Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 11 docx

The relative clause that connect to the Internet is required. If it were omitted, the
sentence would have a different meaning. It would mean that all palm-sized com-
puters are becoming popular, which is different from what the sentence says now.
The clause is restrictive because it restricts the meaning of the noun phrase Palm-
sized computers.
Nonrestrictive clause: Seabreeze High School, which is on the beachside, is
the rival of Mainland High School.
In this case, you can omit the relative clause which is on the beachside, and the
sentence means the same thing: Seabreeze High School is the rival of Mainland
High School. The location of Seabreeze High School is provided as additional in-
formation and doesn’t define the school, so it is nonrestrictive.
Who, Whom, and Whose
Who and whom are also used in different ways, but either word can be used in re-
strictive and nonrestrictive sentences. The difference between these two relative
pronouns is that one is used to replace the subject of a sentence, and one is used to
replace the complement.
Who is used to replace a noun phrase in the subject of the sentence. Whom is
used to replace a noun phrase in the complement.
The TOEFL test probably won’t test the distinction between these two words be-
cause even native English speakers often use them incorrectly.
T
he athletes have scored the most points.
subject
The athletes will play on the all-star team.
The athletes who have scored the most points will play on the all-star team.
Professor Allen is the only instructor.
She has consulted Pr
ofessor Allen about the project.
complement
Professor Allen is the only instructor whom she has consulted about the project.
Note: If the noun in question could be replaced by the pronoun him, her, or them,

then you need to use the relative pronoun whom.
Just as the complement form of a pronoun always appears after a preposition, so
does whom.
The officers are tired.
The woman is talking to the of
ficers.
object of preposition
The officers to whom the woman is talking are tired.
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Whose is the relative pronoun that indicates possession.
The team consisted of several players.
T
he players’ talent was incredible.
possessive
The team consisted of several players whose talent was incredible.
The TOEFL test generally contains more complicated sentences, in which you
may find it difficult to locate the relative clause. This is one of the ways in which
the TOEFL tests your knowledge of sentence structure. If the relative pronoun is
missing, if a regular pronoun appears after the relative pronoun, or if a verb or
subject is missing, the sentence will be incomplete. The relative clauses must each
contain a subject and conjugated verb. If you’re unsure, remove the relative pro-
noun and make sure that the two clauses can be complete sentences if they stand
alone.
Samples
Q. Instructors who __________ teaching ability are prevalent at this university
because publishing is one of the major criteria for tenure.
A. lack
B. without

C. do not
D. no have
The answer is A, lack, because that choice is the only conjugated verb. The main
sentence, Instructors are prevalent . . . has a subject and verb, but the relative
clause does not have one, unless you add lack.
Clause 1: Instructors are prevalent at this university because publishing is
one of the major criteria for tenure.
Clause 2: Instructors lack teaching ability.
Q. Not all textbooks that have been written on this subject __________ as
detailed as this one.
A. with
B. to
C. be
D. are
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Structure
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The answer is D, are. The sentence contains a relative clause — that have been
written on this subject. Thus, the independent clause is Not all textbooks
__________ as detailed as this one. The word detailed functions as an adjective,
not a verb, in this sentence. Therefore, a conjugated verb is missing, and are is the
only choice. Choice A contains no verb, and choices B and C are not conjugated
verbs.
Clause 1: Not all textbooks are as detailed as this one.
Clause 2: Textbooks have been written on this subject.
Q. The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood, __________
thousands of years old.
A. which may be
B. its age
C. and which

D. it is
The answer is A, which may be. The part of the sentence preceding the comma is
an independent clause. The dependent clause following the comma must be pre-
ceded by a relative pronoun and verb to make sense. Choices B and C are incor-
rect because they lack a relative pronoun. Choice D is incorrect because it uses a
regular pronoun (it) instead of a relative pronoun.
Clause 1: The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood.
Clause 2: The redwood is thousands of years old.
Reduced Relative (Adjective) Clauses
A reduced relative clause is a restrictive relative (or adjective) clause with the rela-
tive pronoun and the verb be omitted. Even though these words are removed, the re-
duced clause has the same meaning as the restrictive relative clause it comes from.
Before progressive (continuous) verb structures in active voice:
The nurse w
ho is completing the charts is Donna Edwards.
relative clause
The nurse completing the charts is Donna Edwards.
reduced relative clause
Before passive voice:
The figure tha
t was obtained from this formula is incorrect.
relative clause
The figure obtained from this formula is incorrect.
reduced relative clause
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The contractor has completed construction on a home that is equipped with a
safe room.
relative clause

The contractor has completed construction on a home equipped with a safe
room.
reduced relative clause
Before prepositional phrases:
The car that is in the garage has a flat tire.
relative clause
The car in the garage has a flat tire.
reduced relative clause
Before noun phrases with nonrestrictive clauses:
Tracy Stafford, w
ho is a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school.
relative clause
Tracy Stafford, a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school.
reduced relative clause
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is another type of subordinate clause, which is identified by cer-
tain connector words that vary depending on the function of the clause. Just like
adjective clauses, adverb clauses connect two independent clauses into a more
complex sentence.
Adverb connectors used to indicate concession include although, even
though, even if, though, whereas, and while. Concession means that some-
thing is true (or false) in spite of the fact that another thing is true (or false).
For example, consider the following two sentences:
She studied every day.
She didn’t grasp the concepts presented.
These two sentences can be combined by using one of the connector words listed
above to create an adverb clause.
T
hough she studied every day, she didn’t grasp the concepts presented.
connector

She didn’t grasp the concepts presented though she studied every day.
connector
This means that it is true that she studied everyday, but even so she still did not
grasp the concepts.
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Structure
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Adverb connectors that indicate time include after, before, once, while, since,
until, and when.
Consider the following example:
The students took the exam.
The professor graded papers.
If these two events are taking place at the same time, you can use an adverb
clause to show the relationship between them.
W
hile the students took the exam, the professor graded papers.
connector
The professor graded papers while the students took the exam.
connector
Keep in mind that the words listed in this section do not always signal the use of
an adverb clause. These connectors can also be used with noun phrases.
Since the accident, he hasn’t been himself.
In this sentence, Since is used with the noun phrase the accident rather than with
an adverb clause.
Since he was in an accident, he hasn’t been himself.
This example indicates how Since can be used to create an adverb clause.
Adverb clause connectors that represent cause and effect are as, because,
and since.
Because her children are ill, she had to miss work today.
She had to miss work today because her children are ill.

Reduced Adverb Clauses
Just as you can reduce an adjective clause, you can reduce an adverb clause by re-
moving the auxiliary words. If there isn’t an auxiliary, the verb must be converted
to a verb+ing form, and the subject of both clauses must be the same. Following
are several examples.
Active Verb
When they drive cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
When driving cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
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