GIAO AN CHUYEN DE 12

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(1)PHẦN I. PHONETICS – NGỮ ÂM ----------(ÔN TẬP) Bài 1. STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM I. Definitions: 1. Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ nhất của âm thanh (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm) 2. Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated. Âm tiết – là tiếng phát ra khi một hoặc nhiều âm tố được phát âm. 3. Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.. Độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm. II. Rules to mark stress: 1. Di-syllable words: a. Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words. (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 đối với động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ 2 chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại). As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,… b. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes(đối với những từ có mang tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc). As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,… c. Be careful with words with different word-class. (đối với những từ mà bản thân có nhiều chức năng từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a). As Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words rebel Rebel Record Record conflict Conflict progress Progress Export Export permit Permit suspect Suspect conduct Conduct PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story 2. A. money B. army C. afraid D. people 3. A. enjoy B. daughter C. provide D. decide 4. A. begin B. pastime C. finish D. summer 5. A. abroad B. noisy C. hundred D. quiet 6. A. passion B. aspect C. medium D. success 7. A. exist B. evolve C. enjoy D. enter 8. A. doctor B. modern C. corner D. Chinese 9. A. complain B. machine C. music D. instead 10. A. writer B. baker C. builder D. career 11. A. provide B. adopt C. happen D. inspire 12. A. result B. region C. river D. robot 13. A. constant B. basic C. irate D. obvious 14. A. become B. carry C. appoint D. invent 15. A. engine B. battle C. career D. rabies 2. Words with more than two syllable: a. Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết cuối): As. family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility… b. Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng như đã liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối). As: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television).

(2) c. Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận cùng như liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này). As: Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,… PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. interesting B. surprising C. amusing D. successful 2. A. understand B. engineer C. benefit D. Vietnamese 3. A. aP.Plicant B. uniform C. yesterday D. employment 4. A. dangerous B. parachute C. popular D. magazine 5. A. beautifully B. intelligent C. redundancy D. discovery 6. A. comfortable B. employment C. important D. surprising 7. A. variety B. irrational C. industrial D. characterize 8. A. colorful B. equality C. dictionary D. vegetable 9. A. elegant B. regional C. musical D. important 10. A. difference B. suburban C. internet D. character 11. A. beautiful B. effective C. favorite D. popular 12. A. attraction B. government C. borrowing D. visit 13. A. difficulty B. individual C. population D. unemployment 14. A. biology B. redundancy C. interviewer D. comparative 15. A. conversation B. isolation C. traditional D. situation Notes: - Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ. - Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm. - Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi.. Sounds /I/. /i:/ /e/. Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION CHART – BẢNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ - (ÔN TẬP) Letters Words Notes Sounds Letters Words / t∫/ ch choice Vowel sounds (nguyên âm) i. sit. e. pretty. a. village. y. happy. ea. lead. ee. meet. e. send. ea. head. a. many. / æ/. a. land. /o/. o. pot. a. wash. or. fork. aw. saw. /o:/. / /. /a:/. /u/. a. cash. u. shut. o. some. ou. tough. ar. card. ear. heart. u. pull. Đọc i ngắn, gần với ơ. / k/. Đọc i dài. / h/. Đọc tròn môi. Đọc tròn ngắn Đọc tròn vang họng Đọc ă, ngắn bật. e. o. c. concert. ch. chemist. q. conquest. h. hike. wh. whoop. Gần ch Gần c trong âm Việt Gần h. / b/. b. boy. Gần b. / v/. v. visit. Gần v. f. of. / /. th. them. Gần d. / d/. d. done. Gần đ. ed. lived. z. zebra. / z/. Đọc a rộng miệng Đọc u. kitchen. Voiced consonants (phụ âm hữu thanh). o. a, â. k. Notes. Gần gi. s. visit. / Ʒ/. s. vision. Không. /dƷ/. g. germ. Không. / g/. g. gif. Gần g. /l/. l. little. Gần l. /m/. m. monk. Gần m. /n/. n. name. Gần n.

(3) /u:/. / ә/. / з:/. ou. could. oo. good. u. pollution. oe. shoe. oo. moon. ui. fruit. er. reader. or. actor. er. prefer. ir. shirt. ur. hurt. or. word. ear. heard. tròn môi, ngắn âm, gần ư. Đọc u ngân dài, vang âm Đọc ơ ngắn vòm Đọc ơ dài, âm họng và vòm miệng. / ai/. / oi/. / au/. / әu/. a. case. ei. eight. ai. maid. ay. say. i. kite. y. sky. oi. soil. oy. employ. ou. mouse. ow. now. o. cold. ow. slow. ew. sew. ear. hear. ere. here. ere. there. are. fare. air. hair. / uә/. our. tour. /aiә/. ire. tire. yre. tyre. yer. buyer. / әuә/. ower. slower. / auә/. ower. shower. our. four. ayer. prayer. eyer. greyer. oyer. employer. / iә/. / eә/. / eiә/. / oiә/. n. think. ng. sing. Gần ng. /r/. r. rural. Gần r. /w/. w. with. Không. wh. when. j. jam. /j/. /ф/. y. young. u. music. h. honest. k. knight. b. comb. p. pneumo. Gần Gi. Âm câm, không có âm. Clusters of consonants (chùm phụ âm). Diphthongs (chùm nguyên âm) / ei/. / ŋ/. /s+/ Đọc ê hay ây, âm kép dài Đọc như Việt Đọc như Việt Âm như Việt Đọc như Việt. ai âm oi âm. /p+/. au âm âu âm. Đọc ia như âm Việt Âm e-ơ ngân, âm lưỡi họng. Đọc ua Nguyên âm ba ai-ơ Đọc âuơ Đọc aoơ hay au-ơ Đọc âyơ hay êơ Đọc oi-. /t+/. /k+/. /b+/. /g+/ /d+/. /f+/. /sp/. spray. /st/. start. /sk/. school. /sf/. sphere. /sm/. small. /sn/. snow. /sw/. sweet. /sj/. super. /pl/. plump. /pr/. proud. /pj/. pure. /tr/. train. /tw/. twice. /tj/. tube. /kl/. class. /kr/. cream. /kw/. quite. /kj/. cure. /bl/. blow. /br/. bring. /bj/. burial. /gl/. glass. /gr/. grow. /dr/. dream. /dw/. dwell. /dj/. duty. /fl/. flow. /fr/. fry. /fj/. furious. Chùm phụ âm với s. Chùm phụ âm p+ Chùm phụ âm t+ Chùm phụ âm k+. Chùm phụ âm b+ Âm g+ Chùm phụ âm d+. Chùm phụ âm f+.

(4) oyal. loyal. ơ âm Việt. /+/. p. pen. / f/. f. five. ph. physics. Gần p Việt Gần ph như âm Việt. throw. Các kết hợp khác. /w/. thwart. /vj/. view. /mj/. mute. /∫r/. shrimp. gh. laugh. /nj/. nude. //. th. throw. Gần. /spr/. spread. / t/. t. teach. /spl/. splash. ed. looked. Gần t bật hơi. /skr/. scream. s. site. /str/. stream. c. centre. /skj/. scuba. sh. sheep. /stj/. student. ch. machine. /spj/. spume. s. sugar. /skw/. square. / s/. /∫/. Chú ý: -. Gần x, âm sát nhẹ Gần s, âm tắc sát bật hơi. Âm. +. Voiceless consonants (phụ âm vô thanh) / p/. /r/. Các ví dụ chỉ mang tính minh họa, học sinh cần nhớ con chư đại diện âm.. Các biểu tượng cấu âm ở các từ điển khác nhau có sự khác biệt nhỏ. Âm biến đổi phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh và chức năng từ vựng, chức năng biểu cảm của âm. Hiện tượng các từ khác nhau phát âm giống nhau gọi là đồng âm khác nghĩa “homonym”.. PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 1. A. candy B. sandy C. many D. handy 2. A. earning B. learning C. searching D. clearing 3. A. pays B. stays C. says D. plays 4. A. given B. risen C. ridden D. whiten 5. A. cough B. tough C. rough D. enough 6. A. accident B. jazz C. stamp D. watch 7. A. this B. thick C. maths D. thin 8. A. gas B. gain C. germ D. good 9. A. bought B. naught C. plough D. thought 10. A. spear B. gear C. fear D. pear 11. A. forks B. tables C. beds D. windows 12. A. handed B. booked C. translated D. visited 13. A. car B. coach C. century D. cooperate 14. A. within B. without C. clothing D. strengthen 15. A. has B. bag C. dad D. made. PHẦN II. TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP I. The simple present tense: 1. The form (+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V? 2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late) - To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street) - To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun) 3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ ofen/ sometimes/ occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth. 4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00) - The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,… II. The present progressive tense: 1. The form: (+) S + am/ are/ is + V-ING (-) S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING (?) Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?.

