Tài liệu Các thuật ngữ trong nhiếp ảnh pdf

Các thuật ngữ trong nhiếp ảnh
Auto Exposure Bracketing: Auto Exposure Bracketing performs
automatic exposure bracketing with varied shutter speed and/or aperture.
Flash Exposure Bracketing: Enables a photographer to automatically
bracket exposures at varied flash output levels, in TTL auto flash shooting,
without changing the shutter speed and/or aperture.
AE (Automatic Exposure) lock : Used to hold an automatically controlled
shutter speed and/or aperture. Recommended when the photographer wants to
control an exposure based on a scene's particular brightness area with Center
Weighted or Spot Metering.
Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash : A type of TTL auto flash operation
which uses the camera's exposure meter to control ambient light exposure settings,
integrated with flash exposure control. That is, flash output level is automatically
compensated to balance with ambient light, resulting in a better exposure for both
subject and background. Nikon's Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash system includes:
3D Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash. Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill Flash, Matrix
Balanced Fill-Flash, Center-Weighted Fill-Flash and Spot Fill-Flash. 3D Multi-
Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash and Multi Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash together
comprise Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash with TTL Multi Sensor. Performance
varies with the combination of camera body, Speedlight and lens used.
Balanced fill-flash operation : A flash photography technique that
balances flash illumination with the scene's ambient light. This automatic
operation utilizes the some camera's Automatic Balanced Fill Flash System with
TTL Multi Sensor and a compatible dedicated TTL Speedlight.
Continuous Servo : AF Focus detection continues as long as shutter
release button is lightly pressed and the reflex mirror is in the viewing position.
Useful when the camera-to subject distance is likely to change.
CPU Central Processing Unit.: The electronic component that controls an
electronic product's functions. for Nikon, AF Nikkor (including D-type AF
Nikkor) and Al-P-Nikkor lenses have built-in CPUs, for other camera's own terms
or definitions for equivalent functions, please update me.

Continuous Servo : AF Focus detection continues as long as shutter
release button is lightly pressed and the reflex mirror is in the viewing position.
Useful when the camera-to subject distance is likely to change.
Close-Range Correction System. Most lenses are primarily designed to
perform best at medium distances to infinity. When focused at extremely close
distances, their image quality tends to deteriorate. This was a problem especially
with large-aperture lenses having semi-symmetrical designs. To overcome this
problem, Nikon invented the Close-Range Correction (CRC) System, sometimes
called the "Floating Element" system. With CRC, the lens elements shift position
in relation to each other, so that at close shooting distances curvature of field is
reduced to the bare minimum in the case of wide-angle lenses, while spherical
aberration is virtually eliminated in the Micro-Nikkor 55mm f/2.8 and the Nikkor
85mm f/1.4. The result of this ingenious design is a series of lenses which offer an
increased focusing range with exceptional picture quality throughout.
Ultra-Micro-Nikkor lenses: Lenses produced by Nikon for the production
of IC's & LSI's. Not to be confused with the Micro-Nikkor lenses for macro
photography. Some may not be producing anymore.
EL-Nikkors : For photo enlargement.
APO-Nikkors for photoengraving
Cine Nikkor lenses for 16mm movie cameras
Repro-Nikkors for 35mm life size reproduction.
Depth of field : The zone of sharpest focus in front of, behind, and around
the subject on which the lens is focused; can be previewed in the camera.
D-type AF Nikkor lenses ( Only apply to Nikon User ): AF Nikkor
lenses that send Distance Information to the F5's micro-computer. Used for 3D
Color Matrix Metering or 3D Multi Sensor Balanced Fill Flash (with Nikon SB
27/SB 26/SB 25 Speedlight) .
DX code : Film information code printed on film cartridge. When the
camera is set to its automatic film speed setting mode and DX-coded film s loaded,
it senses the film speed (common speed ISO 25 to 6400 - depends on camera

models).
EV Exposure Value: A number representing the available combinations of
shutter speeds and apertures that give the same exposure effect under conditions of
similar scene brightness and ISO. At ISO 100, the combination of a one-second
shutter speed and an aperture of F1.4 is defined as EV1. The camera may be used
only within the EV range of the exposure meter. For example, with the F5, the
exposure metering range s from EV0 to EV20 for 3D Color Matrix Metering and
Center Weighted Metering, at ISO 100 with an f/1.4 lens (Default camera used to
define this term is F5, due to its advance & complex metering capabilities).
Exposure bracketing : Shooting the same subject at a range of different
exposures. Some camera provides Auto Exposure Bracketing/Flash Exposure
Bracketing.
Extra-Low Dispersion Glass All photographs are made with light,
composed of many colors of the spectrum. With panchromatic black-and-white
and all color films, it is essential that both blue and red light rays be brought to
focus at the same plane; otherwise, color "fringing" and unsharpness will be
evident. Because different wavelengths of light are bent at slightly different angles
as they pass through normal optical glass, the longer the focal length of the lens,
the longer the individual light rays have to travel inside the lens and the more the
discrepancy in focus. While modern techniques used to correct this "chromatic
aberration" are effective with normal and wideangle lenses, telephoto lenses
magnify even the slightest variation in focus between the red and blue light rays,
leading many photographers to assume that no long telephoto or super-telephoto
lens could equal a "shorter" lens in sharpness and color correction.
But Nikon overcame this obstacle by developing a new type of glass, called
Extra-low Dispersion (ED) glass. Especially designed to keep red and blue in
focus, ED glass produces superior color correction and has led to the creation of a
whole new generation of high-performance telephoto and super-telephoto lenses.
ED-series lenses are not sensitive to changes in temperature, so the problem
of focus shift inherent in lenses employing calcium fluorite-crystal elements is

avoided. Moreover, ED glass is hard and scratch resistant, permitting its use in
exposed front and rear lens elements. Nikon's ED-series of lenses, ranging from
180mm to 1200mm, represents a major advance in photographic technology. They
deliver stunning sharpness and contrast even at their large maximum apertures ED
lenses are in fact so highly color-corrected that the traditional infrared focusing
index is not engraved on some of them. Sharp focus extends even into the infrared
wavelength range! And for the photographer used to lugging around heavy
conventional telephotos ED lenses have the additional benefit of permitting the
length of the lens to be reduced substantially.
Nikon's Extra-low Dispersion glass is the best thing to happen to telephoto
lenses since their invention. All ED Nikkor can be identified by a gold band
around the lens barrel.
Exposure control
Programmed Auto: Camera sets both shutter speed and aperture for
correct exposure.
Shutter-Priority Auto: User selects shutter speed and camera sets
matching lens aperture for correct exposure.
Aperture-Priority Auto: User selects aperture and camera sets matching
shutter speed for correct exposure.
Manual: User selects both shutter speed and aperture, following or
ignoring the meter's recommendations to achieve the desired exposure.
Exposure compensation : Exposure compensation for available light is
activated by changing the shutter speed and/or lens aperture. This is done by using
AE L AF-L (Auto Exposure/Autofocus Lock) button or exposure compensation
button, or by Auto Exposure Bracketing . In flash photography with a dedicated
TTL Speedlights exposure compensation can also be performed by varying the
amount of flash output. Camera-originated exposure compensation affects both the
foreground subject and the background; variations in flash output amount affect
only the foreground.