Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 8 pdf

Other Phrases Indicating Cause and Effect
Sentences that show cause to the left of the verb and effect to the right of the
verb contain verbs such as the following: cause, lead to, result in, produce,
and contribute to.
Smoking causes cancer.
Driving a car in salt water or on a salty street can result in rust.
Sentences that show the result to the left of the verb and the cause to the
right contain verb phrases such as the following: be due to, result from, be
caused by, and stem from.
Cancer results from smoking.
This problem stems from their lack of preparation.
Other words that show cause and effect include therefore, consequently, as
a result, and thus.
Marjorie didn’t receive a response to her application; consequently, she ap-
plied for another job.
Causatives
Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes a second person to do
something. A person can cause somebody to do something for him or her by pay-
ing, asking, or forcing the other person. The common causative verbs are have,
get, and make, and each is explained in detail in the following sections.
Have and Get
Have and get both imply that the person who performs the task does so voluntar-
ily. (The word make, discussed in the next section, is a stronger expression of
force.) The clause that follows have or get may be active or passive.
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Chuck had Maria complete the forms.
This active sentence means that Maria completed the forms because Chuck
caused her to do so (either by asking or telling her to do so).
Chuck got Maria to complete the forms.

Chuck got the forms completed by Maria.
Chuck had the forms completed by Maria.
These sentences mean the same thing, but the first sentence is active while the
second and third sentences are passive.
The judge will have the bailiff locate the parties.
The judge will have the parties located by the bailiff.
In both cases, the judge arranged for the bailiff to locate the parties. But again, the
first sentence in this example is active while the second sentence is passive.
Make
Make can only be followed by a clause in the active voice. The verb make is
stronger than the verbs have or get; it means force.
The thief made the man hand him the wallet.
The police officer will make the prisoners empty their pockets.
Words that Sound Alike
There’s no sense in studying lists of words that sound like other words as you pre-
pare for the TOEFL test. In fact, confusion of vowel and consonant sounds varies
depending on your native language. People from some language backgrounds
may confuse the sounds p and b, while people from other backgrounds won’t have
that problem. Likewise, others may experience difficulties with the sounds of i
and e, such as in the words feel and fill. Although you should not try to memorize
lists of words that sound alike, you should pay attention to the sounds that are
similar as you learn and experience English.
51
Listening
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Sample
Man: Did Holly complete the forms required for the university?
Woman: She wasn’t feeling well, but she said she would fill them out
tonight.
Q. Narrator: What does the woman say about Holly?

A. She has already completed the forms.
B. She doesn’t feel like completing the forms.
C. She intends to complete the forms.
D. She feels like she should refuse to complete the forms.
The answer is C, “She intends to complete the forms.” Don’t confuse the words
feel and fill.
You may also run into homophones, which are words that sound identical to other
words but are spelled differently and have different meanings. For example, a few
homophones are: beat and beet; great and grate; whole and hole.
Remember: Don’t spend your study time creating lists of homophones. Your
chances of seeing one particular word on a TOEFL test are slim. However, make
sure that you pay attention to words that look and sound alike when you read and
listen to English. If you aren’t certain of a word’s exact meaning in a particular
sentence, look it up in the dictionary. Or, if you’re listening to a conversation and
aren’t sure which word a speaker is using, ask that person to explain.
Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions
Sometimes, when words are used together, the combination of words has a mean-
ing different from the meaning of each individual word. We use the terms idiom
or idiomatic expression to identify those word combinations.
Just like studying lists of words that sound alike, it makes little sense to study lists
of idiomatic expressions as you prepare for the TOEFL test. You learn the mean-
ing of idioms by exposing yourself to English as often as possible. Some id-
iomatic expressions are used by people of certain ages or in certain geographical
areas but not by other people. You’ll likely come across some such expressions in
all sections of the TOEFL test, so be sure to pay attention to them during your
studies of English.
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Sample

Man: Should somebody deliver the papers to the Dean’s office?
Woman: Don’t look at me.
Q. Narrator: What does the woman mean?
A. She doesn’t intend to take the papers to the Dean’s office.
B. She saw the papers.
C. She went to the office.
D. She will take the papers to the Dean.
The answer is A, “She doesn’t intend to take the papers to the Dean’s office.” The
expression Don’t look at me doesn’t mean that anyone is looking at the speaker
with their eyes. Don’t look at me is an idiomatic expression that means, “I’m not
going to do it.”
Problem Items
Certain words and phrases are frequently confused by students because of gram-
mar or usage that is unique, or because they are so similar to other English words.
No Sooner
Although the phrase the sooner often appears in double comparative sentences
(explained earlier in this chapter), no sooner has a different usage. If the expres-
sion no sooner appears at the beginning of a sentence, an auxiliary appears imme-
diately after it, and the word than introduces the second clause. The auxiliary is a
form of the verb do, have, or be used along with a main verb, like the have in
have made. The phrase no sooner means the same as “just as soon as.”
No sooner had the rain started than it stopped.
This sentence means the same as, “Just as soon as the rain started, it stopped.”
Remember, Stop, and Forget
Certain words are followed by the infinitive or a verb + ing. The words remember,
stop, and forget can be followed by either, with a difference in meaning.
Georgia remembered to call her doctor.
This sentence means that Georgia remembered it was necessary to call her doctor,
and she called him.
53

Listening
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Georgia remembered calling her doctor.
This sentence means that Georgia remembered that she had called her doctor in
the past.
Georgia forgot to call her doctor.
This sentence means she was supposed to call her doctor but didn’t because she
forgot.
Georgia forgot calling her doctor.
This sentence means that she called her doctor and subsequently forgot that she
had done so.
Henry stopped to work.
A sentence like this implies that we know Henry was doing something else, and
he stopped doing that other thing in order to start working.
Henry stopped working.
This means that Henry had been working, but he stopped.
Let and Help
The words let and help are similar to causative verbs (described earlier in this
chapter), but they create a different meaning than the verbs have, get, or make. Let
means allow. Help means assist.
The professor let the students leave early.
This means that the professor allowed the students to leave early.
We should let her make her own decision.
This means that we should allow her to make her own decision.
Ann Marie helped her daughter write the essay.
This means that Ann Marie assisted her daughter in writing the essay.
Used To and Be Used To
The phrases used to and be used to have different meanings. The basic difference
between used to and be used to is that used to involves a past custom or habit and
be used to involves a current custom or habit. The following examples show the

difference in meaning.
54
Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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