(5) 2. The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking. (She is teaching Maths) - To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon) 3. The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/… - follow a command, request,… 4. Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…) - The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple present instead ) III. The present perfect tense: 1. The form: (+) S + have/ has + P.P (P2) (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P (P2) (?) Have/ Has + S + P.P (P2) 2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present. (We have lived here since 1990) - To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”. (She has just come from New York) - To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”. (He hasn’t come yet) - To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already”. (We have already seen that film) 3. The recognition: - just = recently = lately. - ever/ never (comments) - already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present). Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”) - The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense. - The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen. The tense is ofen related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… →“S + have/ has + been + V-ING” IV. The simple past tense: 1. The form: (pV = the past form of verbs) (+) S + pV (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V? 2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together) - To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past. (She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.) 3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/… 4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/. V. The past progressive tense: 1. The form: (+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING? 2. The usage: - To denote past happening actions. (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night) - To denote past interrupting actions. (She was watching T.V when I came) 3. The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/… - time clause with “when”, “while = as”. Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. (When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action. VI. The past perfect tense: 1. The form: (+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + had not (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)? 2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday. She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday. 3. The recognition: - when-clause/ afer/ before/ already/ since/ for/… - The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING” VII. The simple future tense: 1. The form: (+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V? - “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses. - The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”..

(6) 2. The usage: - To denote future actions. (They will build more hospitals) - To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time) 3. The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/.. 4. Notes: “ shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/…. VIII. Various forms of the future tenses: 1. The future progressive tense: 1.1. The form: (+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING? 1.2. The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”. e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight./ We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning. - To show the future happening actions with “when”. Eg. She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow. 2. The future perfect tense: 2.1. The form: (+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P? 2.2. The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”. e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then. - To show a future schedule-finished action. e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn. 3. Other forms: a. The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan… e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight. b. The present progressive: To denote an intention. e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon. c. The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement. e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday. They are going to get married. NOTES: CHÚ Ý Main clause. THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES Subordinate clause - simple present tense./ - present perfect tense. Simple present tense. - present progressive tense./ - simple future tense. - “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time). - simple past tense./ - past progressive tense. - past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form. Simple past tense - “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth). Present perfect tense Simple present tense. Past perfect tense Simple past tense. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time) Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ afer/ as soon as/… Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/…. Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/….. PHẦN III. PHRASES VS. CLAUSES – CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ Bài 1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS – MĐ PHỤ VỚI LIÊN TỪ 1. The implication: not only _____, but also ____ = not only ____ , but _____ as well Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb Lu ý: Thông thờng thành phần sau but also sẽ quyết định thành phần sau not only. Eg. He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin. tÝnh tõ. tÝnh tõ. Danh tõ. danh tõ. He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science. Adv. adv. Ng÷ giíi tõ. Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music. §éng tõ. động từ. ng÷ giíi tõ.

(7) b. As well as Eg.. subject + verb + as well as + verb ... Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin. TÝnh tõ. tÝnh tõ. ®anh tõ. danh tõ. He writes correctly as well as neatly. / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science. phã tõ. phã tõ. Ng÷ giíi tõ. ng÷ giíi tõ. Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music. động từ. động từ. c. Both ... and Eg. Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin. TÝnh tõ. tÝnh tõ. ®anh tõ. danh tõ. He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science. phã tõ. phã tõ. Ng÷ giíi tõ. ng÷ giíi tõ. Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music. động từ. động từ. 2. The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng như danh từ, có thể làm S, C, O trong câu) a. That – clauses: Theo sau các động từ có ngụ ý giải thích với that, có thể đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ. Eg. The reason she lef was that she dissatisfied with her work. = That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she lef. b. Wh – clauses: Đây là hình thái mệnh đề danh từ khá phổ biến, thường theo sau các ngoại động từ, ngoại động từ đa, đặc biệt ở cấu trúc câu gián tiếp. Eg. He didn’t know what to do first. They told them how to deal with the problem. Ha asked where he was going. She wanted to know what time the next train arrived. c. Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn ở câu gián tiếp. Eg. She asked if I could answer the phone. They wanted to know whether the train was any late. Bài 2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH 1. The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb Eg. To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at English. In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class. He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English. 2. The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore” S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V Eg. It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip. He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades. Bài 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ 1. Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of (mÆc dï) Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades. Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades. 2. Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though Eg.. Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades. Eg. He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though. In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic. The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to. Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic. Eg..

(8) The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. She attended the class although she did not feel alert. 3. Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic. The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to. Bài 4: CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CƠ BẢN – MAIN FORMS: (gồm 3 loại) 1. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1- REAL CONDITION) a. form: If S – V(hiện tại), S will V. = S will V if S – V(hiện tại). b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hay tương lai. - gọi là câu điều kiện có thực. c. examples: - If it stays nice, we will go out. = We will go out if it stays nice. d. notes: Unless = If ____ not - If you don’t study harder, you will fail the exam. = Unless you study harder, you will fail the exam. - He will fail the exam unless he is more industrious. = He will fail the exam if he isn’t more industrious 2. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2- UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION) a. form: If S – V(quá khứ/ riêng với to be = were với mọi chủ ngữ), S would V. b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định. - gọi là câu điều kiệnkhông có thực ở hiện tại. c. examples: - If it were nice, we would go out. = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore. d. notes: có thể đảo were lên đầu thay cho if -If I were ten years younger, I would marry her. = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her. 3. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION) a. form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P. b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định. - gọi là câu điều kiệnkhông có thực ở quá khứ. c. examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems. = In fact, we overcame those problems, thanks to your help. d. notes: có thể đảo had lên đầu thay cho if -If I had been there, I would have helped her. = Had I been there, I would have helped her. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH 1. If I ____ a lot of money now, I ____ a new car. A. have/will buyB. have / would buy C. had/ will buy D. had/ would buy. 2. If I ____ you, I ____ do that. A. am/ will B. were/would C. were/ will D. had been/ would. 3. If I were offered the job, I think I ____ it. A. take B. will take C. would take D. would have taken. 4. I would be very surprised if he____ A. refuses B. refused C. had refused D. would refuse. 5. Many people would be out of work if that factory____ down. A. closes B. had closed C. closed D. would close. 6. 6. If she sold her car, she ____ much money. A. gets B. would get C. will get D. would have got. 7. They would be disappointed if we____ A. hadn’t come B. wouldn’t come C. don’t come D. didn’t come. 8. Would John be angry if I ____ his bicycle without asking? A. take B. took C. had taken D. would take. 9. She ____ terrible upset if I lost this ring. A. will be B. would be C. were D. had been. 10. If someone____ in here with a gun, I would be very frightened. A. would walk B. walks C. had walked D. walked. 11. What would happen if you ____ to work tomorrow? A. don’t go B. didn’t go C. won’t go D. wouldn’t go..

(9) 12. We‘ll get wet if we ____ out. A. go B. did go C. went D. had gone. 13. If I go shopping, I ____ some food. A. buy B. will buy C. would buy D. would have bought. 14. If I find it, I ____ you. A. will tell B. would tell C. had told D. told. 15. What would you do if you____ a million dollars? A. would win B. win C. had won D. won. NOTES – CHÚ Ý : 1. Dùng “or else”/ “otherwise”/ “or” Examples: - Cut your hair, or they won’t let you in. (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in) - Cut your hair, otherwise they won’t let you in. (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in) 2. Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If” If you will /would. Eg. If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here. I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me. If you could + verb in simple form. Eg. If you could fill in this form. If you could open your books. If + S + will / would. Eg. If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him. NÕu nã chÞu nghe theo lêi t«i th× t«i cã thÓ gióp nã. If + S + will. Eg. If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you. If + S +should. Eg. If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number. If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. Eg. Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near. 3. Special conditions: even if + nagative verb You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready. Whether or not + positive verb He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god. unless + positive verb = if ... not If you don’t start at once, you will be late. = You will be late unless you start at once. But for that + unreal condition Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here) present. ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i. My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time. qu¸ khø. ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø. otherwise + conditional sentence kÎo, nÕu kh«ng th× .... Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here. present. ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i. I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer. qu¸ khø. ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø. Provided/ providing (that) You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess. Suppose/ supposing ? = what ... if ...? Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late? What if I’m- tao thÕ th× sao nµo ®a ra sù th¸ch thøc or.

(10) If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v If only he comes in time / If only he will head your advice. If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that If only he didn’t smoke. (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time. (but she didn’t) if only + would verb - íc sao, mong sao 4. Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đạc biệt. a. For a true action: Với khả năng thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh. Eg. If she comes, call me. (= Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come) If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time. (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign of the bad changes) b. For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn. Eg. If she comes, you should call me. (= I suggest calling me when she comes) You’d better cancel the project if it is possible. (= It’s best for you to cancel the project) c. For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result. Với giả định hiện tại mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ. Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại. Eg. If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday. (The action hadn’t been done in the past but the subjunction is at present. Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cần chuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành) c. For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result. Với giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tai. Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý. Eg. If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money. (The action hasn’t been done up to now, this is only my regret. Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định của tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó) Bài 5. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON – NGUYÊN NHÂN, LÍ DO 1. Because/ because of - Because Because S + V, S+ V = S + V because S + V - Because of ... because of + danh tõ ( hoÆc côm danh tõ) notes Jan was worried because it had started to rain. = Jan was worried because of the rain. Subject. verb. noun. The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam. verb. subject. The students arrived late because of the traffic jam. noun phrase. We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage. verb. subject. We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage. noun phrase. 2. special verbs a. have/ get / make to have sb do st = to get sb to do st Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car). Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.) to have / get st done = (®a c¸i g× ®i lµm...) Eg. Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.) Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.) I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone) to want / like something done Eg. - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned. ( buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×.) to make sb do st = to force sb to do st.

