Tim hieu ve o cung SSD

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(1)Understanding Why Demand for SSDs is Soaring Ryan Smith Sr. Manager – SSD Product Marketing, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc.. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(2) What is a HDD?. milliseconds.  HDD = Hard Disk Drive  Block Based Device (e.g., 512-byte)  Capacities in Base 10  Drivers are common and ubiquitous  RPM has peaked Avg. Latency. 10 8 6 4 2 0. 3,600. 4,200. 4,500. 4,900. 5,200. 5,400. 7,200. 10,000. 12,000. 15,000. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(3) What is Flash?  Non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electronically programm ed and erased. Definition and Ingot Image Source : YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(4) What is an SSD?  SSD = Solid State Drive  RAM-based introduced in 1970’s  Flash-based version in 1990’s  Today, it typically uses NAND Flash  Don’t complicate it.. it’s just a really fast drive! 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 2011. 2012. 2013 PC. 2014. 2015. 2016. 2017. Enterprise. Source : Forward Insights, 3Q13. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(5) Why an SSD?  Three things that dictate the speed of your PC/Server: • CPU, DRAM, and HDD  Everything is speeding up.. Except the HDD Memory: • Larger footprint • Higher bandwidth. Processor: • Multi-core • Higher bandwidth Performance. Closing the gap with Solid State Storage. Storage: • Minor throughput improvements • Currently solved with spindles. Time YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(6) Why an SSD?    . Lower response times (latency) Higher IOPS and Throughput ~3,000K RPM HDD Lower Power No RVI Issues, More reliable Random Performance (IOPS). Power Consumption (Watt). SV843 15K RPM HDD. SV843 15K RPM HDD. 88K X200. 12.6 X75. 8.5. 29K X38. -80%. -88% 2.5. 14K 1.0. Read. 70:30 Test Environment : IOMeter2008. Write. Idle. Active. Test Environment : IOMeter2008 / 4KB RND R70:W30. Source : Samsung YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(7) SSD Performance SSD Performance cannot be matched 10% 80K. 15. x. 73K. 5K HDD. PM830. PM841 YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(8) SSD Performance. 90,000 IOPS. 900 Hard Drives. 1 Samsung SSD. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(9) So what’s there to know about an SSD? SSD Key Characteristics SSD Components NAND Characteristics P/E Cycles WAF TBW / WPD SMART Host Interface Sustained vs. Peak Performance Benchmarking. 3,000. ML C 1 0. SSD Influencers TRIM Over-provisioning Changing Workload. User Area. O/P. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀. Reserved. 1 0.

(10) SSD Key Characteristics. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(11) SSD Components     . Host/NAND Controller Firmware NAND Flash DRAM Capacitors (optional). NAND. Controller. DRAM. Firmware. Host Interface DRAM. Controller Firmware. NAND Flash. SSD Image Source : Anandtech. All components work closely together YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(12) NAND Characteristics  Types of NAND. 1 0. 1 0. ML C 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3-5K P/E Cycles 1 year retention 10-30K P/E Cycles 3 month retention. SLC. 90-100K P/E Cycles 3 mo – 1 yr retention. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.  NAND Hierarchy • Pages: Smallest unit that can be read/written (e.g., 8KB) • Erase block: Groups of pages (e.g., 64 pages @ 8KB = 512KB). YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀. Enterprise. 1 0. 1 0. 500-1K P/E Cycles 1 year retention. EMLC 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. PC. TLC. TLC MLC E-MLC SLC  Geometry / Lithography • 4xnm, 3xnm, 2xnm • Smaller = Less Cost • • • •.

(13) P/E Cycles Program / Erase Cycles The # of times a given NAND cell can be programmed & erased  As geometries shrink, error correction must get better  It’s like a car warranty! • 3 years or 50,000 miles • 3 years or 3,000 P/E Cycles.  Not a useful characteristic by itself. ECC Requirements. 3,000. 3xnm. 2xnm YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀. 2ynm.

(14) Write Amplification Factor (WAF) Write Amplification Factor. Bytes written to NAND versus bytes written from PC/Server. Bytes written to NAND Bytes written from Host. WAF =.  WAF 1 means 1MB from host writes 1MB to NAND  WAF 5 means 1MB from host writes 5MB to NAND  Factors that can affect WAF: Flash Translation Layer (FTL). Controller. Wear Leveling Over-provisioning Garbage Collection. Host Application. Write Profile (Ran vs. Seq) Free user space / TRIM YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(15) Write Amplification (WAF) Example  Below example illustrates WAF of 6 4KB from Host. Z. Cache. LBA 0. Flash. SSD. Host. Host wants to update LBA 0. Z. A C E. LBA 0. Z C E. B D F. No more free pages. A C E. B D F. Z C E. B D F. B D F. Z C E. Z C E. Need to erase entire block Read existing data to Cache. Time. Erase block. B D F. B D F. Write modified page and old pages back to Flash. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀. 24KB to NAND.

