Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 10 ppt

4.
The huge increase in popularity of specialty coffees contribution to the
success of Starbucks, Barney’s and other coffee purveyors.
5.
Patients on Interferon are advised __________, so that they can sleep
through the night without noticing the flu-like symptoms that are
characteristic of the drug.
A. just before going to sleep to inject themselves
B. to inject themselves just before going to sleep
C. to inject just before going to sleep themselves
D. injecting themselves just before going to sleep
6.
After it had conclude work on the budget, the legislature adjourned until the
next session.
7.
Even when awarded a scholarship, a student generally must still paying for
books, living expenses, and other costs.
8.
The U.S. government, along with a number of states, is fight a protracted
legal battle with tobacco companies in order to obtain relief for the huge
medical costs caused by smoking.
9.
The leaders of the two countries __________ an agreement to avoid future
conflicts.
A. have recently reach
B. recently reach
C. have reached recently
D. have recently reached
10 .
The teachers are expecting to call tomorrow a meeting in order to review the
disciplinary problems.

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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
A
B
D
C
A
B
C
D
A
C
D
B
AB
CD
D
CB
A
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Answers and Explanations
for Structure Quiz 1
1.
B: with its. Has is not correct because the clause between commas is a dependent
clause and simply provides additional information. (The sentence, “The rain for-
est is home to unique flora and fauna” could stand alone, and the information
about trees is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.) Because is is a con-
jugated verb and the sentence isn’t setting up a parallel structure sequence, a con-
jugated verb such as has makes no sense in the dependent clause. The answer and
is not possible because it would make a plural subject, and the relative clause

contained within the commas would be incomplete. The answer although has is
incorrect because although would need to be followed by a subject and a verb,
such as “although it has.” Although also wouldn’t make sense in the context of
the sentence; the fact that the rain forest has large trees is a reason that it provides
protection.
2.
A: it is capable. The first clause is dependent because of the word Despite.
Therefore, the second clause must be independent. There must be a subject and a
verb. In this case, the subject is it, which is why the second answer choice is in-
correct. Distracters appear in the other answer choices. Both able (adjective) and
ability (noun) require to, not of, when followed by a preposition.
3.
D: working an. The verb is or was needs to appear between working and an. The
sentence is compound. Both parts of the sentence are clauses, which means that
they both must have a subject and a verb. In the first part of the sentence, having
multiple sclerosis is the subject and has diminished is the verb. In the second part
of the sentence, the subject is his ability, which is modified by the complements
beginning with infinitives (to maintain a positive attitude and continue working).
The conjugated verb is or was is required to complete the subject/verb structure.
4.
B: contribution. The sentence requires a conjugated verb. The subject is The huge
increase in popularity of specialty coffees. Therefore, it must be followed by the
verb has contributed.
5.
B: to inject themselves just before going to sleep. The correct order is subject,
verb, complement, modifier. The subject is Patients. The verb phrase is are ad-
vised. The complement is the infinitive and its complement, to inject themselves.
The modifier of time is just before going to sleep. Choice D is incorrect because
advise must be followed by the infinitive, not a gerund (verb+ing).
6.

A: conclude. The verb is past perfect (had + verb in past participle), so the an-
swer must be concluded.
7.
B: paying. After the modal must, the simple form of the verb is required, so pay
is correct. The word awarded is correct because it’s the result of a reduced adverb
clause, when he or she has been awarded.
8.
A: fight. The verb structure is fighting is required because the verb be is followed
by a verb+ing in an active sentence.
71
Structure
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9.
D: have recently reached. The modifier of time can appear between the auxiliary
and main verb. Choice A is incorrect because the main verb is not in the past par-
ticiple. Choice B is incorrect because the word recently sets up a time, so the sim-
ple present makes no sense. Choice C is incorrect because the modifier can not
appear between the verb and the complement (have reached an agreement).
10 .
B: tomorrow a meeting. The order of a sentence is usually subject, verb, comple-
ment, modifier. The complement is a meeting, so the modifier must come after
the complement — a meeting tomorrow.
Recognizing Unusual Subjects
Sometimes subjects and complements are not standard nouns or noun/adjective
combinations. Several types of phrases and clauses can function as noun phrases.
The point is to recognize the subject or complement so you can determine
whether the sentence is complete and verify that the subject and verb agree.
Infinitives and Gerunds
An infinitive, a verb in the form to + verb in simple form, can be the subject
of a sentence.