(11) Eg.. The robber forced the teller to give him the money.= The robber made the teller give him the. money. Eg.. to make sb do st = to cause st +P2 Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday. The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.. b. to make sb / st + adjective Eg. Wearing fowers made her more beautiful. to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2) Eg. I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening - con rắn đáng sợ. We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî. c. Let. Eg.. let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.) (John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.) The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call. Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday. Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter. Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.. d. Help.. Eg. Eg.. to help sb do/ to do st Eg. John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi. The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials. This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly. The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.. Bài 6. COMPARISON – SO SÁNH 1. Các cấp so sánh thông dụng với tính từ và trạng từ: (so sánh bằng, hơn, hơn nhất) 2. Các dạng so sánh đặc biệt: (song song, thăng tiến) 1. Sarah is ____ at chemistry than Susan. A. good B. well C. better D. best 2. I don’t work so hard ____ my father. A. so B. as C. than D. more 3. Sam is the ____ student in my class. A. tall B. most tall C. taller D. tallest 4. No one in my class is ____ beautiful ____ her. A. as/as B. more/as C. as/than D. the/more 5. Going by train isn’t ____ convenient as going by car. A. so B. as C. more D. A & B are correct. 6. The test is not ____ difficult ____ it was last month. A. as / as B. so / as C. more / as D. A & B are correct. 7. Peter usually drives ____ Mary A. more fast B. fast than C. faster than D. B & C are correct. 8. She cooked ____ than you. A. well B. more good C. better D. more well 9. This film is ____ interesting than that film. A. most B. less C. as D. so 10. My salary is ____ his salary. A. high B. more high C. higher than D. more higher than 11. He works ____ we do. A. harder B. as hard as C. harder D. so hard as 12. No one in this class is ____ Jimmy. A. so tall as B. tall than C. the tallest D. more tall than 13. Apples are usually ____ oranges..

(12) A. cheap than B. more cheap C. the cheapest D. cheaper than 14. I know him ____ than you do. A. better B. more well C. good D. the best 15. ________ you are, ____________ you concentrate. A. Tired/the least hard B. The more tired/the harder C. The tireder/the harder D. The tired/the harder Bài 7. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH 1. The use of “as if/ as though” a. The present sense: S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past) Eg. The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.) HiÖn t¹i. qu¸ khø. Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study modelling) HiÖn t¹i. qu¸ khø. He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich) HiÖn t¹i. qu¸ khø. b. The past sense: Eg.. S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect) Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (She didn’t win the grand prize.) Past simple. past perfect. Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (She didn’t see a ghost.) Past simple. past perfect. He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles.) Past simple. past perfect. 2. The use of with and hope: Eg. I hope that they will come. ( I don’t know if they are coming.) ( T«i hy väng lµ hä sÏ tíi.) We hope that they came yesterday. ( We don’t know if they came.) a. The future sense: Động từ ở mệnh đề sau sẽ phải là Would / could + verb hoặc were + Ving. S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-ing Eg. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come.) I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop.) She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.) b. The present sense: S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past ... Eg. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I don’t have enough time.) We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.) c. The past sense: S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P 2 Eg. I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.) She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldn’t be there.) We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didn’t have more time.) notes Eg. He wished that he could come to the party next week. Qu¸ khø. §iÒu kiÖn ë t¬ng lai. T¬ng lai. The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now. Qu¸ khø. Eg. 3.. ®iÒu kiÖn ë hiÖn t¹i. to wish somebody something I wish you a happy birthday.. hear to watch somebody do something see hear. hiÖn t¹i.

(13) to watch somebody doing something see eg. I didn’t hear the telephone ring. I didn’t hear the telephone ringing. I see her sing./ I see her singing. 4. advise ask command decree. demand insist move order. prefer propose recommend request. require stipulate suggest urge. or S1 + verb + that + S 2+ [verb in simple form] ... Eg. We urge that he leave now. Eg. We urge him to leave now. The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./ Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished. We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afernoon. b. advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested or It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ]... ( any tense). It is necessary that he find the books. It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question./ It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities. c. It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ]... ( any tense). Eg. It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking. d. Eg. God save the queen !. Chóa phï hé cho n÷ hoµng. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau) Curse this frog !: chÕt tiÖt con cãc nµy. - Dïng víi mét sè thµnh ng÷: Come what may: dï cã chuyÖn g× ®i n÷a. Eg. Come what may we will stand by you. If need be : nÕu cÇn Eg. If need be we can take another road. Eg. If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent. e. it is time It is time (for sb) to do st : Eg. It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). It is time It is high time subject + simple past It is about time Nhận xét: High/ about đợc dựng trớc time để thêm vào ý nhấn mạnh. Eg. It’s high time I lef for the airport. (it is a little bit late) Bài 8. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT – KẾT QUẢ 1. Phrase of result: Thường dùng với “TOO”/ “ENOUGH” theo cấu trúc sau: S + be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) + too ADJ (for O) + to V S + V + too ADV (for O) + to V Eg. He is too short to play football./ He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race. S + be + ADJ enough (for O) + to V hay S + V + ADV enough (for O) + to V Eg. She ín’t old enough to drive a car. / He spoke English well enough to be an enterpreter. 2. Clause of result:.

(14) S + verb + so that / in order that + S + verb He studied very hard so that he could pass the test. (nó đã học rất chăm chỉ để có thể qua đợc kỳ thi) She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday. Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance. I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer. Susan drove to Miami instead of fying so that she could save money. Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend? 3. Cause and effect: Subject + verb + so + adj/ adv + that + S + verb The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation. Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary. The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. 4. S + verb + so + few/ many + pl N + that + S + verb Eg. The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one. S + verb + so + much/ little + N+ that + S + verb He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. S + verb + such + a + adjective + pl N + that ... S + verb + so + adjective + a + N + that ... It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors. It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down. S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm được số nhiều/ N không đđ+ that + S+ verb Eg. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. dt đếm đợc số nhiều. They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. dt đếm đợc số nhiều. Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble. dt không đếm đợc. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it. dt không đếm đợc Lu ý: Ta kh«ng thÓ sö dông so trong cÊu tróc trªn. 4. Eg.. It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember him He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel. Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano. Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring. This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping. Bài 9. RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐÈ QUAN HỆ. 1. Relative pronouns: For persons For things. Subject. Object. Possessive. who that which that. whom/who that which that. whose whose/of which. a. WHO: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ..

(15) Eg. The man who told you I was out met me in the park. The person who you wanted to see died days ago. This is the lady who helped my mom. That’s the one who we need to contact. b. WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Eg. That’s the one whom we need to contact. The person whom you wanted to see died days ago. The one to whom he wanted to talk was out. Mr. Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday. c. WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Eg. This is the lady whose son cheated me. The country whose people were struggling against foods announced the situation of disasters yesterday. d. WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. Eg. The book which you liked was sold. This is the bike which is my birthday present. The house, which was on fire, was built long ago e. THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHICH, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài ra còn được sử dụng trong câu chẻ. Eg. The book that you liked was sold. This is the bike that I want to buy. The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see died days ago f. WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Eg. The day when she lef was rainy. The time when we reunite is uncertain. g. WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn. Eg. This is the house where he lived in his childhood. The place where we play football is a football ground. h. WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, nguyên nhân, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân. Eg. The reason why she lef was unknown. That’s why we are worrying now. 2. Relative clauses: a. Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu không đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa được xác định) Eg. The man who keeps the library is Mr. Green. (The man is Mr. Green thì rõ, nhưng The man keeps the library thì không rõ là ai) That is the book that I like best. (là cuốn mà tôi thích trong vô vàn cuốn sách) b. Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết có mặt mà câu vẫn có nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu vẫn đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa vì tiền ngữ (chủ từ) đã xác định. Loại mệnh đề này thường cách mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phảy, hoặc thường có các tính từ hay đại từ chỉ định hay sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,… Eg. That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Pike This is Mrs. Jones, who helped me last week./ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar. 3. Reduced clauses: a. Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ danh động từ V-ING để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể chủ động. Eg. The man who is sitting next to you is Mr. Mike. = The man sitting next to you is Mr. Pike. Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….? b. Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động. Eg. The man who was arrested by the police is Mr. Mike. = The man arrested by the police is Mr. Pike. Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy punished by the headmaster yesterday? c. Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ động từ to V để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST, ONLY... có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, hoặc một số mệnh đề mang tính rang buộc nhiệm vụ….