(16) TBW TeraBytes Written # of terabytes you can write to the drive over it’s useful life. TBW =. (Capacity GB/1000) x PE Cycles WAF. Examples: ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 76.8 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 2.5 = 153.6 TBW ((256GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 153.6 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 30000 PE) / 5 = 768 TBW YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(17) WPD Writes Per Day Same as TBW but normalized on capacity and lifetime How many complete drive writes can be done over a period of time. WPD =. TBW * 1000 / Capacity GB Years * 365. Examples: (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 480GB) / (5yr * 365) (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (5yr * 365) (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (3yr * 365). = 1.97 WPD = 2.37 WPD = 3.95 WPD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(18) SMART Attributes       . Look at health and various statistics Allows for predictable maintenance windows Calculate WAF, TBW Host GB written = [ID241] / (2/1024/1024) NAND GB written = [ID177] * Capacity GB WAF = NAND GB / Host GB Expected Life (yrs) = Warranty PE * ([ID9]/24/365) / [ID177] ID. Attribute Name. 5. Reallocated Sector Count. 9. Power-on Hours. 12. Power-on Count. 177. Wear Leveling Count. 179. Used Reserved Block Count. 180. Unused Reserved Block Count. 181. Program Fail Count. 182. Erase Fail Count. 187. Uncorrectable Error Count. 195. ECC Error Count. 199. CRC Error Count. 241. Total LBA Written YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(19) Host Interface  This is how you communicate to the SSD  So many choices.. • SATA • SAS • PCIe (NVMe, SCSIe, SATAe, Proprietary)  Which is right for you?. PC. Server. Current. SATA PCIe. SATA SAS PCIe. Future. SATA PCIe. SATA SAS PCIe. External Storage SATA + SAS bridge. SAS. SAS PCIe. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(20) PCIe SSDs  Sequential performance bottleneck removed  Protocol overhead / bridging removed: Better latency  NVMe will enable PCIe to be ubiquitous SATA 2.4X. PCIe 3.1X. SATA 6Gb/s Limit. 2.7X. 1.8X. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(21) Sustained vs. Peak Performance  There can be significant differences in sustained vs. peak  Run enterprise benchmark (e.g., SNIA RTP 2.0)  Or even better, run your own workload (or simulated) [IOPS]. Samsung Samsungvs vsVendor Vendor“X” “X” 11x Sustained Random Writes 11x Sustained Random Writes [Ran. Performance @ 4KB]. 94% 94% below below Peak Peak. Samsung 128GB. 4KB Ran. R/W 100/0 (NCQ=16). Samsung 200GB. 4KB Ran. R/W 65/35 (NCQ=16). [MBs]. Samsung Samsungvs vsVendor Vendor“X” “X” 2x Sustained Sequential 2x Sustained SequentialWrites Writes [Seq. Performance @ 1MB]. 95% 95% below below Peak Peak. 99% 99% below below Peak Peak. Vendor “X” 160GB 4KB Ran. R/W 0/100 (NCQ=16). Samsung 128GB. 1MB Seq. R/W 100/0 (NCQ=16). Samsung 200GB. 1MB Seq. R/W 65/35 (NCQ=16). 95% 95% below below Peak Peak. Vendor “X” 160GB 1MB Seq. R/W 0/100 (NCQ=16). Source : Samsung / SNIA RTP2.0 Benchmark YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(22) Benchmarking  Synthetic or actual workload & take measurements. Benchmark. URL. SNIA RTP 2.0. Iometer. ATTO Disk. CrystalDiskMark. o/software/CrystalDiskMark/index-e.html. HD Tune Pro. AS SSD (SSD). Anvil (SSD). Scripts. Have multiple “dd” running with best guess workload, capturing timing/speeds. Real Workload. Capture trace during real workload and playback (ioapps, blktrace/btereplay) YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(23) SSD Reviewers  Good SSD Review sites available... YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(24) SSD Influencers. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(25) TRIM. SSD. Host.  Helps the SSD know which blocks aren’t used  Widely supported standard: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, hdparm  Better sustained performance and extends TBW  Without TRIM, SSD only knows block isn’t used once the same LBA is writt en to No TRIM needed Bye Hi LBA 0 LBA 0 Hi. Hi. LBA 0. Time. TRIM makes SSD aware. Bye. LBA 0. LBA 0. Hi. LBA 1. Hi. ? Hi. LBA 0. Bye. LBA 0. TRIM LBA 0. Bye. LBA 1. Hi. Bye. LBA 1. Time. