't
water.
A. drought

B. flood

C. erosion

D. volcano

13. The government__________health and other services to the affected regions.
A. returned

B. got

C. provided

D. took

14. My mother felt very nervous on the plane because she ___________before.

A. doesn’t fly

B. won’t fly

C. didn’t fly

D. hadn’t flown

15. A number of other provinces will declare drought_________ in the coming
weeks.
A. accident

B. emergency

C. event

D. situation

16. The capital city of New Zealand is Wellington_________the largest city is
Auckland.
A. and

B. or

C. but

D. so

IV. Give the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
17. Many seabirds were__________ because of the oil spill. (die)

18. The fierce storm left behind badly___________ buildings. (damage)
19. The soil becomes __________because of the use of so many pesticides and
fertilizers. (contaminate)
20. ___________habitats have been destroyed in recent years. (nature)
V. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in
the following passage.
Have a walk on a beach, listen to the sound of the sea waves, (21)_______ suddenly
you see a lot of rubbish on the beach. Pollution takes away all the beauty of our
beaches. I feel really very annoyed (22) _________I see plastic bags lying on the
sand, cigarette ends buried in the sand, and soda cans floating in the sea. There
(23)___________ a lot of things that we can do. If we see rubbish, we should do our
part in the protecting the land (24)_________ picking it up and throwing it in dust


bins. Moreover, we can form some kind of organization that helps (25) _________the
beaches. If everyone does their part, the beaches will be a wonderful and beautiful
place. We need to start now before the beaches are damaged beyond repair.
21. A. but

B. so

C. and

D. or

22. A. before

B. after

23. A. is

B. are

24. A. by

B. with

25. A. clean up

B. cleaning up C. cleaned up D. to cleaning up

C. when
C. will be

D. while
D. were

C. of

D. in

VI. Choose the item among A, B, C or D that best answer the question about the
passage.
Scotland: The Land of Legends
If we travel all over Scotland, we can see that it consists of three main parts:
Lowlands, Uplands and Highlands with their Grampian Mountains, where the tallest
mountain peak, Ben Nevis, is located.
You are sure to enjoy the beauty of the Scottish varied landscape: the hills covered
with purple heather, its beautiful lakes (here they are called lochs), its green and
narrow valleys.

The biggest and the most beautiful lake in Scotland is Loch Lomond, but the most
famous one is Loch Ness with its mysterious monster Nessie. Nessie sometimes
appears to scare the tourist but only in fine weather!
But what can be more curious and attractive for tourist than a man in the kilt, playing
the bagpipes? The Celts of Scotland made the chequered pattern of tartan - the
national dress of the country. The earliest Scots formed themselves into clans (family
groups) and the tartan became a symbol of the sense of kinship. There are about 300
different clans in Scotland, and each has its own colour and pattern of tartan together
with the motto.
Scotland is a land of many famous people: writer and poets, scientist and
philosophers, such as Robert Burns, Arthur Conan Doyle, Alexander Graham Hell, or
Alexander Fleming.
26. The tallest mountain peak, Ben Nevis, is located in_________________.
A. Lowlands

B. Uplands

C. Highlands

D. England

27. Scotland has beautiful landscape with all of the following
except_________________.
A. the hills

B. the lakes

C. the valleys

D. the beaches

28. All of the following are true about Loch Ness except_________________.


A. it is the most famous lake in Scotland
B. it is the biggest and the most beautiful lake in Scotland
C. its mysterious monster Nessie makes the lake famous
D. Nessie sometimes appears to scare the tourists
29. In early times, each family groups was different from each other
in_________________.
A. its own colour and pattern of tartan together with the motto
B. the chequered pattern of tartan and the sense of kinship
C. its green and narrow valley where they lived
D. its area and population and beautiful landscape
30. The word "kinship” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_________________.
A. the family group and its symbol
tartan
C. the relationship between clan members
country

B. the own colour and pattern of
D. the national dress of the

VII. Write the sentences with the same meaning to the first ones. Use words
given.
31. There are asthma, allergies and other respiratory illnesses when air pollution
happens. (leads to)
...............................................................................................
32. Water pollution gets more serious in the future. It affects the development of
economy and society. (If)

...............................................................................................
33. Volunteers have given out food and blankets to homeless people. (been)
...............................................................................................
34. Our plane landed. We waited an hour for our luggage. (After)
...............................................................................................
Đề bài 5
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. cholera

B. loch

C. chemical

D. discharge

2. A. parade

B. attraction

C. appealing

D. cattle


3. A. survivor

B. debris

C. disaster

D. predict

II. Choose the word with different stress from the others in each question.
4. A. arithmetic

B. geographic

C. energetic

D. economic

5. A. referee

B. guarantee

C. Japanese

D. Jubilee

6. A. disaster

B. tsunami

C. injury

D. provision

III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
7. Since 1965, the maple tree with the leaves __________the most well-known

Canadian symbol.
A. became

B. becomes

C. has become

D. is becoming

8. Australian___________do not vary from area to area like in many other countries.
A. accents

B. voices

C. speeches

D. sayings

9. When there is a__________ a lot of rocks and earth fall down a hill.
A. drought

B. landslide

C. flood

D. rain

10. The Red Cross helped homeless families to_________from the disaster through
the project.
A. stop

return

B. prevent

C. recover

D.