(16) Eg.. English is an important language which we have to master. = English is an important language to master/ for us to master. He is the only one who know the answer. = He is the only one to know thư answer. d. Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm danh từ để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường chỉ nghề nghiệp). Eg. Mr. Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a B.A. = Mr. Ba, our new form teacher, is a B.A. The man who is a new manager of the office is still young. = The man - a new manager of the office - is still very young. Bài 10. CLEFT SENTENCES – CÂU CHẺ 1. Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể của hành động hoặc đối tượng được đề cập. S + V → It be S that/ who V Eg. Nam helped me a lot. → It was Nam who helped me a lot. The book tells us a romantic story. → It is the book that tells us a romantic story. 2. Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động của hành động. S + V + O → It be O that/ whom S + V Eg. She bought the dictionary. → It was the dictionary that she bought. We saw Mai at the party. → It was Mai who we saw at the party. 3. Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp của hành vi. S + V + A → It be A that S + V Eg. We first met in this park. → It was in this park that we first met. She lef on a rainy day. → It was on a rainy day that she lef. Bài 11: INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP 1. definition: Eg. He said “ I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday” Eg. He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before. 2. Changes: a. tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH simple present simple past present progressive past progressive present perfect (progressive) past perfect (progressive) simple past past perfect will /shall would / should can / may could / might b. Others; this, these that, those here, overhere there, overthere Today that day Yesterday the day before the day before yesterday two days before Tomorrow the following day/ the next day the day afer tomorrow in two days’ time next + thêi gian (week, year ...) the following + thêi gian (week, year...) last + thêi gian (week, year ...) the privious + thêi gian (week, year...) Time + ago Time + before/ the privious + Time Eg. At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today” At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today. Eg. I’m leaving the day afer tomorrow. Jack said he was leaving tomorrow. Jack said he was leaving today. 3. introductory verbs:.

(17) bring, build, buy cut, draw, feed, tell. find, get, give hand, leave, lend, write. make, offer, owe paint, pass, pay. promiss, read, sell send, show, teach. S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi S + verb + Oi + Od Eg. Correct : They gave it to us./ Incorrect: They gave us it. 4. notes John gave the essay to his teacher./ John gave his teacher the essay. The little boy brought some fowers for his grandmother. The little boy brought his grandmother some fowers. I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria. He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture. He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car. We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars. Bài 12: THE PASSIVE VOICE – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG be + P 2 1. Changes: Eg.. I gave him a book. hay I gave a book to him.. - to be made, to be made of / This table is made of wood. - to be made from: /- to be made out of: This cake is made out of four, egg, butter and sugar. Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year. Subject. present. complement. A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year. singular subject. be past participle. The tornado destroyed thirty houses. Subject. past. complement. Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado. plural subject. be. past participle. The committee is considering several new proposals. Subject. present progressive. complement. Several new proposals are being considered by the committee. plural subject. auxiliary be. past participle. The committee was considering several new proposals. Subject. past progressive. complement. Several new proposals were being considered by the committee. plural subject. auxiliary. be. past participle. The company has ordered some new equipment. subject. present perfect. complement. Some new equipment has been ordered by the company. Singular subject. auxiliary. be past participle. The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began. subject. past perfect. complement.

(18) Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began. Singular subject. auxiliary be. past participle. The manager should sign these contracts today. Subject. modal + verb. complement. These contracts should be signed by the manager today. Subject. modal. be past participle. Somebody should have called the president this morning. Subject. modal + perfect. complement. The president should have been called this morning. Subject. modal. have. be past participle. Notes: Have/ get / make To have smb do smth = to get smb to do smth Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.) Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.) To have / get smth done Eg. Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.) To want / like something done Eg. - What do you want done to .... Anh muèn lµm g× víi ..... Eg. - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned. To make smb do smth = to force smb to do smth VÝ dô: The robber forced the teller to give him the money. = The robber made the teller give him the money. Động từ to make vả to cause còn đợc dùng theo mẫu sau: To make/ to cause. smb +smth P2. VÝ dô: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday. The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged. - Đằng sau động từ to make còn có thể dùng 1 tính. To make smb / smth + adjective. tõ.. VÝ dô: Wearing fowers made her more beautiful. Đi theo hớng này thì động từ to find có thể dùng theo công thức: Nếu là phân từ 1 sẽ mang tính chủ động còn phân từ 2 mang tính bị động.. To find + smb/ smth + adjective (P1- P2). Ví dụ: I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening - con rắn đáng sợ. We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî.. PHẦN IV. SENTENCE ELEMENTS – THÀNH TỐ CỦA CÂU - --- - (ÔN TẬP) Bài 1. SUBJECT (S): CHỦ NGỮ 1. Definition: Gender to be the action doer or described or mentioned. (là chủ thể của hành động hay đối tượng được miêu tả). 2. Classification: a. Subject pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ) First Person Second Person Singular form I You Plural form We You. Third Person He, She, It They.

(19) Eg. He went abroad to study medicine. They were killed in an accident. b. Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. Love is a stage of feeling and can’t be recognized by senses. Gain and loss go together. c. Gerunds: eg. Fishing is his favourite pastime. Getting good marks is not always difficult. d. Clauses: eg. What we really wish is to be at the cinema. All she can say is that he is a liar. Bài 2. COMPLEMENTS (C): BỔ NGỮ 1. Definition: Element to be described or mentioned usually follows the verb to be or link verbs. (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau “to be” hoặc các link verbs). 2. Classification: a. Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. She is a kind hearted lady. They became the new employees. b. Gerunds: eg. Her hobby is singing. c. Verbs: eg. My dream is to become a teacher. d. Clauses: eg. A full apology is what the boss wants now./ A smile is all he could do and what he should do. Notes: Có 2 loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ của chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ của tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted. Bài 3. OBJECTS (O): TÂN NGỮ 1. Definition: Gender to be described or mentioned usually follows ordinary verbs to show the direct or indirect goals that the verbs aim at. (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau động từ thường chỉ hướng hay đối tượng của động từ). 2. Classification: a. Object pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ) First Person Second Person Third Person Singular form Me you him, her, it Plural form Us you them Eg. We met him yesterday. She made us a big cake. b. Nouns, or noun phrases: eg. She gave me a blank look. We sent endless letters to the manager. c. Gerunds: eg. The man loved telling funny stories. / She was interested in going shopping on Sundays. d. Verbs: eg. Jack wished to become an astronaut. Kelvin loves to do the crosswords. e. Clauses: eg. We know how we should solve the problem. She asked why we didn’t arrive on time. Notes: Có 2 loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ của chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ của tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted. Bài 4. ADVERBIALS (A): TRẠNG NGỮ 1. Definition: Element to be used to denote the stages, manner, methods, or to indicate time, places, purposes, or others. (được dùng để miêu tả trạng thái, cách thức, phương pháp, mức độ, hay dùng để chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích,… của hành động). 2. Classification: b. Adverbs: eg. We often go to work by bus. She danced marvelously. c. Adverbials: eg. In the past, people used to live in a large family. d. Clauses: eg. When we came, they were fighting./ Billy tried hard in order that he could pass the exam.. Bài 5. VERBS (V): ĐỘNG TỪ (xem lại trang 7) PHẦN V. PARTS OF SPEECH – BỘ PHẬN NGÔN NGỮ (TỪ VỰNG) Bài 1. NOUNS (N): DANH TỪ 1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements… (dùng để gọi tên sự vật, hiện tượng) 2. Functions: (chức năng) Subject (S)(chủ ngữ): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school) Object (O)(tân ngữ): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party) Complement (C)(bổ ngữ): Make the complementation (She was a famous singer).

(20) Compounds (Co)(danh từ ghép): summer holiday, birthday cakes,… Possessive cases (Pc)(dạng sở hữu cách): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,… Noun phrases (Np)(cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds 3. Plural forms: dạng thức biến đổi số nhiều 3.1. Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ, đọc /s/ và /z/ a table Tables a dog dogs an apple apples a student student an orange orange an umbrella umbrella s s s a house Houses a cat cats an egg eggs 3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” with /iz/ or /z/ sound: thêm ‘es’ a bus Buses a potato potatoes a class classes a dish Dishes a box boxes a wish wishes a watch Watches a tomato tomatoe a torch torches s 3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: them ‘ies’ Singular Plural Singular Plural a lorry Lorries a lady ladies a story Stories a baby babies 3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”: đổi ‘f’, ‘fe’ thành ‘ves’ Singular plural Singular Plural a wife wives a leaf Leaves a knife knives a loaf Loaves 3.5. Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc Singular Plural Singular plural Singular Plural a man Men a louse lice a woman women a child Children a medium medi an ox oxen a a tooth Teeth a mouse mice a goose geese 3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít hoặc số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít hoặc nhiều. 3.7. Always plural form-nouns: luôn tồn tại dưới hình thức số nhiều. Clothes Police breeches pants pyjamas Trousers Scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses Scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) Arms damages earnings Goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort) Spirits Surroundings stairs valuables athletics Ethics Mathematics physics politics 3.8. Unchanged the names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi. 3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – hình thức số nhiều nhưng sử dụng như số ít. 4. Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được 4.1. Substances: vật chất Bread Beer cloth Coffee cream Ice sand wood wine paper Dust Gin glass Gold soap Stone water jam oil tea 4.2. Abstract nouns: danh từ không đếm được Advice Beauty courage death experience information suspicion Fear Help hope horror knowledge mercy pity relief 4.3. Others: một số danh từ khác Baggage camping damage furniture luggage Parking shopping work weather 4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncountable nouns: một số danh từ không đếm được lại có mạo từ 4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family) 4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study) 4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history).

