Tài liệu TestKiller 640-506 Ed1 pdf

CISCO
STUDY GUIDE























Cisco Support

Exam 640-506

Edition 1



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Table of Contents


The Complexity of Internetworks....................................................................................... 1
Protocol Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 1
Reliable vs. Unreliable Protocol Characteristics ............................................................ 1
Connection-Oriented Services vs. Connectionless Services........................................... 1
Token Rings.................................................................................................................... 1

FDDI – Fiber Distributed Data Interface ........................................................................ 2
AppleTalk .......................................................................................................................2
Troubleshooting ATM .................................................................................................... 2
Troubleshooting Frame Relay......................................................................................... 2
Cisco Routing and Switching Processes............................................................................. 2
Routing............................................................................................................................ 2
Switching ........................................................................................................................ 3
Interface Buffers ............................................................................................................. 3
General Troubleshooting Tools .......................................................................................... 4
Low-End Cable Test Equipment..................................................................................... 4
High-End Cable Testers.................................................................................................. 4
Cisco Management and Diagnostic Tools .......................................................................... 4
Cisco Management Tools ............................................................................................... 4
Cisco Diagnostic Commands.......................................................................................... 4
Routing and Routed Protocol Troubleshooting .................................................................. 4
Troubleshooting TCP/IP Connectivity ........................................................................... 4
Troubleshooting Novell Connectivity............................................................................. 5
Troubleshooting AppleTalk Connectivity ...................................................................... 5
AppleTalk Router Diagnostic Commands.................................................................. 5
Debug Apple events:................................................................................................... 5
AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol................................................................................ 5
AppleTalk Session Protocol........................................................................................ 5
AppleTalk Printer Access Protocol............................................................................. 6
Diagnosing and Correcting Catalyst Problems ............................................................... 6
Bridge vs. Switch........................................................................................................ 6
VLAN Frame Tagging with ISL................................................................................. 6
Troubleshooting VLANs on Routers and Switches........................................................ 6
Diagnosing and Correcting Frame Relay Problems........................................................ 6
Frame Relay Frame Format ........................................................................................ 6
WAN and Frame Relay Diagnostic Tools .................................................................. 7

Frame Relay Loopback Tests...................................................................................... 7

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Key Concepts
Cisco Support

The Complexity of Internetworks
As more advanced technologies and services are introduced into the field of information
processing and communications, the resulting internetworks are becoming increasingly
complex. The problem-solving model includes the following steps:

1. Define the problem
2. Gather the facts
3. Consider the possibilities
4. Create an action plan
5. Implement the action plan
6. Observe the results of the action plan
7. Repeat the problem solving process
8. Resolve the problem

Protocol Characteristics
Reliable vs. Unreliable Protocol Characteristics
• Reliable protocol - error correction, flow control and retransmission functionality
built in.
• Unreliable protocol – reliability provided by higher-layer protocols.

Connection-Oriented Services vs. Connectionless Services
• Connection-oriented - flow control, error control and session termination.
Examples of this include TCP and ATM.

• Connectionless services -no connection setup between the two communicating
protocol entities. UDP is an example.

Token Rings

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IBM technology that consists of a token that is 3 bytes long. It has a start delimiter, an
access protocol byte and an end delimiter. Data/command frames vary in size and are
dependent on the size of the data field.

FDDI – Fiber Distributed Data Interface
The use of optical fiber as a transmission medium is the most important characteristic.
Fiber offers some advantages over traditional copper wiring:

• Security - does not emit electrical signals that can be tapped.
• Reliability - immune to electrical interference.
• Speed - much higher throughput potential than copper cable.

AppleTalk
AppleTalk’s transport layer consists of:

• Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)

• AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol (AURP)
• AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP)
• AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)
• Name Binding Protocol (NBP).

Troubleshooting ATM
Allowed encapsulation methods are AAL5, PVC and SVC. ISL contains header, original
packet, and FCS fields. ISL not directly supported by ATM, but can be implemented in
ATM LANE configuration.

Troubleshooting Frame Relay
Typical problems include frame relay links down, inability to ping remote routers, or
inability to ping end-to-end. You must ensure that both Cisco devices are using IETF
encapsulation method.

Cisco Routing and Switching Processes
Routing

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The routing process moves packets based on the source, destination, and network
conditions. Routing protocols identify the best path(s) to use routing packets to the
outbound, using one or more of the router interfaces.