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(26) Base-2 versus Base-10 Base. Units. 2. KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB. 10. KB, MB, GB, TB Difference. KB. 1 MB. 1 GB. 1 TB. 1,024. 1,048,576. 1,073,741,824. 1,099,511,627,776. 1,000 2.4%. 1,000,000 4.9%. 1,000,000,000 7.4%. 1,000,000,000,000 10.0%. 238GB Base-2. 7.4% difference can be used for wear-leveling, bad blocks, etc. 255GB Base-10. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(27) Over-Provisioning  Helps a few things: • Improves Write Performance, Reduces WAF, Increases TBW 512GB. User Area. O/P. Reserved. 112GB. 400GB. 28% O/P. Sample 128GB SSD. 480GB. 400GB. Over-Provisioning. 7%. 28%. Random Read (8K) IOPS. 89K. 89K. Random Write (8K) IOPS. 13,000. Sequential Read (64K) MB/s. 530. 530. Sequential Write (64K) MB/s. 360. 360. 4KB Random WAF. 5.4. -58%. 2.25. 4KB Random TBW. 1,730. 2.4x. 4,096. 4KB Random WPD (5yr). 1.8. 3.1x. 5.6. 3.5x. 512GB Base-2 to Base-10 conversion: 549,755,813,888 to 512,000,000,0000 (7.4%). 35,000. These performance numbers are fictitious but do represent the actual benefits seen during tests YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(28) Over-Provisioning  However, there can be diminishing returns on OP levels. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(29) Change Write Workload  Write sequentially instead of random to reduce WAF • If you have control of the I/O to the disk, this will pay of Random MLC 480GB SSD. 1,730 TBW.  Align your2writes the page boundaries (e.g., 8KB) Pages with needed. Sequential 5.8x. 10,000 TBW. Only 1 Page needed. Host. LBA 8. LBA 16. 8K. 8K Change block alignment. SSD. 8K. LBA 0. 8K. LBA 16. 8K. 8K. LBA 0. 8K. 8K. LBA 16. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(30) Applications of SSDs. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(31) HDD Replacement  Replace boot drive or main storage  Fastest and easiest way to experience SSDs. Server. Storage. HDD. HDD. SSD. SSD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(32) Caching Appliance  Read and/or Write Cache  Caching will take place in one of the following: • Between servers and storage, typically in a SAN • Inside server.  Used to speed up legacy or slower storage. Servers. Cache. SSD SSD. Storage HDD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(33) Tiered Storage  An external storage device (NAS, SAN)  Only puts “hot” or “critical” data on SSD  Most of the storage is still on HDD. Servers. SSD. HDD. HDD. Storage YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(34) All Flash Storage  External storage based on 100% SSD/Flash  Typically uses MLC and de-duplication/compression to achieve better prici ng  Designers of these systems are Flash experts. Servers. SSD. SSD. SSD. Storage YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(35) Datacenter Trends. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(36) Mainstream 2TB 2.5” SSDs 2014 brings similar 1U server capacity and unmatched performance. HDD. SSD. 3+1 RAID 5 (5TB) RAID Card 4 x 3.5” HDDs. <1K IOPS. 15TB Usable. IOPS/GB 0.05 vs 20. 8 RAID 0 (2TB) HBA 8 x 2.5” SSDs. 320K IOPS*. 16TB Usable. * 6Gb x8 HBA bottleneck YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(37) SATAe/NVMe in the PC & Server. Protocol Standardization. PC-adoption is key to bringing mainstream. SATA will start to shift to PCIe in PC/Server. Form factors: HHHL, 2.5” SFF8639, M.2. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(38) Educated End-Users   . End-users’ questions are more advanced Customers are shaping next generation Tailoring workloads specifically for SSDs. 1. Random  Sequential Random MLC 480GB SSD. 1,730 TBW. Sequential. 5.8x. 10,000 TBW. 2. Looking closely at SMART attributes 3. Aligning writes to page boundaries YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(39) IOPS/GB + Large Capacities  For a given unit of content, need minimum level of performance  Requirement of >10 IOPS/GB was difficult to use high capacity 10K RPM HDD. Capacity IOPS IOPS/GB. 2011-12 SSD. 2013 SSD. 300GB. 600GB. 120GB. 240GB. 480GB. 960GB. 200. 200. 1,500. 1,500. 14,500. 14,500. 0.66. 0.33. 12. 6. 28. 14. Other factors 10Gb networking Server density Rack optimization YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(40) Density at Component and System Level  SSDs more dense by 2015; However, already there! 