(21) 4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come) 4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that noone will agree to help. 5. Compound nouns: danh từ ghép 5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;….. 5.4. Free combination: sự kết hợp tự do - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… - city street; corner shop; country lane; … - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; … - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…/ - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …/ - football match; beauty contest; pop music;… 6. Suffixes: các hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ. 6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, aP.Plicant, employee,… 6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighborhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,.. 6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behavior, difficulty,… Bài 2. VERBS (V): ĐỘNG TỪ 1. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences. 2. Classification: phân loại động từ 2.1. Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ 2.1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs) 2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/(These are sometimes functional verbs) 2.2. Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa 2.2.1. Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish) 2.2.2. Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful) 2.2.3. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation. e.g. She cried (noisily). It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs) 2.2.4. Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation. a. Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O). e.g. She bought flowers. Ann met her fiance’ yesterday. b. Di-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects. (S+V+O+O) e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me) c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g. He made me angry. d. Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ 3.1. en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to ) e.g. danger…….to endanger wide……....to widen rich………..to enrich courage……to encourage length……to lengthen broad ……..to broaden 3.2. ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify) e.g. modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize minimum….to minimize maximum….to maximize capital……..to capitalize natural……..to naturalize 3. Sentence models: 4.1 S + V-intrans They laugh/ The wind is blowing. 4.2 S + V-monotrans + O He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella. 4.3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted. 4.4 S + V-intrans + A He went abroad/ She arrives late..

(22) 4.5 4.6 4.7. S + V-ditrans + O + O S + V-complex trans + O + C S + V-intrans + A + A. She buys me presents/ That brings my father success. The story made me bored/ You drive me mad. She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early morning. Bài 3. ADJECTIVES (ADJ): TÍNH TỪ. 1. Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1.1 Main kinds: phân loại chính a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these. b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither. c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. d. Interrogative: which, what, whose. e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… 1.2 Participles: phân từ a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects) b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings) c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing. 2. Functions (Position): chức năng hay vị trí 2.1. Noun-subordinator: (bổ nghĩa cho danh từ) a new book, a kind lady, a large room,… 2.2. Verb-complementation: (bổ nghĩa cho động từ) Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem aP.Pear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (aP.Pear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,… But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm) - He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) 3. Comparison forms: cấp so sánh 3.1. Positive degree: so sánh bằng as + adjs + as Eg: - She is as tall as my wife. - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me). 3.2. Comparative degree: so sánh hơn 3.2.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us) 3.2.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than Eg: - She was more hard-working than us. - We are more intelligent than him. 3.3. Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất 3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST Eg: - Nam is the best in our class. - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met. 3.3.2. Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group. - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known. Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases: Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative clever Cleverer the cleverest bad Worse the worst pretty Prettier the prettiest far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest happy Happier the happiest little Less the least silly Sillier the silliest man / More the most much good Better the best old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest 3.4. Parallel: so sánh song song và so sánh thăng tiến - “The…..the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become. - And: It’s getting darker and darker. She has now more and more free time. - Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike. It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone 3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill. Tom and Bill are alike. 3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost. Do as I told you. 3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave). He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact). 3.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,….

(23) -. 4. Clauses: các mệnh đề danh tính ngữ 4.1. That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam./ It’s better that someone should tell him. 4.2. find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V: I found that it is impossible to start now./ She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay. 4.3. It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives: a. Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish... b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,… 4.4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,… - That’s the amazing idea to show. - It was an unreasonable result to accept. 4.5. It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),… 4.6. It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,… 4.7. S + be + adjs + infinitives : - Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,… ( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…) - Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, 4.8. Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes. (sắp xảy ra) Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.(vì, do bởi) Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident. (bởi vì, do bởi) Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action. (chắc là – suy đoán) Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher. (chắc là – suy đoán) Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.(quyêt tâm) Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave. Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone. Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes. Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news. Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone. Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone. Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come. Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late. S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book. Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer. Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature. Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was conscious that she would be late. 5. Suffixes: 5.1. able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,… 5.2. y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, Chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,… 5.3. ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequate, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,… 5.4. like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Roman-type, German-style,… 5.5. Nationality: a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mexican, African,… b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Lebanese,… c. i: Pakistani, Iraqi, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,… d. ian: Argentinean, Australian, Brazilian, Italian,… e. ish: English, Polish, Turkish, Danish, Finnish,… f. others: Czech, French, Dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,… Bài 4. ADVERBS (ADV) TRẠNG TỪ 1. Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1.1. Adv of manner: bravely/ haP.Pily/ quickly/ well/ …( She sings marvelously/ He worked very hard).

(24) 1.2. Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ … (She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police) 1.3. Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/…(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon) 1.4. Adv of frequency: always/ once/ twice/…(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader) 1.5. Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/..( He was certainly the liar/ Luckily, she passed the exam) 1.6. Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ …(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything) 1.7. Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/… (When did you go?/ Where is she now?) 1.8. Adv of relative: when/ where/ why (He came when we were watching T.V) 2. Same form with adjectives: tính từ và trạng từ có chung hình thức Back deep* direct* early enough little straight Far Fast hard* high* ill near* well just* Kindly late* Left wrong* most* right* Long Low Much* more* short* till pretty Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings. 3. Positions (Functions): vị trí hay chức năng 3.1. Adv of manner: trạng từ chỉ thể cách Follow verbs: eg: He danced gracefully. Before pres or follow objects in “V + pre + O”: eg: He looked at me carefully. He looked carefully at me. Follow Subject: eg: He suspiciously tasted the soup. At the beginning or end: eg: Carefully he checks the suitcase. He checks the suitcase carefully. 3.2. Adv of time: trạng từ chỉ thời gian At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/ since then/ till/… eg: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two. Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning) eg: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to the church. Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still eg: He still lives in the suburb of the city. Split: just eg: He has just left the house. 3.3. Adv of place: 3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/ eg: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere. 3.3.2. Administration: here/ there eg: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there. 3.4. Adv of frequency: 3.4.1. always/ continually/ frequently/ ofen/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually. eg: She usually walks to school. 3.4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom eg: Never will she eat this kind of food. 3.5. Inversion cases: các trường hợp đảo ngữ hardly…ever hardly…when in no circumstances neither…nor never no sooner…than not only not till nowhere on no account only by only in this way only then/ when scarcely ever scarcely…when seldom/ so Notes: hardly/ rarely/ seldom/ never/ only… + auxiliary + subject + verb ... Eg. Never have so many people been unemployed as today. Phó từ trợ động từ. chñ ng÷. động từ. (so many people have never been unemployed as today.) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands. Phã tõ. tđt chủ ngữ động từ. (He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.) Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven. Phã tõ. trợ động từ chủ ngữ động từ.

(25) (we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early. Phã tõ. trợ động từ. chñ ng÷. động từ. Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task. Phã tõ. trợ động từ chủ ngữ động từ. (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.) or IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : Eg. In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money. ON NO ACCOUNT: Eg. On no account must this switch be toughed. SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... Eg. So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for a year. So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. ONLY IN THIS WAY : Eg. Only in this way could you solve the problem. NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... Eg. He didn’t have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.. Bài 5: MẠO TỪ BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose the best answer to complete the sentences: 1. I want ___ apple from that basket. A. a B. an 2. Miss Lin speaks ___ Chinese. A. a B. an 3. One of the students said, “___ professor is late today” A. a B. an D. 0 4. Eli likes to play ___ volleyball. A. a B. an C. the 5. I bought ___ umbrella to go out in the rain. A. a B. an 6. My daughter is learning to play ___ guitar at her school. A. a B. an 7. Please give me ___ pen that is on the counter. A. a B. an D. 0 8. Albany is the capital of ___ New York state. A. a B. an 9. Our neighbor has ___ cat and ___ dog. A. a/ a B. an/ a 10. ___ ink in my pen is red. A. a B. an 11. It is ___ funniest book that I have ever read. A. a B. an 12. Can anyone give me ___ hand, please because I have just fallen over? A. a B. an 13. She always said that when she grew up she wanted to be ___. A. doctor B. a doctor C. the doctor 14. I have lef my book in ___ kitchen and I would like you to get it for me. A. a B. an C. the 15. Please meet me at the train station in ___ hour from now. A. a B. an. C. the C. the C. the D. 0 C. the C. the. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.. C. the C. the/ the C. the C. the C. the D. 0. D. 0 D. 0/ 0 D. 0 D. 0. D. a doctors D. 0 C. the. D. by D. to D. arrive on D. with D. about D. on. D. 0 D. 0 C. the. Bài 6: GIỚI TỪ BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH I’ll be at home _____ Saturday morning. You can phone me then. A. at B. on C. in I’m going away _____ the end of June. A. at B. on C. in What time did they ____ the hotel? A. arrive to B. arrive at C. arrive in Have you read any books ______ Agatha Christie? A. of B. from C. by I’m not very good _____ repairing things. A. at B. for C. in “What time will you arrive?” “I don’t know. It depends __ the traffic.” A. of B. for C. from. D. 0 D. 0. D. 0.

