Thẩm định tài chính dự án đầu tư tại các ngân hàng thương mại

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<i>IIfC, la nhan to quyet dinh tang</i>

trLfdng kinh te va phat trien xa h<)i.Lqi fch kinh

te

cua dau tLf chogiao dl,jc, dao t<;lOc6 d~c thu riemgva VLf<;jtxa cac 10<;lidau tLf khac.Giao dl,jc dao t<;lOt<;lOnen nhU'ng

<i>nhan to c6 tac d<)ng Uch CIfCden</i>

tang trLfdng kinh te ma trLfoc het lat<;lOra IIfC ILf<;jnglac d<)ng c6 trlnhd<) ky thu~t, nang suat cao. Tuynhien, mau thuan d~t ra la nhucau dLfqc hQc t~p dao t<;lOva khanang dap U'ngcac chi phf cho giaodl,jc dao t<;lola bai toan can dLfqcgiai. Neu chi trang Chd vao khoantrq cap hQCb6ng qua Ngan sachNha nLfoc (NSNN) thl chi c6 m<)t

<i>so ILfqng nho hQc sinh, sinh vien</i>

thu<)c di$n chfnh sach dLf<;jcthl,jhLfdng; m~t khac, neu noi longdieu ki$n thl,j hLfdng hQc b6ng quaNSNN thl ganh n~ng doi voiNSNN la rat lan, trang khi cac ITnhvlfc dau tLf khac cho ml,jc tieuhLfong toi cua nen kinh te cOng

<i>het sUCcap thiet. TrLfocthlfc tr<;lng</i>

d6, chLfdng trlnh cho yay doi voihQc sinh, sinh vien cua Ngan<small>hangChfnhsach</small>

xa

<small>h<)i (NHC-</small>

<i>SXH) voi nhG'ngdieu ki$n het suc</i>

Lfudai da t<;lOCd h<)idLfqc hQct~p,dao t<;lOnghe nghi$p cho mQi doitLfqng hQcsinh, sinh vien, d6 cOngla slf dam bao cang bang trang

<b>PGS.,TS. Nguy~n Th! Thu Thao</b>

<b>*</b>

phan bo giao dl,jc,dang dLfqcslfdong tlnh ung h<)cua mQitang lapnhan dan va day cOngchfnhla slfkhac bi$t ro net cua NHCSXHvoihO<;ltd<)ng cua cac ngan hangthLfdng <small>m<;li</small> (NHTM) trang nen

kinh te thi trLfdng.

<b>Ket qua dc;ttdU'c;sc</b>

HQc sinh, sinh vien dLfqc sadl,jng nguon van he trq thong quaNHCSXH da d<;ltdLfqc ml,jc tieu:(1) DLfqc sa dl,jng nguon van naygiup giam bat ganh n~ng chonhG'nggia dlnh ngheo kh6 c6 con,em la hQc sinh, sinh vien dangdLfqc dao t<;lOt~p trung t<;licactrLfdng. (2) Cho yay doi voi hQcsinh, sinh vien g6p phan dam bao.Cdh<)itiep c~n dao t<;lO,nang caochat ILfqng dao t<;lO,h<;lnche thapnhat tlnh tr<;lngbo hQc giG'achangdo gia dlnh khang du dieu ki$n tai

<i>chfnh. (3) Ngoai cac yeu to tai</i>

chfnh phl,jc vl,j cho vi$c hQc t~pn6i tren, hQcsinh, sinh vien dLfqcyay van con la Cd h<)i de tltngbLfoc lam quen voi cac giao dichtai chfnh qua ngan hang, renluy$n Unh tlf I~p, tlf chiu trachnhi$m voi nhG'ng khoan yay cua<small>minh,hO<;lch djnhvi$c</small>

sa

<small>dl,jng,</small>"dong van" sac c6 hi$u qua nhat,

<i>biet chuan b! tot cho tLfdng lai.</i>

De

<small>d<;lt</small> dLfqc ml,jc tieu tren,NHCSXH sau khi tiep nh~nnguon van tlt quy Un dl,jng daot<;lOtlt nam 2003 da no IIfCtrang

hO<;ltd<)ngcho yay doi voi hQc

<small>nhU'ng thanh cang nhat dinh</small>

.

