Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 13 docx

11.
B: appealing enough. The correct order is adjective + enough. The word appeal
is a noun. (The book is appealing enough. The book has enough appeal.)
12 .
A: hour three. The order is adjective-noun + noun (three-hour deposition).
Word Form
Word form questions test your ability to recognize when a sentence uses one form
of a word but it should have another. Note: The TOEFL test will never use a word
that is not a real word found in standard written English.
Using the wrong form of a word generally means that you use a noun when you
should use an adjective, a verb when you should use a noun, a preposition when
you should use a conjunction, and so on. For example, you may think that the
word major belongs in a certain sentence, but the sentence calls for a noun instead
of an adjective so you should really use the word majority.
Other word form questions may ask you to recognize that a word has an incorrect
ending, even if it is the right part of speech for the context. For example, a sen-
tence may have all the right parts of speech but contain a verb that is singular
when it should be plural. The verb is in the wrong form, so you would need to
identify that problem and know how to correct it.
Word form questions frequently ask you to look for parallelism or parallel struc-
ture in a sentence. For example, a sentence may contain a compound verb. If the
two verbs are in two different forms, or if one is not a verb at all, that should sig-
nal you that one of them is incorrect.
Become familiar with common adjective, noun, and verb endings (suffixes) so
that you can recognize that a word is in the wrong place even if you do not know
the meaning of the word. The “Reading” chapter in Part III contains detailed in-
formation about common word endings.
Following are examples of word form questions similar to those you will en-
counter on the TOEFL test. Each question will have four underlined words or
phrases. You must choose which underlined word or phrase is used incorrectly in
the sentence. In this book, a letter from A to D is assigned to each possible answer

choice. On the TOEFL CBT, you will simply use your mouse to click on the word
that is in the wrong form.
Q. The people
will likely election Ellen the winner of the race.
The answer is B, election. Elect is the verb form required in this sentence.
Election is the noun form.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
A
B
CD
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Q. She was convenience hidden away when the social worker visited.
The answer is A, convenience. The adverb conveniently should be used to modify
the verb hidden. A noun makes no sense between two parts of a passive verb
structure.
Q. Her
weigh has increased remarkably since she began receiving treatment.
The answer is B, weigh. Weigh is a verb and makes no sense between a possessive
pronoun and a verb. The noun required in this sentence is weight.
Q. In spite
of her good intentional, she is not well liked.
The answer is C, intentional. Intentional is an adjective and makes no sense in
this sentence. The noun intentions is required.
Q. In an irony
twist of fate, it was Jim who lived through the fire.
The answer is A, irony. The word irony is a noun, but it is modifying a noun,
twist. The adjective form that must be used is ironic.
Q. She was solicitation
by the group for additional services.

The answer is A, solicitation. The form required to complete the passive voice
structure is the past participle of the verb, solicited.
Need and In Need of
The verb need is followed by the infinitive (to + verb in simple form) when a
living thing is the subject and the verb+ing or to be + past participle when an
inanimate object is the subject.
Susan needs to study economics.
Melvin needs to sleep tonight.
In these examples, because Susan and Melvin are living things, the infinitive is
necessary.
The composition needs rewriting.
The composition needs to be rewritten.
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Structure
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D
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The composition is an inanimate object, so needs must be followed by the
verb+ing or to be plus rewritten. The second choice above is more common and is
actually a passive construction.
In the phrase in need of, the word need is not used as a verb. This phrase
must be preceded by a form of the verb be and followed by a noun or noun
phrase.
Mike is in need of a liver transplant. (Mike needs a liver transplant.)
The organization was in need of funds. (The organization needed funds.)
So and Such
Generally, when these words appear in a construction ending in that, so modifies
adjectives or adverbs and such modifies nouns.
When the word so is used with an adjective or adverb alone, the sentence
structure is as follows: Subject + verb + so + {adjective/adverb} + that + re-
mainder of sentence.
She sang so well that she was asked to audition.
adverb
The food was so good that he could not resist it.
adjective
When so is used with intensive modifiers (such as much, many, few, and lit-
tle), the sentence structure is as follows: Subject + verb + so + intenstive mod-
ifier + noun + that + remainder of sentence.
The man brought so many books that he needed assistance to carry them.
The cooks made so little food that some people were not served.
When such is used with singular count nouns, the sentence structure is as fol-
lows: Subject + verb + such a + adjective + singular count noun + that + re-

mainder of sentence.
It was such a hot day that several people fainted.
So could also be used in this circumstance, but the article (a, an, or the) must
move in the sentence construction so it falls between the adjective and the noun.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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When so is used with singular count nouns, the sentence structure is as fol-
lows: Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that + re-
mainder of sentence.
It was so hot a day that several people fainted.
When such is used with plural count nouns, one possible sentence structure is
as follows: Subject + verb + such + adjective + plural count or noncount noun
+ remainder of sentence.
This is such sour juice that I cannot drink it.
They are such popular singers that they will likely win an award.
Adverbs and Adjectives
The TOEFL test often contains questions that ask you to identify when an adjec-
tive is being used instead of an adverb and vice versa. A review of the basic differ-
ences between these parts of speech is important.
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into two categories: descriptive and limiting.
Descriptive adjectives describe the color, size, or quality of a noun or
pronoun.
Examples of descriptive adjectives include large, small, happy, and sad.
Limiting adjectives restrict the nouns or pronouns they modify in quantity,
distance, possession, or some other way.
Types of limiting adjectives include: cardinal numbers (one, two); ordinal num-
bers (first, second); possessives (my, your, his); demonstratives (this, that, these,
those); quantity (few, many, much); and articles (a, an, the).

Adjectives are unaffected by whether the noun is singular or plural, except for the
adjectives this, that, these and those.
Adjectives normally precede the nouns they modify, but they follow linking
verbs. Adjectives modify only nouns, pronouns, and linking verbs. Adjectives an-
swer questions such as “what kind?” or “how many?”
This is a good movie. She is an excellent student.
103
Structure
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Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs (except linking verbs), adjectives, and other adverbs. Many
descriptive adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding the suffix -ly to the
base. For example,
quic
k becomes quickly
adjective adverb
bright becomes brightly
adjective adverb
quiet becomes quietly
adjective adverb
There are also irregular adjectives, which change the entire base in order to be-
come an adverb. For example, the adjective good becomes the adverb well. Also,
fast is unusual because the same word form acts as both an adjective and an ad-
verb. An adverb answers the question “how?”.
Alberto drives carefully. (How does Alberto drive?)
Michelle speaks Spanish fluently. (How well does Michelle speak Spanish?)
He was driving fast. (How was he driving?)
TOEFL test questions, of course, are never quite so simple as these examples.
Following are some sample word form questions that are better representations of
what you will encounter on the test.

Q. These flowers can be
convenient grouped into types depending upon
how often they bloom.
The answer is B, convenient, because grouped is functioning as an adjective and it
must be modified by an adverb. How can the flowers be grouped? They can be
conveniently grouped. An adjective normally cannot be followed by an adjective
unless they both clearly are modifying the same noun. For example: It was a cold,
windy day. Cold modifies day and does not modify windy.
Q. They are
a lively and interestingly group of musicians.
The answer is C, interestingly. Lively may look like an adverb, but it is an adjec-
tive, modifying group. Interesting is also an adjective, further telling what kind of
group, and is the correct form.
Q. The preacher’s sermon was
viewed as moral reprehensible by his detractors.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
A
B
CD
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
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