(26) 7. I prefer tea _____ coffee. A. to B. than C. against 8. The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage __ the other car. A. of B. for C. to 9. These days everybody is aware _____ the dangers of smoking. A. on B. of C. with 10. He’s very brave. He’s not afraid _____ anything. A. at B. about C. with 11. Bill and I come from the same town but my accent is different ___ his. A. with B. on C. at 12. Do you know anyone who might be interested ___ buying an old car? A. on B. in C. with 13. Sun oil can protect the skin _____ the sun. A. in B. for C. from 14. The apartment consists ______ three rooms, a kitchen and bathroom. A. of B. about C. on 15. Mozart died ______ Vienna in 1791 _____ the age of 35. A. in / on B. in / at C. at / in. D. over D. on D. about D. of D. from D. about D. by D. at D. of / for. PHẦN VI. ASPECTS OF SPEECH – HÌNH THÁI NÓI Bài 1. EMPHASIS: NHẤN MẠNH 1. Kinds (Classification): 1.1. Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation. e.g. Are you free? Really? 1.2. Written forms (transformation): e.g. She could hardly understand. ~Hardly could she understand. 2. Styles: 2.1. Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives e.g. He visited us yesterday. ~ He did visit us yesterday. Hoa loves romantic films. ~ Hoa does love romantic films. 2.2. Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives. e.g. + Knowing your limitation is important. ~ It’s important to know… + He found that learning English was difficult. ~ He found that it was 2.3. Refexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ … e.g. She did it. ~ She herself did it. He thought that. ~ He himself thought that. 2.4. Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(clef sentences) e.g. I hated him. ~ It was him who I hated. I need a replacement not others. ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need. 2.5. Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs e.g. He could never find out the truth. ~ Never could he find out the truth. We seldom eat snails. ~ Seldom do we eat snails. Bài 2. QUANTITIERS: - SỐ TỪ 1. Single verbs agreements: 1.1. each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V. e.g. Each person has his own thought. Neither of my children gets up late. 1.2. each/ every + N(s)/ each/ every + N + singular V e.g. Each day and each night passes without me missing her./ Each of the boys has his own books of photos. 1.3. every/ some/ no + singular V(s) e.g. Someone was sitting outside. No-one knows him. 1.4. plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/ athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the PhiliP.Pines/ Wales/… e.g. The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11 th. The Philippines is a developing. 1.5. uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/… e.g. Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen. At this time of day, traffic is very heavy. 1.6. distance/ time/ money: e.g. Five miles is a relatively far distance. Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money. 1.7. titles of books/ articles/ stories: e.g. “Tom and Jerry” is well-known all over the world..

(27) “The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book. 1.8. subjective clauses: e.g. All that he needed was a full apology. What I really like is an ice cream. 2. Plural verbs agreements: 2.1. combination “and”: e.g. Tom and his friends were walking to school. 2.2. “the + adj(s)” form: e.g. The English are cool. The rich are not always happy. 2.3. collective nouns: e.g. Cattle are driven to the field. 2.4. some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/… e.g. Some boys are resigned. 3. Various agreements: 3.1. Either or Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V Not only but also (but ….as well ) e.g. Either Tom or his friends are coming. Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured. 3.2. The number of + N(s) + singular V A number of + N(s) + plural V e.g. The number of attendants is poor. A number of visitors are killed. 3.3. Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V. e.g. A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table. Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table. 3.4. All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V e.g. A lot of money is lost. All of them have been arrested. Bài 3. GERUNDS: DANH ĐỘNG TỪ 1. Formation: V-ING 2. Functions: 2.1. Subject (S): Fishing is his hobby. Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy. 2.2. Complement (C): (of to be) Her passion is studying. What we really want is escaping from this terrible place. 2.3. Compound nouns: 2.3.1. Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving license wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil 2.3.2. Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking time- counting 2.4. Object (O): 2.4.1. Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs admit avoid appreciate Begin consider postpone resume love continue delay deny Enjoy escape recall suggest resist finish keep mention Mind Like Hate recollect prefer miss practice Quit report resent risk 2.4.2. Verb preposition: approve of apologize for believe in count on care for complain of confess to consist of depend on dream of end in give up get to forget go back to about hesitate about insist on keep on lead to long for mean by persist in plan on put off rely on return to result in safe from succeed in think about think of take to threaten with worry about object to look forward to…. 2.4.3. Adjective preposition: absorbed in accustomed to afraid of amused at skilled in (at) annoy at ashamed of aware of (in)capable of surprised at careful in careless of certain about clever at wrong in… content with delighted at different from embarrassed at excited about far from fond of fortunate in frightened of furious at given to good at grateful for happy in (at) slow in interested in keen on nice about proud of thankful for.

(28) -. -. responsible for right in scared at (of) set on angry with pleased at sure of sorry for successful in (at) careful about sick of worried about tired of (from) upset at (un)conscious of 2.4.4. Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings) can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like…. - It’s no use.../ It’s (not) worth…/… 2.4.5. Adjectives: amusing comfortable Difficult easy Great pleasant hopeless Lovely Nice off strange useless/ wonderful 2.4.6. Noun preposition: choice of excuse for possibility of intention of reason for method for… 2.4.7. Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs call catch feel discover find leave watch… hear get imagine keep notice send set stop 2.5. Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases; Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying. When/ on /while / as + V-ING: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook. While checking the case, we found banned drugs.. Bài 4. INFINITIVES: NGUYÊN THỂ 1. Classification: Full infinitive: With “to’ e.g. He go to Paris to learn French. Bare infinitive: Without “to’ e.g. My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked. Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles” e.g. He was believed to have escaped from the prison. 2. Positions: 2.1. Follow the verbs below: agree arrange ask attempt begin mean need neglect care cease choose claim Come plan prefer pretend continue decide deserve demand determine propose refuse start desire expect fail fear Forget strive tend threaten hate help hesitate hope Intend offer omit swear learn like long love manage prepare promise seem try want wish… 2.2. Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g. They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not. 2.3. Follow the adjectives below: (un)able Afraid amused Annoyed anxious interested keen Ashamed astonished boring Careful Certain (im)possible proud Content Crazy curious dangerous delighted sorry sufficient determined Difficult distressed Due Eager usual thankful Easy Hard fortunate Free frightened worthy wrong furious Good glad Grateful Happy slow scared Hopeless Horrified impatient Safe Sure useless surprised Lucky moved pleased (un)willing wonderful (un)wise 2.4. Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how. e.g. She didn’t know what to do next. We didn’t decided where to go. 2.5. Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below: advise allow ask assume beg Hate suspect Wish believe cause challenge command compel observe trust persuade consider enable encourag expect Find order permit Tempt e forbid force get guess Know teach tell warn imagine instruct intend invite think understand urge lead like love mean want Prefer.

(29) 2.6. To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/… e.g. The house, to be demolished, is very old. She has nothing to eat. We haven’t got enough to have one each. They saved money to go abroad. 2.7. To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;… e.g. To tell the truth, she was a real liar. 2.8. To form exclamation: e.g. To think she met with such a death! Oh! To be young again! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------. Bài 5. SPECIAL CASES: DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT rise/ lie/ sit. rose/ lay/ sat. risen/ lain/ sat. rising/ lying/ sitting. OR raise/ lay/ set. raised/ laid/ set. raised/ laid/ set. raising/ laying/ setting. TO RISE Eg. The sun rises early in the summer./ When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats. When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top./ Jim rose early so that he could play golf. It must be late; the moon has risen./ Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time. TO RAISE (sb, st) Eg. The students raise their hands in class./ The weighlifer raises the barbell over it’s head. The crane raised the car out of the lake./ Afer studying very hard, John raised his grades greatly. Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants’ rent another fifeen dollars. The OPEC have raised the price of oil. TO LIE: Eg. The university lies in the Western section of town./ If they are tired, they should lie down for a nap. Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing. The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play. Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest. That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage. TO LAY Eg. Don’t lay your clothes on the bed./ The boy lays his books on the table every day. The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered. = The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering. The children laid their toys on the foor when they had finished using them. The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang. The nurse laid the baby in crib. TO SIT: Eg. We are going to sit in the fifh row at the opera./ Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool. Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio./ Afer swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off. Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has. They have sat in the same position for 2 hours. Eg. This studium can seat 100.000 people. TO SET Eg. The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night. The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch. The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow. Afer carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib. Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt. No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out. 1. Either infinitives or gerunds: 1.1. stop: a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work) e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking) b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) e.g. He stops smoking (He no longer smokes) 1.2. try: a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do) e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded) b. try + gerunds (= to experience) e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it) 1.3. remember: a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task).