11. After she _________on all the dresses in the shop, she bought the most expensive
one.
A. tries
will try

B. tried

C. had tried

D.

12. During the next 24 hours, the storm will be moving north, around 10 km per hour
and is expected to__________ the southeastern part of China's Guangdong Province.
A. strike

B. scatter

C. bury

D. struck

13. Australia has a range of different ___________ including urban areas, mountain

ranges, desert and rain forests.
A. landscapes

B. sights

C. places

D. destinations

14. I __________you translate this text into French if we had a dictionary.
A. help
help

B. will help

C. can help

D. could

15. Glass panels, windows, lawns and roofs make light pollution worse__________
they reflect both artificial and sun light.
A. so

B. but

C. because

D. unless

16. Americans throw__________twenty-eight and a half million tons of plastic in
landfills every year.
A. out

B. on

C. in

D. away

IV. Give the correct form of the words given to complete the sentences.
17. __________waste spills can contaminate groundwater. (industry)
18. A number of cleaning products contain____________chemicals. (harm)
19. Thunderstorms can be___________ while tornadoes, and lightning can be life
threatening. (destroy)
20. The tents will be used for medical camps and temporary_________after the
earthquake in Nepal. (accommodate)
V. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in
the following passage.
Gherkin
The Gherkin is one of several modern buildings that have been built over the years in
a historic area of London. The (21)__________ skyscraper was built in 2004, and its
unique, and energy-efficient design has won the Gherkin many (22)__________. The
cigar-shaped structure has a steel frame (23)__________circular floor planes and a
glass facade with diamond-shaped panels. The building's energy-saving
(24)__________ allows the air to flow up through spiraling wells. The top of the
tower, (25) __________visitors find an open hall covered by a glass conical dome, is
even more spectacular. From here you have great views over the city.
21. A. 41 stories

B. 41-stories

C. 41-story

D. story-41

22. A. awards
achievements

B. rewards

C. stories

D.

23. A. of
in

B. with

24. A. machine

B. machines

25. A. where

B. at where

C. at
C. system

C. from where

D.
D. systems
D. there

VI. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each
question.
Saving the Environment: One Home at a Time
Pollution can be seen not only throughout the world, but also in our own homes. It
comes from household chemicals, the amount of water people use and the waste
people produce and throw away. What can be done to stop this pollution? Surprisingly,
a person can help save the environment by doing simple things.


First, we need to recycle, which allows products to be used over and over again.
Recycling can also reduce the number of trees cut down to produce paper
products. It takes very little effort. It is not hard to place plastic and glass bottles,
aluminum cans and paper in a bin. Anyone can do it.
Second, we need to watch the amount of water used in the home. It can be conserved
by taking short shower instead of baths, repairing leaky faucets, using the dishwasher
or washing machine only when fully loaded, or simply turning the faucet off while
brushing your teeth.
Third, we need to reduce waste. We need to recycle whenever possible, but should
also try to use this waste effectively. For example, grass clippings and food scraps can
be made into compost for plants. The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste
every day, but we can reduce that amount by recycling and reusing.
If we do our part in our own homes, we can help keep the planet from becoming more
polluted.
26. Pollution can be caused from the following sources except_____________.

A. house chemicals

B. water from household

C. wastes

D. water in rivers

27. Recycling can help us_____________.
A. never cut down trees

B. use products again and again

C. place garbage bins easily

D. produce more paper products

28. In order to save water, we can do all of the following things
except_____________.
A. take short showers instead of baths

B. repair leaky faucets

C. fully use the washing machine
your teeth

D. turn the faucet off while brushing

29. Recycling helps to reduce waste because_____________.
A. plants need to develop

B. a person can do it in his home

C. waste can be recycled and reused
plants

D. an average man produces compost for

30. The word "It" in paragraph 2 refer to_____________.
A. recycling
effort to

B. the number

C. cutting down

VII. Write the sentences with the same meaning to the first ones. Use words
given.
31. Aquatic life suffers or dies because there is thermal pollution. (because of)

D.


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32. You use compact light bulbs. You save a lot of energy. (If)
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33. They are going to organise a garden party to raise money for the victims of the
flood. (be)
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34. The waiter took my plate. I didn’t finish eating my meal yet. (before)

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