Switching
As part of the switching process, the router moves the packet(s) from the appropriate
interface to the destination address.

The basic switching paths are:

• Process switching
• Fast Switching
• Silicon Switching/Autonomous Switching
• Optimum Switching
• Distributed Switching
• NetFlow Switching

Switching features that affect performance include:

• Queuing
• Random early detection
• Compression
• Filtering (access lists)
• Encryption
• Accounting

Interface Buffers
The interface buffers on the SP (Switch Processor) card are used for buffering packets
copied from interface processors. The SP and SSP (Silicon Switch Processor) controllers
have 512 KB available for packet buffering.


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General Troubleshooting Tools
Low-End Cable Test Equipment
At the low-technology end of the spectrum of test equipment the following equipment is
used:
• Volt-Ohm Meters
• Digital Multimeters

High-End Cable Testers
Higher technological advancements include:
• Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR)

Cisco Management and Diagnostic Tools
Cisco Management Tools
• Cisco Works
• Netsys Network Management Suites
• TrafficDirector Remote Monitoring Software
• The VlanDirector Switch Management Application
• WAN Manager

Cisco Diagnostic Commands
• show
• debug
• ping
• trace
• cdp
• core dump

Routing and Routed Protocol Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting TCP/IP Connectivity
Four main diagnostic commands include:

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• ping – connectivity test which is actually an Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) echo test packet.
• trace – traces path from source to destination.
• show – details information about interface conditions, protocol status, neighbor
reachability and traffic.
• debug – analyzes packets; generates high amount of output and may adversely
affect production networks.

Troubleshooting Novell Connectivity
Three diagnostic commands are primarily used to troubleshoot Novell Networks:
• ping – works only on Cisco routers running Cisco IOS 8.2 or later.
• show – details information about interface conditions, protocol status,
neighborhood reachability and traffic.
• debug – analyzes packets; generates high amount of output and may adversely
affect production networks.

Troubleshooting AppleTalk Connectivity
AppleTalk Router Diagnostic Commands
• show
• test Apple
• debug

Debug Apple events:
Displays information about AppleTalk special events such as if neighbors are

reachable/unreachable or if interfaces go up/down.

AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
This protocol guarantees data bytes are delivered in the same order as they are sent and
that they are not duplicated.

AppleTalk Session Protocol
Session Protocol establishes and maintains logical conversations between an AppleTalk
clients and the server. ASP is considered a session layer protocol.


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AppleTalk Printer Access Protocol
Printer Access Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol responsible for establishing and
maintaining connections between clients and servers.

Diagnosing and Correcting Catalyst Problems
Bridge vs. Switch
Functionality Bridge Switch
Pass packets between network segments Yes Yes
OSI layer DataLink DataLink
Filtering Software Hardware (ASIC)

VLAN Frame Tagging with ISL
ISL is used over point-to-point connections to interconnect two VLAN capable Cisco
products such as Catalyst 5000 and higher series switches and Cisco 2600 and higher

series routers.

Troubleshooting VLANs on Routers and Switches
• To configure a VLAN use RSM in the Catalyst 5000 switch or attach a router,
with a FastEthernet or Gigabit Ethernet interface, to a VLAN trunking port using
ISL encapsulation.

• Incorrect VLAN trunking protocol configuration will cause a VLAN to be slow or
malfunction.

• When a line protocol Frame Relay is down, check for timing problems with
myseq and myseen keep-alive events. Command to show: debug serial
interface.

Diagnosing and Correcting Frame Relay Problems
Although Frame Relays is a Layer2 datalink protocol, when Frame Relay problems occur
you should first check the lower-layer hardware interface.

Frame Relay Frame Format
Congestion-related bit positions in the frame are:

• FECN

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• BECN
• DE

WAN and Frame Relay Diagnostic Tools
The show and debug commands are designed for the purpose.

Frame Relay Loopback Tests

1. Do the local loopback test with LMI.
2. Try the local test on the other side LMI.
3. If LMI come up, but you cannot get a non-LMI DLCI to the remote interface
to carry other traffic, contact the service provider.
4. The frame relay service can perform remote loop tests and will be more
willing to do so if you have already eliminated the local loops as a possible
cause of the problem.

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8





WARNING: It is important that you read and study the
“CCNP Keypoints” portion of this study guide. We have
identified important “KEYPOINTS” in this section.
Please ensure that you absolutely know and understand
these prior to sitting for the exam.