Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 16 pptx

not only is followed by an adjective, then but also must be followed by an adjec-
tive as well. If the parts of speech are different, then the sentence construction is
flawed. Also, if the expression itself appears in any altered form, such as not
only . . . and, then the construction is incorrect.
A typical sentence construction using the expression not only . . . but also
looks like the following: Subject + verb + not only + {noun/adjective/
adverb/prepositional phrase} + but also + {noun/adjective/adverb/preposi-
tional phrase).
James is not only artistic but also scholarly.
adjective adjective
Note that scholarly looks like an adverb because it ends in –ly, but it is not.
Sharon writes not only short stories but also poetry.
noun noun
He works not only diligently but also quietly.
adverb adverb
This bus stops not only in large cities but also in small towns.
prepositional phrase prepositional phrase
TOEFL test questions might look like this:
Q. She
is studying not only chemistry and botany.
The answer is D, because and does not correctly complete the sentence construc-
tion. And should be replaced by but also.
Q. He enjoyed
not only riding his bike but also the scenery.
The answer is D. The phrase not only is followed by a verb, riding. Therefore, the
second phrase in this construction, but also, must also be followed by a verb. The
scenery is a noun phrase, so it is incorrect. It would be correct to say viewing the
scenery.
Count and Non-Count Nouns
Some word choice questions on the TOEFL test require you to be able to distin-
guish between count nouns and non-count nouns. The word count means “count-

able.” If a noun is countable, you can count individual items of that noun; you can
say “one _____ , two _____ , three _____” followed by the noun in the plural
form (except with one). If a noun is not countable, you cannot logically put a
number before it or make it plural.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
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For example, desk is countable because you can say “one desk, two desks, three
desks.” (Note that you use the singular form of the noun when you count only
one, and you use the plural form of the noun when you count more than one.)
However, sand is not countable because you cannot say “one sand, two sands,
three sands.” You can say “some sand,” but some is not a specific number.
Examples of other non-count nouns include news, food, air, meat, and money.
Abstract concepts such as information, sophistication, mathematics, and geography
are also non-countable, as are other words ending in -sion, -tion, -ics, or -aphy.
The following determiners can be used only with count nouns: a, an, one, two,
three, number of, these, those, few, fewer, and many.
The following determiners can be used only with non-count nouns: little, less,
amount of, and much.
There is too much sugar in this coffee. (Sugar is not countable.)
There are too many students in this room. (Students are countable.)
Some non-count nouns are measured or contained in units that are countable. For

example, coffee is a non-count noun (although in spoken English you may some-
times hear people use it as though it is countable). But while coffee itself cannot
be counted, containers that hold coffee can be counted. Therefore, it is correct to
refer to one cup of coffee, two cups of coffee, and so on.
Likewise, money is not countable but dollars are. You cannot say “one money,
two moneys.” You can say “one dollar, two dollars.”
Definite and Indefinite Articles
An article or determiner often precedes a noun. If there is an adjective describing
the noun, the article precedes the adjective as well. Word choice questions on the
TOEFL test sometimes require you to distinguish when a definite article (the)
should be used and when an indefinite article (a or an) should be used.
The is used to designate specific or known items, as opposed to general items.
Edwin has to go to the class this morning.
This means that Edwin has to go to a specific class this morning and the speaker
and the listener know which one.
The woman in the corner will be the speaker.
This sentence refers to a specific woman by describing her.
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Structure
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A and an are used to designate a general item as opposed to a specific item,
or to designate that the item has not been mentioned previously.
Note: A and an appear only before singular count nouns, while the can appear be-
fore both singular and plural count nouns.
A teacher must be dedicated to his students.
The sentence refers to teachers in general, not one specific teacher.
Edwin has to go to a class this morning.
This sentence does not indicate which specific class Edwin must attend.
TOEFL test questions might appear like the following:
Q. This building

is an oldest building in town.
The answer is B, because an is not correct. The use of the superlative oldest indi-
cates that the article the would make sense instead.
Q. One of a
most difficult problems we confront is determining how to present
a new topic to an unreceptive audience.
The answer is A. The determiner the must be used with one of.
Q. Although not
widely sold, that book is considered to be best book on the subject.
The answer is C. The sentence should read the best. Use the specific determiner,
the, with superlatives. The superlative means it is the ultimate one, so it is specific.
Q. Everybody should consider pursuing the
hobby, whether it is a thought-
intensive one like collecting coins or a physical exercise like working in a
garden.
The answer is A. The should be a because it is obviously an indefinite concept.
We do not know which hobby is being considered.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C

D
A
B
C
D
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Another, Other, and Others
The same rules that apply to determiners (articles) apply to the word other.
Another is used when the indefinite article a would make sense. In other words, it
is used with a singular noun not previously mentioned or not known by the lis-
tener. It can be used only with a count noun, because it means one.
The other is used when the definite article the would make sense, that is with a
specific singular or plural count noun or a non-count noun already mentioned or
known to the listener.
Other is used for plural count nouns or non-count nouns.
Others or the others actually act as pronouns, replacing plural nouns.
Jane was tired of working for the same company, so she started looking for
another job.
Jane had been offered two jobs, one from her former employer, and the other
from a new company.
Jane has been offered a job, but she still wishes to pursue other choices.
The other and another can serve as either adjectives or pronouns, depending on
whether they modify a noun or replace a noun.
I do not want these books. I need the other
books.
adjective
I do not want these books. I need the others.
pronoun
Comparisons and Comparatives
Another word choice type of question requires you to know how comparative sen-

tences are generally structured. A comparison indicates the degree of difference or
similarity between two things.
Equal Comparisons
An equal comparison indicates that two nouns or noun phrases are (or are not)
exactly the same.
A sentence that creates a positive comparison will contain the structure as +
{adjective/adverb} + as + remainder of sentence.
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Structure
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This picture is as old as that.
adjective
Grisham writes as well as any modern writer.
adverb
To make the phrase negative, add not before the construction. Sometimes so is
substituted for as before the adjective or adverb in negative comparisons.
A sentence that creates a negative comparison will contain the structure not
{as/so} + {adjective/adverb} + as + remainder of sentence.
Jeff is not as athletic as James.
Jeff is not so athletic as James.
When a comparison is made between two people and a pronoun is used to repre-
sent one of them, the subject form of the pronoun should be used after the final as.
(Keep in mind that in conversational English, many people use the object form of
the pronoun after as, which is incorrect.)
Peter is as tall as I.
You are as old as she.
Unequal Comparisons
Some sentences compare things that are not equal. In these sentences, the compar-
isons may be created by adding -er to an adjective or adverb and following that
word with than. Another way to create the comparison is to use more or less be-

fore the adjective or adverb, which is still followed by than. In general, it is more
common to use more and less when creating a comparative form from an adverb;
this is also the most common form when an adjective is more than one or two syl-
lables. The TOEFL test will probably not test the difference between these two
choices.
John’s grades are higher
than his sister’s.
adjective
He studies more frequently than she does.
adverb
This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s.
adjective
Unequal comparisons can be further intensified by adding much or far before the
comparative form.
This house is far more expensive than the others we have seen.
This book is much less interesting than the one I read last month.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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