Typically, an infinitive is part of a verb construction. Technically, it completes a
verb construction, meaning that it introduces a complement construction.
Sometimes the sentence is reversed and the infinitive appears as a subject. When
used that way, the infinitive is a singular noun.
Pam wanted a book.
A book is the complement. What did she want? She wanted a book.
Pam wanted to read another book.
To read another book, an infinitive phrase, is the complement. What did she
want? To read another book.
The sentence construction can also be turned around:
A book is what Pam wanted.
To read another book is what Pam wanted.
To learn piano requires considerable practice.
To be great musicians is their goal.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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In the last three examples, infinitive phrases are acting as subjects of the
sentences.
A gerund is a verb+ing that is used as a noun or part of a noun phrase.
Gerunds act just like infinitives in a sentence construction.
Jennifer enjoys good books.
In this sentence, good books is the complement.
Jennifer enjoys reading good books.
Here, the gerund phrase reading good books serves as the complement.
Reading good books is what Jennifer enjoys.
In this case, the gerund phrase acts as the subject of the sentence. It is always sin-
gular, so the verb is agrees with the subject.
That Clauses
A clause that begins with the word that can also serve as the subject of the

sentence.
This sentence structure is the reverse of a structure that uses a that clause as a
complement. Remember that a clause contains both a subject and a verb. If you
are unsure whether a sentence contains a that clause (as opposed to a phrase,
which does not contain a subject and verb), omit the word that and see if the rest
of the clause can be a sentence on its own.
It w
as a miracle that anybody survived the accident.
verb complement
That anybody survived the accident was a miracle.
subject verb
It is well known that the meat manufactured in those factories is unsanitary.
verb complement
That the meat manufactured in those factories is unsanitary is well known.
subject verb
In the last example, don’t get confused by the fact that the noun factories is plural,
because factories by itself is not the subject of the sentence. The verb must be sin-
gular because the subject is the entire that clause.
It surprised the doctor tha
t the patient’s condition had worsened so quickly.
complement
That the patient’s condition had worsened so quickly surprised the doctor.
subject
73
Structure
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Question Words
A question word can serve as the subject of a sentence. Examples of these
words include: How, how long, how many, how much, how often, how soon,
what, when, where, whether, and why.

Just like infinitives, gerunds, and that clauses, question words can appear in the
subject or object position of a sentence. When question words appear as part of a
clause in the complement position, we say that the sentence contains an embedded
question. An embedded question is one that is included within a sentence or an-
other question. The word order is different from typical questions, except for sub-
ject questions. A subject question is a question in which the unknown item is the
subject of the sentence:
She is not certain who is in the room. (The question portion of the sentence is
in the same order as it would be for a question.)
The word order for most embedded questions is: Subject + verb + question
word + subject + verb + complement.
The police are not certain where the suspect is hiding.
The teacher learned whom the woman had called.
An auxiliary (a form of be, have, do) cannot appear between the question word
and the subject. If the auxiliary would be a form of do in the question, there isn’t
an auxiliary in the embedded question.
Question: When will the meeting take place?
Embedded question: We haven’t determined when the meeting will take
place.
Question: Why did the professor cancel the class?
Embedded question: We don’t know why the professor cancelled the class.
When the clause beginning with the question word appears at the beginning of the
sentence, it becomes the subject of the sentence. Remember that the verb is singu-
lar because the entire clause is the subject. Don’t be confused if a noun appearing
immediately before the verb happens to be plural.
A typical construction for a sentence beginning with a question word is as fol-
lows: Question word + noun phrase + verb (complement) + verb + subject.
When the play will begin is uncertain.
How many fans attended the game is still unknown.
74

Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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