(30) 2.. 3. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door) b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task) e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door) 1.4. forget: a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task) e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food) b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten) e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember) 1.5. regret: a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task) e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to) b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly) e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done) Would: a. conditional sentences: e.g. If I were you, I would agree to come. He would have passed if he had known the rules well. b. past habits: e.g. I would sing romantic songs when I was young. She would cry when she was too sad. Used to: past habit not happen at present e.g. She used to walk to school. Be (get) used to: a. get used to (= be acquainted with) e.g. She has got used to walking to office. b. be used to (be familiar to) e.g. He was used to walking to office. Would rather V1 than V2: 5.1. would rather (not) + V: e.g. She’d rather go to the meeting. We would rather not mention that case. 5.2. would rather + O (not) + p. V: e.g. I’d rather him brought there some cakes. She would rather her husband not joined the army. Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns: 6.1. prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:e.g. She preferred walking to driving. She liked walking/ to walk. 6.2. would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives: e.g. She’d prefer to walk. She would like to walk. Could/ may/ might: possibility/ maybe = perhaps 7.1. in conditional sentences: e.g. If it rains, we may cancel the trip. We might go to the park if it were Sunday today. 7.2. uncertain speculation: e.g. It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow. It will possibly rain tomorrow. 7.3. perhaps/ maybe: e.g. Perhaps he won’t come. Maybe it will rain tomorrow. Should: 8.1. command; request; obligation: e.g. You should study harder. / She should bring along an umbrella. 8.2. an expectation/ a wish: e.g. My letter should arrive next week. Speculations/ deduction: 9.1. could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility e.g. It may have rained last night./ He might have gone. 9.2. should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions e.g. He should have done his homework. 9.3. must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events e.g. (She passed the exam). She must have studied hard.. PHẦN VII: SOME CONFUSED OR MISUSED WORDS-TỪ DỄ GÂY HIỂU LẦM, DÙNG LẦM 1. 74 cụm từ và cấu trúc viết câu hữu ích: 1 S + V+ too + adj/adv + (for sb) + to do st. (quá....để cho ai làm gì...) *1. This structure is too easy for you to remember. *2: He ran too fast for me to follow.. 2. S + V + so + adj/ adv + that +S + V (quá... đến nỗi mà...) *1: This box is so heavy that I cannot take it. *2: He speaks so sof that we can’t hear anything..

(31) 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13 15 17 19 21 23. It + V + such + (a/an) + N(s) + that + S +V (quá... đến nỗi mà...) *1: It is such a heavy box that I cannot take it. *2: It is such interesting books that I cannot ignore them at all. Have/ get + st + done (VpII) (nhờ ai hoặc thuê ai làm gì...) *1: I had my hair cut yesterday. *2: I’d like to have my shoes repaired. It + takes/took+ O + amount of time + to do st. (làm gì... mất bao nhiêu thờigian...) *1: It takes me 5 minutes to get to school. *2: It took him 10 minutes to do this exercise yesterday. S + find+ it+ adj to do st. (thấy ... để làm gì...) *1: I find it very difficult to learn about English. *2: They found it easy to overcome that problem. Would rather + V¬ (infinitive) + than + V (infinitive) (thích làm gì hơn làm gì) *1: She would rather play games than read books. *2: I’d rather learn English than learn Biology. To be/get Used to + V-ing (quen làm gì) *I am used to eating with chopsticks. to be amazed at = to be surprised at + N/Ving( ngạc nhiên về....) by chance = by accident (adv) (tình cờ) can’t stand/ help/ bear/ resist + V-ing(không nhịn được làm gì...) to be interested in + N/V-ing (quan tâm đến...) To spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing (dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì…). 4. S + V + adj/ adv + enough + (for sb) + to do st. (Đủ... cho ai đó làm gì...) *1: She is old enough to get married. *2: They are intelligent enough for me to teach them English.. 6. It + be + time + S + V (-ed, cột 2) / It’s +time +for O +to do st. (đã đến lúc ai đó phải làm gì...) *1: It is time you had a shower. *2: It’s time for me to ask all of you for this question To prevent/stop + O + From + V-ing (ngăn cản ai/cái gì... không làm gì..) *1: I can’t prevent him from smoking *2: I can’t stop her from tearing. 8. 10. To prefer + Noun/ V-ing + to + N/ V-ing. (Thích cái gì/làm gì hơn cái gì/ làm gì) *1: I prefer dog to cat. *2: I prefer reading books to watching TV.. 12. 14. Used to + V (infinitive) (Thường làm gì trong qk và bây giờ không làm nữa) *1: I used to go fishing with my friend when I was young. *2: She used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day. to be angry at + N/V-ing (tức giận về). 16. to be good at/ bad at + N/ V-ing (giỏi về.../ kém về...). 18 20. to be/get tired of + N/V-ing (mệt mỏi về...) to be keen on/ to be fond of + N/V-ing (thích làm gì đó...) to waste + time/ money + V-in(tốn tiền hoặc tg làm gì) To spend + amount of time/ money + on + st (dành thời gian vào việc gì...) *1: I spend 2 hours reading books a day. *2: She spent all of her money on clothes. would like/ want/wish + to do st (thích làm gì...) It + be + st/ sb + that/ who (chính...mà...) hate/ like/ dislike/ enjoy/ avoid/ finish/ mind/ postpone/ practise/ consider/ delay/ deny/ suggest/ risk/ keep/ imagine/ fancy + Ving, to be excited about (thích thú) There is + N-số ít, there are + N-số nhiều (có cái gì...). 22 24. 25 27 29. to give up + V-ing/ N (từ bỏ làm gì/ cái gì...) have + (st) to + Verb (có cái gì đó để làm) Had better + V(infinitive) (nên làm gì....). 26 28 30. 31. It’s + adj + to + V-infinitive (quá gì ..để làm gì). 32. 33 35. Take place = happen = occur (xảy ra) to be bored with/ fed up with (chán cái gì/làm gì) feel like + V-ing (cảm thấy thích làm gì...) advise sb to do st (khuyên ai làm gì...) leave sb alone (để ai yên...) To be/ seem/ sound/ became/ feel/ appear/ look/ go/ turn/ grow + adj(đây là các động từ tri giác có nghĩa là: có vẻ như/ là/ dường như/ trở nên... sau chúng nếu có adj và adv. 34 36. 37 39 41 43. 38 40 42 44. expect sb to do st (mong đợi ai làm gì...) go + V-ing (chỉ các trỏ tiêu khiển..) (go camping...) By + V-ing (bằng cách làm...) want/ plan/ agree/ wish/ attempt/ decide/ demand/ expect/ mean/ offer/ prepare/ happen/ hesitate/ hope/ afford/ intend/ manage/ try/ learn/ pretend/ promise/ seem/ refuse + TO + V-infinitive.

(32) 45 47 49 51. 53 55 57. 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73. thì chúng ta phải chọn adj) when + S + V(qkđ), S + was/were + V-ing. Before + S + V(qkđ), S + had + P2 to be crowded with (rất đông cài gì đó...) for a long time = for years = for ages (đã nhiều năm rồi) (dùng trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành) as soon as (ngay sau khi) could hardly (hầu như không) ( chú ý: hard khác hardly) in which = where; on/at which = when. Put + up + with + V-ing (chịu đựng...) Get + adj/ P2 take over + N (đảm nhiệm cái gì...) Chú ý: so + adj còn such + N To find out (tìm ra),To succeed in (thành công trong...) One of + so sánh hơn nhất + N (một trong những...) To be fined for (bị phạt về) from behind (từ phía sau...). 46 48 50 52. * I decide to study English. When + S + V(qkđ), S + had + P2 Afer + S + had +P2, S + V(qkđ) to be full of (đầy cài gì đó...) except for/ apart from (ngoài, trừ...). 54 56. to be afraid of (sợ cái gì..) Have difficulty + V-ing (gặp khó khăn làm gì...). 58. Chú ý phân biệt 2 loại tính từ V-ed và V-ing: dùng -ed để miêu tả về người, -ing cho vật. và khi muốn nói về bản chất của cả người và vật ta dùng –ing Make use of + N/ V-ing (tận dụng cái gì đó...) Make progress (tiến bộ...) Bring about (mang lại) At the end of và In the end (cuối cái gì đó và kết cục) can/ could/ may might/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ must/ ought to... (modal Verbs) + V-infinitive. It is the first/ second.../best + Time + thì hiện tại hoàn thành Go for a walk (đi dạo)/ go on holiday/picnic (đi nghỉ) Live in(sống ở)/ Live at + địa chỉ cụ thể/ Live on (sống nhờ vào...). 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74. 3. Special words: ANGEL (n): CITE (v): In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references. SITE (n): Eg. The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center. SIGHT (n): 1-. Eg. Through the sight of the rife, the soldier spotted the enemy.. (n). 2- Eg. Whatching the landing of the space’s capsule was a pleasant sight.. (v). 3- Eg. We sighted a ship in the bay.. COSTUME (n). Eg. It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school.. DECENT (adj): Eg. When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing. DESCENT (n):. 1- Eg. The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent. 2- Eg. Vladimir is of Russian descent.. DESSERT (n): Eg. We had apple pie for dessert last night. DESERT (n): Eg. It is difficult to live in the desert without water. DESERT (v): Eg. Afer deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp. LATER (adv): Eg. We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle. THE LATTER Eg. Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance. (latter = England). LOOSE (adj): Eg. Afer dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe. LOSE (v):. 1- Eg. Mary lost her glasses last week. 2- Eg. If Harry doesn’t practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.. PASSED (v -): 1 Eg. Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict. 2- Eg: While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us..