Tren g6c d<) xa h<)i, nhdchLfdng trlnh cho yay he tr<;jhQcsinh, sinh vien tlt quy Un dl,jngdao t<;lOda c6 them hang nganILfqt hQc sinh, sinh vien c6 Cd h<)ihQc t~p, c6,nghTa la dat r;1LfOCc6them khang ft nguon nhan Ilfcc6tri thuc, c6 fch cho xa h<)i.

Cho yay doi voi hQc sinh, sinhvien da thlfc slf phat trien theo xuhLfongmdr<)ngva phat huy hi$uqua, doi tLfqng sa dl,jng nguonvan yay da tltng bLfoctangtrLfdngca ve ILfqngva chat, rat nhieu

<i>trong so hQcsinh, sinh</i><small>vien dLf<;jC</small>sa d~ng nguon van yay nay dad<;ltdLfqc ket qua cao trang hQct~p, tlt d6 d~t nen tang cho hQ tlfkh~ng dinh dLfqc mlnh sau khi ratrLfdng. Theo sOli$u thong ke cuaquy Un dl,jng dao t<;lo:(i) TrLfdngD<;Ii<small>hQC SLf</small> <i>ph<;lmVinh, trang so</i>

2.239 sinh vien yay van da c6923 sinh vien c6 ket qua hQCt~p

<i>tot, chiem 41,22%;</i> (ii) TrLfdngCao d~ng SLf ph<;lmtlnh KienGiang, trang 692 sinh vien <small>dLf<;jC</small>

<i>yay van da c6 128 sinh vien tot</i>

nghi$p , trang d6 c6 23%d<;lt10<;li

<i>kha, gioi; (iii) So sinh vien cua cac</i>

trLfdng D<;Ii<small>hQc SLf</small> ph<;lmI, D?ihQc Mo dja chat... dLfqc yay van

<i>tlt quy deu tot nghi$p, phan Ian</i>

cac sinh vien deu c6 vi$c lam 6ndinh, va tltng bLfOCthlfc hi$n carn<small>~aihoe Kinh te Quae don</small>

T~ CHINGANHANG<small>-</small>

ro

<small>9 NAM2005 ,</small>

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ket tra<small>n<;1</small>

ngfmhang.

~hlrng kh6 khan <i>tra ng~i</i>

(ChU'dng trinh cho yay doi vdih9C sinh, sinh viem da d9t dU'<;1cnhieu ket qua kha quan, songcOng g~p phai khong It kh6 khan,trd ng9i trong qua trinh thl!C hi~n:

<i>.M(>tla, kha nang clap (Jng nhu</i>

cho yay doi vdi h9Csinh, sinh vienh9n h~p ( gan 100 ty dong) dantrai hang tram tnJdng trong canU'dc,nguon van nay chi dCtngd

<i>muc "xoa d6i, giam ngheo" trong</i>

h9Ct~p d m(>tb(> ph~n h9C sinh,sinh vien. Dieu nay khien cho soh9Csinh, sinh vien dU'<;1ctiep c~n

<i>vdi nguon van nay het suc h9n</i>

che. VdC tfnh hi~n nay, ngfm hangmdi chi dap U'ng dU'<;1ckhoang28% so h9C sinh, sinh vien thu(>c<small>doi tU'<;1ngdU'<;1cyay van.</small>

<i>Hai la, quiclfnhcho vay chua</i>

<i><small>ma r(>ng</small>vakern<small>linh hO(Jt: Theo</small></i>

qui dinh cua yay van doi vdi h6tr<;1sinh vien dieu ki~n lien quyetrang bu(>ckhi sinh vien lam ho Sdvay van la ket qua h9C t~p cuasinh vien. Qui dinh nay gay trdng9i doi vdi sinh vien nam thunhat c6 nhu cau yay van 19ichU'atiep c~n dU'<;1C<i>van yay ngay tCt</i>

ngay dau nh~p trU'dng; m~t khac,cac tinh huang kh6 khan d(>txuatcua sinh vi en nay sinh khi g~pthien tai, am dau, tai n9n

...

