Tài liệu Academic Writing A Handbook for International Students part 24 doc

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Answers
5A g she
5A h his
5B a Their
5B b their
5B c They
5B d their
5B e Their
5B f the former
2.4 Comparisons
3a slightly more expensive than
3b considerably/significantly cheaper than
3c slightly cheaper than
3d considerably/significantly more expensive than
7a least
7b slightly
7c nearly/almost
7d as
7e most
7f than
7g half
7h as
8a most
8b less
8c more
8d than
8e slightly
8f on
8g as
8h smallest/least

9a shows
9b longest/highest
9c longest
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9d On
9e than
9f the
9g slightly
10. Model answer
The highest rate is found in Greece (8.3 per day), and the lowest is in Norway
(1.7). Although many countries are close to the EU average of 4.5, the northern
Scandinavian countries all have low rates of smoking.
11. Model answer
Alcohol consumption in Europe averages 11.1 litres per adult per year, but within this
there are wide variations. The highest consumption is found in France (14.1), while the
Norwegians only consume one third of this figure (4.8).
2.5 Definitions
2a instrument/device
2b organs
2c organisation/corporation
2d material
2e behaviour
2f system/process
2g period/time
2h system
3a process refine liquids
3b person/doctor mental problems
3c qualification/degree a dissertation/thesis
3d body/organisation its members’ interests

3e disease a mosquito-borne parasite
3f cereal/grain making flour
4a a failed project
4b development
4c electronic commerce
4d attachment
4e self-brightening
Model answers
5a capital punishment execution carried out by state, often by hanging
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Answers
5b department store large shop which sells most types of goods in different areas
5c post-natal depression feeling of sadness experienced by some mothers after birth
2.6 Discussion
3 Model answer for title (a)
pros: more security for children with mother, mother is able to take more care of home
cons: children have less chance to mix with others, mothers have more limited role
Title: Instead of going out to work, mothers should stay at home and look after their
children until they are at least 5 – discuss.
a) Introduction the growth in women’s participation in the workforce
– increased use of nurseries
b) Advantages more social mixing for children
higher income for family
more varied roles for women
c) Disadvantages less security for children
women have to deal with career and home
d) Conclusion depends on individual situation
5 Model answers
It has been argued that staying at home gives children security, but the evidence
suggests that there are more social advantages to attending a nursery.

While fast food is often claimed to be unhealthy, there appears to be little firm
evidence to support this.
7 Model answer
Lomborg’s definition of air quality is limited to sulphur dioxide, and fails to take into
account more recent threats.
8 Model answer
pros: increases standard of living, reduces time spent working, people live longer
cons: creates pollution, damages environment, causes stress and mental problems
9 Model answer using pattern (2i)
a) Introduction: definition of industrial development, examples of process
b) Advantages: more leisure time, better medical facilities, more choices
c) Disadvantages: development destroys countryside, causes pollution and stress
d) Discussion/conclusion: quality of life has improved due to industrialisation but
damage has been caused on several levels
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2.7 Examples
2a e.g./such as
2b A case in point
2c particularly/especially (for example/instance also possible)
2d for instance/for example
2e such as/e.g.
Model answers
3a A number of sports such as football/motor racing . . .
3b Certain twentieth-century inventions, for example television and antibiotics, . . .
3c In recent years many women, e.g. Indira Gandhi . . .
3d . . . most car makers, for instance Toyota/Volkswagen . . .
3e Certain diseases, particularly malaria/Aids . . .
3f Many musical instruments such as guitars/violins . . .
3g Several mammals, e.g. pandas/tigers . . .

4 customs: holidays and festivals, ways of greeting people
everyday patterns: types of shop, shop opening times
inevitable differences: language, currency
rapid changes of mood: depression, elation
relatively short period: two/three months
some aspects of their new surroundings: freedom, independence
5a His mother’s sister, i.e. his aunt . . .
5b When the liquid reached boiling point, namely 140 degrees . . .
5c It appears that Candlemas day, that is, February 2nd, . . .
5d The company’s overheads, in other words, the fixed costs, . . .
2.8 Generalisations
Model answers
2b Flowers are usually a suitable present.
2c Cities are often affected by pollution.
2d Fresh fruit can be good for health.
2e Television has become an important medium.
3 Many international students attend British universities. Most welcome the chance to
meet students from around the world, and all are pleased to have a chance to improve
their English.
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4a Unemployment in 1989 was higher than in 1979 or 1999.
4b Inflation was higher in 1979 than in 1989 or 1999.
4c House prices rose dramatically between 1979 and 1989.
4d Interest rates were slightly higher in 1989 than in 1979, and were much lower in 1999.
5a be over 60
5b double by 2100
5c young populations/a small proportion of over-60s
5d fall in its total population/a doubling of the population over 60
5e have a significant population of older people/a larger proportion of over 60s

Model answers
6a Two common dreams are being chased and falling.
6b A majority have dreamed about the dead.
6c Dreaming about the future is quite common.
6d Food dreams may be linked to dieting.
6e A minority dream of finding money.
2.9 Numbers
2a 50
2b 100
2c 400
3a Few people . . .
3b They received scores . . .
3c She made various . . .
3d He found dozens . . .
3e They made several. . .
Model answers
4a Three quarters of the people interviewed said that they supported the president.
4b The average number of students on the course has been 22.
4c The price of petrol has increased eight times/eightfold since 1965.
4d Two thirds of the students in the group were women.
4e The new type of train halved the journey time to Madrid.
4f The majority of the students studied law.
4g There has been a 50% rise in the numbers applying to this department this year.