(33) 3- Eg. The students are happy that they passed their exams. PAST (adj): 1- Eg. This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university. 2- Eg. In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian. PEACE (n): Eg. Peace was restored to the community afer a week of rioting. PIECE (n): Eg. Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert. PRINCIPAL (n): 1-. Eg. The principal called a faculty meeting.. (adj) PRINCIPLE (n):. 2- Eg. An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at Friday’s luncheon. Eg. Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.. QUIET (adj): Eg. The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing. QUITE (adv): 1- Eg. Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away. 2- Eg. He was quite tired afer his first day of classes. QUIT (v): Eg. Herman quit smoking on his doctor’s advice. STATIONARY (adj): Eg. The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days. STATIONERY (n): Eg. Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence. THAN (liªn tõ): Eg. Today’s weather is better than yesterday’s. THEN (adj) : Eg. First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees. THEIR (adj): Eg. Their team scored the most points during the game. THERE (adv):. 1- Eg. Look over there between the trees. 2- Eg. There is a book on the teacher’s desk.. THEY’RE: they are.. Eg. They’re leaving on the noon fight to Zurich.. TO (pre): Eg. Go to the blackboard and write out the equation. TWO (n/ adj) - Eg. Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident. TOO (adv). 1- Eg. This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming. 2- Eg. Jane went to the movie, and we did too.. WEATHER (n): Eg. Our fight was delayed because of bad weather. WHETHER (cunj): Eg. Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home. WHOSE (adj) - Eg. The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize. WHO’S ( re-pro + v) : who + is / who + has. Eg. Who’s (who is) your new biology professor? Scott is the attorney who’s (who has) been reviewing this case. YOUR (adj) . Eg. We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore. YOU’RE (pro + v) - you + are. Eg. You’re going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill.. 2. Confusing words: ACCEPT (v): Eg. Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department. EXCEPT (pre): Eg. Everyone is going to the convention except Bob. ACCESS (n): Eg. The teacher had no access to the students’files, which were locked in the principal’s office. EXCESS (adj): 1- Eg. We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage. (n) ADVICE (n):. Eg. The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need. Eg. If you heed the teacher’s advice, you will do well in your studies.. ADVISE (v): Eg. The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time. AFFECT (v): Eg. The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient. EFFECT (n):. 1-. Eg. The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.. (v). 2-. Eg. To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday..

(34) AGAIN (adv): Eg. Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript. AGAINST (pre): 1- Eg. The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym. 2ALREADY (adv):. Eg. The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.. Eg. Jan’s plane had already landed before we got to the airport.. ALL READY (noun + adj):. Eg. We are all ready to go boating.. AMONG (pre): Eg. It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants. BETWEEN (pre): Eg. Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else. BESIDE (pre): Eg. There is a small table beside the bed. BESIDES (pre/ adv):. Eg. I have five history books here besides the four that I lef at home. ASIDE (adv):.. Eg. Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughter’s education.. COMPARE (V) + WITH: Eg. Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended. CONTRAST (V) + WITH: Eg. In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town. CONSECUTIVE (adj): Eg. Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave. SUCCESSIVE (adj): Eg. The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games. CONSIDERABLE (adj): Eg. Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job. CONSIDERATE (adj): Eg. It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of fowers. CREDIBLE (adj): Eg. His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible. CREDITABLE (adj): Eg. The fireman’s daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed. CREDULOUS (adj): DETRACT (v):. Eg. Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer.. Eg. Molly’s nervousness detracted from her singing.. DISTRACT (v): Eg. Please don’t distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook. DEVICE (n): Eg. This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales. DEVISE (v): Eg. The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating. ELICIT (v): Eg. The prosecutor’s barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness. ILLICIT (adj): Eg. The politician’s illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position. EMIGRANT (n) Eg. Afer world war II, many emigrants lef Europe to go to the United States. IMMIGRANT (n): Eg. The United States is a country composed of immigrants. EXAMPLE (n):. Eg. Picasso’s Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art.. SAMPLE (n): Eg. Mike loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese. FORMERLY (adv): Eg. He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist. FORMALLY (adj) 1- Eg. At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night. 2- Eg. She has formally requested a name change. HARD (adj):. 1 Eg. The test was so hard that nobody passed. 2 Eg. The stadium’s seats were hard, so we rented a cushion. 3- (adv) Eg. They worked hard on the project.. HARDLY (adv): hÇu nh kh«ng. Eg. He had so much work to do afer the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin. HELPLESS (adj): Eg. I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists’ plight. USELESS (adj): Eg. An umbrella is useless in a hurricane. HOUSE (n) vs. HOME (n): Eg. The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates. IMAGINARY (adj): Eg. Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate..

(35) IMAGINATIVE (adj): Eg. Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer. IMMORTAL (adj): Eg. The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries afer their writing. IMMORAL (adj): Eg. Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs. IMPLICIT (adj) Eg. Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time. EXPLICIT (adj): Eg. They gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project. INDUSTRIAL (adj): Eg. Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months. INDUSTRIOUS (adj): Eg. Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university. INFLICT (v): Eg. Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inficted several punishments on all the participants. AFFLICT (v): Eg. During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague. INSPIRATION (n): Eg. Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration. ASPIRATION (n): 1- Eg. Gail’s lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor. 2- Eg. To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary. INTELLIGENT (adj): Eg. Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study. INTELLIGIBLE (adj): Eg. The science teacher’s explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments. INTELLECTUAL (n):Eg. Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who are less intelligent. 2- (adj): Eg. John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor. INTENSE (adj): Eg. Last winter’s intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply. INTENSIVE (adj): Eg. Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish. LATE (adj, adv): Eg. Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late. husband was the author of that book.. 2- (adj) Eg. Her late. LATELY (adv): Eg. I haven’t seen Burt lately. He must be extremely busy with his research. LEARN (v): Eg. The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerized cash register. TEACH (v): Eg. The instructor is teaching us how to program computers. LEND (v) vµ LOAN (v): Eg. Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance. BORROW (v): Eg. I borrowed Jill’s red dress to wear to the dance. LIQUEFY (v): Eg. The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat. LIQUIDATE (v): Eg. The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts. LONELY (adj :Eg. Afer her husband’s death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn. ALONE (adj): Eg. Afer losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be lef alone. NEAR (pre/adv): Eg. My biology class meets near the Student Union. NEARLY (adv): Eg. We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike. OBSERVATION (n): Eg. The ancient Egyptians’ observation of the heavenly bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest. OBSERVANCE (n): Eg. There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of Independence Day. PERSECUTE (v): Eg. Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. PROSECUTE (v): Eg. Shoplifers will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. PRECEDE (v):. Eg. Weather Service warnings preceded the hurricane.. PROCEED (v): Eg. Afer the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class..

(36) QUANTITY (n): Eg. A large quantity of sand was removed before the archaeologists found the prehistoric animal bones. NUMBER (n): Eg. A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site. REMEMBER (v): Eg. I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You don’t remember, do you? REMIND (v): Eg. Please remind me to call Henry at 7 o’clock tonight. Henry reminds me of my uncle. SENSIBLE (adj): Eg. When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors. SENSITIVE (adj)Eg. Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily. SPECIAL (adj):Eg. Meyer’s Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers. ESPECIALLY (adv): Eg. Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear. USE (n): Eg. The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn. USAGE (n): Eg. Norm Crosby’s usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious. Lập thạch, tháng 9 năm 2013 Người biên soạn và giảng dạy. Đỗ Văn Bình IX. PHẦN KIỂM TRA CỦA BAN GIÁM HIỆU LẦN KIỂM TRA. I. II. III. IV. NGÀY KIỂM TRA. NHẬN XÉT. KÍ TÊN.

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