<small>chU'adlf<;1Cdap U'ng.</small>

ChU'dng trinh cho yay doi vdisinh vien chU'a tfnh den d~c thudao t90, chU'a gan vdi cac chlnhsach khac nhU' phan luong daot90, chuyen nganh dao t90 cankhuyen khlch.

<i>Ba la, chUa co sl/ phai ket hc;Jp</i>

<i>ch~t che gilia NHCSXH vdi nha</i>

trlfdng va chlnh quyen. d!aphlfdng de van yay den dung doiTWem NGANMNG- ro 9 NAM2005

tlf<;1ngva d9t hi~u qua cao trongsa d(,Jngva hoan tra. NhU'vi~c c6m(>t so tlnh cac trU'dng d9i h9CchU'a trien khai cong tac cho yaydoi vdi h9C sinh, sinh vien, ho~cng9i thl!C hi~n nhi~m V(,Jnay khican b(> t9i cac trU'dng lam kiemnhi~m cong tac nay. D~c bi~ttrong vi~c xac nh~n cua chlnhquyen d!a phU'dng doi vdi doitU'<;1ngsinh vien thu(>c di~n chlnhsach con mang tfnh ca ne va<small>chU'a gan trach nhi~m vdi con dau</small>xac nh~n cua minh khien chokhong It sinh vien nh~n dU'<;1cvanyay khong dung doi tU'<;1ngcan

<i>yeu to tCt xac nh~n cua Doan</i>

thanh nien nha trU'dng, Ban giamhi~u xac nh~n ddn xin yay, diaphU'dng xac nh~n hoan canh giadinh, ndi d9i di~n gia dinh ho~cngU'di dB dau h<;1pphap cua sinhvien, xac nh~n kha nang taichlnh... Nhieu sinh vien do chuquan khong hoan thi~n kip ho Sdyay van, ho~c khong du kien trilam ho Sd da khong yay dU'<;1cnguon van h6 tr<;1nay, lam giam ditfnh tfch Cl!c va hi~u qua cua vanyay.

<i>Narn la, kha nang thu h6i van</i>

<i>thap:</i>

Cho yay doi vdi h9c sinh,sinh vi en la hinh thuc cho yay lieudung d~c bi~t, khong c6 baodam. Hdn nlia, doi tU'<;1ngnh~nvan yay da d9ng, phuc t9P nenrui ro cao. Vi~c thu hoi n<;1ch~mva rat kh6 khan: m(>t m~t, donh~n thUc cua khong It..doi tU'<;1ngth(,JhLtdng va gia dinh cuaJ19 cho

rang day la so tien dU'<;1cchokhong nen chU'ac6

y

thuc hoantra; m~t khac, khong It so sinhvien nh~n van h6 tr<;1trong quatrinh h9C , song khi ra trU'dngthatnghi~p, ho~c lam nhU'ng congvi~c nguon thu nh~p thap chU'athe tfch luy dU'<;1Cde hoan tra n<;1.Dieu nay, gay kh6 khan cho h09td(>ng cua chU'dng trinh cho yaydoi vdi h9C sinh, sinh vien va anhhU'dng den tfnh hi~u qua benVU'ngcua van yay.

De NHCSXH tham gia tot hdn <small>.</small>

nlia vao sl! nghi~p xa h(>i hoagiao d(,Jcdao t90, can c6 sl! quantam cua Nha nU'dc, cua cac cap,cac nganh va sl! d6ng g6p cong

<i>sUc cua dong dao cac t6 chUc, ca</i>

nhan trong

x~

<small>h(>i, d6 la:</small>

<i>ThtJ nhat, t~p trung nang cao</i>

<i><small>nang II/C</small>tai chinh<small>clap</small>(Jng nhucau vay van cua hQc sinh, sinh</i>

Can thiet duy tri va tang trU'dngnguon quy tfn d(,Jngdao t90, tCtkhichU'dng trinh cho h9C sinh, sinhvien yay van dU'<;1ctrien khai, quytfn d(,Jngdao t90 dU'<;1cthanh I~pcho den nay nguon chu yeu van la