2013. 2014. 2015. 2016. 3.5”. 4TB. 5TB. 6TB. 8TB. 2.5”. 2TB. 4TB. 8TB. 16TB. 2U12 3.5”. 2U24 2.5”. 2U48 2.5”. 5TB. 60TB. 48TB*. N/A. 2TB. 24TB. 48TB. 96TB. 4TB. 48TB. 96TB. 192TB. * 2TB largest 2.5” HDD YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(41) QoS – Quality of Service  If consistency is important, SSDs can vary depending on degree 2000. 90%. 1800. 80%. Write latency (us). 1600. 70%. 1400. 60%. 1200 50% 1000 40% 800 30%. 600. 20%. 400. 10%. 200 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Samsung. 7. 8. 9. 10. Competitor. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 0%. Difference YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(42) Datacenter Write Workload Datacenter workload 0-10 WPD Competitors 1 0. 1 0. 0.3WPD. Heavy Read. ML C. Heavy Write. EMLC 1 0. 1 0. 10WPD. TLC 1 0. 1 0. ML C 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. EMLC 1 0. 1 0. 0.3WPD. 2-4WPD. 10WPD. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(43) Dell’s customers prefer Samsung. A B C. Samsung is the preferred vendor for Dell’s customers YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(44) Why Samsung? 100% Vertically Integrated Samsung produces all critical components that make up a SSD, resulting in: 1. Increased Performance, 2. Superior Reliability, 3. Ownership of design. Market Leader provides highest quality products. #1. #1. #1. Source: Gartner 2Q13 Report YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(45) Why Samsung? “It’s what’s inside that counts”  Only the best Flash makes it into Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSD Flash is 20 times better than conventional Flash!. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(46) Why Samsung? Highest Quality NAND  Server grade NAND is used for all Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSDs prove to have the lowest failure rate compared to any competitor. SSD Failure Rate. * from Oct’12 to Apr’13. [Source :HardWare.fr, May’13]. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(47) Why Samsung? Innovation. Samsung is leading the SSD industry with innovative products. 2006. 2008. Samsung SSD Introduction. World’s 1 2-bit SSD. st. 2012 1st 3-bit SSD. 1H2013. 2H2013. World’s 1 PC PCIe SSD. World’s 1st 3D-NAND. st. Clear Market leader in SSD. 2012. [Source : iSuppli, Q1 2013] YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(48) Planar NAND  Vertical NAND Over 30nm. Over 30nm. Over 30nm Cell. e-. e20nm. e. e10nm. Cell-to-Cell Interference. Patterning. eV-NAND. Cell. -. Over 30nm. ee-. 1. e-. 2. e-. eYYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(49) V-NAND Era for the Future Design Rule (nm). 2D Planar. 3D V-NAND / No Patterning Limitation 8 stack. 24 stack. 16Gb. 128Gb. 1Tb. 128Gb ‘03. ‘05. ‘07. ‘09. ‘11. ‘13. ‘15. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀. ‘17. Year.

(50) Innovation Result: 128Gb V-NAND Chip “The World’s 1st 3D V-NAND Flash Mass Production” Compared to 20nm planar NAND Flash: • 2X Density and Write Speed. • ½ Power Consumption • 10X Endurance. 128Gb V-NAND Flash. 24 Layer Cell Structure YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(51) Dell / Samsung - Partnership  Partners for 25 years  Samsung technology ofered in leading edge Latitude and XPS notebooks. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(52) Dell / Samsung – Solving Real World Problems Dell PowerEdge R720n Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012. VDI performance comparison of Samsung SSDs vs. SAS drives in a Dell PowerEdge R720. Dell PowerEdge R720 Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012: Supporting Virtual Desktops in Remote Offices. Enhancing server performance and scalability with solid-state drives. YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(53) SSD Resources. Dell PCs: www.dell.com/business/ssd. Dell Servers: www.dell.com/business/ssd/server. Samsung SSDs: www.samsung.com/us/dellpromo YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(54) Thank you! Visit our booth or email us any questions at YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀.

(55)

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