<i>yay tCt ngan hang (chiem tren</i>

80%) nguon van tCt NSNN la ratnho,

Hi~n nay, doi tU'<;1ngdU'<;1chLtdngnhU'sinh vien cac trU'dngsU'ph9m dLt<;1chLtdng 100% h9cb6ng, dieu nay the hi~n Sl! quan tamcua Nha nU'dc vdi sl! nghi~p daot90 , thu hut nhan tai cho Sl!nghi~p "trong ngU'di".Song, khongIt giao sinh sau khi tot nghi~p ratrU'dng da khong lam vi$c dungnganh nghe dLt<;1cdao t90, dokhong muon di xa. Dieu nay, anhhU'dng den nguon van, m(,Jclieudau tLt cua NSNN da kh6ng dung

57

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doi tU'(;mg. Nen chang, NSNNchuye;n nguon he tr<;jcho dao t~ogiao dl,lc trong khuon kh6 nganhsang cho NHCSXH thl,!'chi$n choyay doi vdi giao sinh dU'dihinh thuct~m U'nghQc b6ng, neu sau khi ratrU'dng sinh vien d6 thl,!'c Sl,!'trdthanh giao vien se dU'qcxoa toanb9 nq yay; ngU'qcI~i, neu khonglam dung nganh nghe dU'q~daot~o se phai hoan tra hQc b6ng dat~m U'ngvdi phan lai suat cho yaydoi vdi sinh vien, nguon nay segiup NHCSXHc6 them von duy triquy tin dl,lngdao t~o danh cho doitU'qng sinh vien khac dU'qc sadl,lng, dong thdi von dau tU' chogiao dl,lctlt Ngfm sach dung ml,lcdfch.

<i>ThtJ hai, xay dl/f7g nguon vancho vay da dfilng va thl/C hi{~nxahQihoa cac nguon van cho vay.</i>

Ngoai nguon von tlt NSNN,

<i>can nguon von het suc quan trQng</i>

d61a tlt cac NHTM.Theo yeu caucua Ngan hang Nha nU'dc, cacNHTM c6 nghTa Vl,ltrfch m9t ty 1$phan tram tlt nguon von huy d9ngdU'Qctren th! trU'dng chuye;n sang

NHCSXH,tuy nhien nguon von

nay ch!u ap II,!'CIdn vi lai suat huy

d9ng tren thi trU'dngcao trong khilai suat cho yay doi vdi hQcsinh,sinh vien thap hdn rat nhieu. Miflc

<i>du v~y, von de; dap ung day du</i>

cho nhu cau yay cua hQc sinh,sinh vien van rat h~n h~p. Nenchang, thu hut mQi nguon vontiem tang trong xa h9i dU'dihinh

thuc t~p<small>trung</small> quy dao t~o, quy he

trQtai nang tlt cac doanh nghi$p,cac dl,!'an vao NHCSXH,dungm9t phan trao hQcb6ng tai nang

cho so sinh vien thl,!'CSl,!'xuat sac,

phan can I~i dung he trQ thong

qua cho yay U'udai; mifltkhac, yeu

cau cac t6 chuc, cac doanhnghi$p, cac ddn vi kinh te ... khi

tuye;ndl,lnglac d9ng c6 nghTaVl,lva trach nhi$md6ng g6p vao quytin dl,lng dao t~o do NHSCXHquan Iym9tphan kinhphfdaDt~okhi sa dl,lngchat xam. Chung tahy vQngday cOngla cach lam de;d~t tdi ml,lctieu xa h9i hoa giaodl,lcma Nha nU'dcdifltra.

<i><small>ThtJ ba, xay dl/f7g chLldng trinh</small></i>

<i>cho vay linh hOfilt,dam bao nhucau, ml}Clieu dao tfilO.</i>

NHCSXHcung vdi cac Cd quanchuc nang khac can phai tangcU'dng quan Iy chiflt che vi$c sadl,lngvon cua hQc sinh, sinh vienm9t cach hi$u qua, thu hoi nQdaydu va nhanh ch6ng, giam toi da ruiro chay

y

khong tra nQ. Md r9ngcac hinh thuc cho yay theo cacchU'dngtrinh dao t~o c6 dja chI...dong thdi, xay dl,l'ng cac chfnhsach cho yay doi vdi sinh vien kethQplien thong vdi cac chU'dngtrinhchfnh sach khac nhU':mien giamhQc phf trong dao t~o, v~n d9ng trithuc ve vung sau vung xa, phanluong dao t~o. De; thl,!'Chi$n dU'QC

ml,lctieu nay, can chu trQngm9tvai van de cl,lthe;sau:

-

Da d~ng hoa phU'dng thuc

cho yay doi vdi hQc sinh,

sinh

vien: Nen thl,!'chi$n cho yay thongqua ngU'dibao lanh, c6 the; la giadinh, hoiflc cac cong ty dU'di sl,!'dam bao trach nhi$m cua diaphU'dng sau khi xac nh~n doitU'Qngyay Yon, t~o d9ng II,!'Cde;

sinh vien c6 y thuc hdn doi vdidong von gia dinh va ngU'di baolanh yay da xac nh~n cho sinhvien, nen dU'avi$c cho yay ve d!a

phU'dngndi "cU'tru"cua ngU'dibaolanh. Vi$c thl,!'Chi$n cho yay d CdSd se hi$u qua hdn tranh vi$c choyay chi t~p trung thanh pho Idnndi t~p trung cac trU'dngdi?i hQc-cao d~ng, dong thdi

se thu hut

dU'Qcnguon von t~m thdi nhan reid dja phU'dng. Ngoai ra, cac nganhang t~i dia phU'dngse nam r5 doitU'Qngyay von va bao lanh m6n

yay

<small>,</small> dieu nay thu~n IQihdn trong

giai ngan va thu nQ.

- Md r9ng doi tU'QngdU'Qcyayvon la sinh vien: Nen md r9ng doitU'QngdU'Qcyay ke; ca sinh viennam thu nhat dl,!'atren die;mthidau vao va ket qua hQCcua 3nam cuoi ph6 thong, neu du tieuchuan gia dinh can he trq.

- Ap dl,lng lai suat linh ho~tcOng nhU'md r9ng thdi h~n sadl,lng von yay: Can nghien cuukinh nghi$mcua Trung Quoc chosinh vien yay von thee lai suat thitrltdng doi vdi doi tU'qng chfnhsach se dU'QcNha nU'dc he trQ50% lai suat, va neu c6 nhU'ngthanh tfch xuat sac se dU'Qcxetgiam dan lai phai tra.

<i>ThtJ tLI, d6i moi vi{jc t6 chtJc,</i>

<i>quan ty, thl/c hi{jn chLldng</i>

<i>trinhcho vay dai voi hQc sinh, sinh</i>

- Can thiet tuyen truyen quangba r9ng rai hinh thuc cho yay doivdi sinh vien, ket hQp ch~t chegiCracac t6 chuc doan the; , Bangiam hi$u nha trU'dng vdi NHC-SXH thong qua cac bu6i gidi thi$uchU'dngtrinh, hay h9i thao duc rut

kinh

nghi$m. Ben c~nh d6, canphan dinh r5 trach nhi$m, quyen

IQigiCracac ca nhan, t6 chuc c6lien quan den chU'dng trinh choyay sinh vien, chu trQngvai tro cuachfnh quyen dja phU'dng, gia dinh

trong vi$c chU'ng

thl,!'c,trong thu

nQ, xa Iy rui roo

- SolU'Qngsinhvien dU'Qcthamgia chU'dng trinh yay von t~i cactrU'dngngay cang nhieu, vi$c choyay dU'qcthl,!'Chi$n chu yeu thongqlja ~I,!'kie;msoat cua nha trU'dng;

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t9i mQt so trlfdng do chLfa phElnd!nh trach nhi~m, do thieu nhi~t

tinh, khOng mi:;!lnma

trong

cho

yay doi vdi sinh vien nen vi~ctrien khai chLfdngtrinh, I~pho Sdyay von cho sinh vien ch~m, anhhLfongden kha nang tiep c~nnguon von yay cua sinh vien. VIv~y, cac trLfdngnen co can bQchuyen trach

theo d6i rieng mang

cho yay doi vdi

sinh

vienva co

quy dinh thlfong, ph9t nghiemminh doi vdi nhCtng can bQchuyen trach nay.

- Cai tien ddn gianhoa thu h,ICho Sd yay Yon, thl!c hi~n giaingan qua tai khoan , sinh vien

sa

<small>dl:mg the rut tien</small>

cua minhde sa

dl,!ng von yay, tranh dLf9cvi~cbao lanh giai ngan qua gia dinh bingLfdi bao lanh sa dl,!ng vonkhong dung ml,!cdfch.

- De dam bao thu hoi von co

hi~u qua, thi da d9ng

cac hinh

thltc thu hoi von 113bi~n phap giaiquyet nhCtngkho khan trong congtac thu n9 cua NHCSXH hi~nnay.Doi vdi sinh

vien

da yay Yon,neu co kha nang t90 thu nh~ptrong

he co the thl!C

hi~n thu Iai

trlfdc ( co dieu

<small>ki~n LfU dai giam</small>lai de khuyen khfch). Cac khoann9 cua sinh vien sau khi ra trLfdngNHCSXH co the lien ket Vdi cd SOtuyen dl,!ng

ap

dl,!ng bi~n phapcltng ran 113tnl dan nq trong thunh~p ILfdng thang cua ngLfdi yay.

- Trien khai hinh thltc sinh vienmua bao hiem tien yay doi vdihinh thltc yay von nay, vdj ml,!ctieu h9n che rui ro doi vdi khoanvon yay , va xa hQi hoa von yaydoi vdi sinh

vien.

ChLfdngtrinh cho yay doi vdihQc sinh, sinh vien 113van demang tfnh

xa hQiva chfnh sach

cao ma

NHCSXH dam nhi~m, vdithdi gian tiep nh~n von tU'quy tfndl,!ng dao t90 de trien khaichLfdng trinh chLfa lau, ben c9nhnhCtng ket qua d9t dlfqc connhieu van de can ban den va tieptl,!C hoan thi~n trong qua trinhcho yay doi vdi hQc sinh, sinhvien. Vi v~y, tim ra bi~n phapnang cao hi~u qua cho yay doivdi sinh vien thong qua dung doitLfqng, sa dl,!ng dung ml,!c dfch,hoan tra dung h9n, khong nay<small>sinh</small>

rui

rooo.duy tri va phat trienben vCtng nguon von cho yaynay, se dem 19i Iqi fch cho hQcsinh, sinh vien, gia dinh,

xa hQiva chfnh NHCSXH,do

cOng <small>113</small>

<small>dong gap dang</small>

ke cua NHCSXH

vao sl! nghi~p xa hQi hoa giaodl,lcdao t90, ma Dang, Nha <small>nlfdc</small>va mQi tang Idp nhan dan dangquan tam.

ki~m a trltng Yang, tiet ki~m b~cthang... Tuy cung 113hinh thltc tietki~m, song tuy vao kha nang taichfnh, nguon hinh thanh cac

<i>khoan thu nh~p, mltc dQ khac</i>

nhau ve thu nh~p cua tU'ngngLfdi,ma ngLfdi dan co the Il!a chQncac hinh thltc gai tien tiet ki~mkhac nhau. NhCtngsan pham tiengai tiet ki~m mdi nhat cua Nganhang Cong thLfdng (Incombank)dLfa

ra

phl,lc vI,! khach hang nhLftiet ki~m dl! thLfdng, tiet ki~m b~cthang la nhCtng san pham tieubieu dap ltng dlf9c cac nhu cauda d9ng cua ngLfdi ga~~ Neu

tiet ki~m dl! thLfong mang 19i CdhQi trd thanh tlphu cho ngLfdi gaitien, mQt Cd cau giai thLfong Idnma chLfa NHTM nao t9i Vi~t Namdlfa ra thi hinh thltc tiet ki~m b~cthang 19imang nhCtngIqi fch thietthl!C cho nhCtng ngLfdi co nhCtngkhoan tien Idn gai' vaoIncombank. Tiet ki~m b~c thang<small>113san pham</small> tien gai tiet ki~m coky h9n Vdi lai suat tangdan theo

so tien

gai do Incombank quydinh. Theo do, khach hang gaitien vdj cung mQt ky h9n nhLfng<small>khoEln tien gU'i cang Idn thi li3i suat.</small>

tien glri cang cao. Hinh thltc tiet

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