Ngữ văn 11 tập 1 nâng cao

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BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

W^l^
TAP MOT

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM



B 6 G I A O DUC VA OAO

TAO

TRAN DINH SU (Tdng Chu bien)
DAN - N G U Y I N DANG MANH - D 6 NGOC THONG (dong Chu bien)
HOANG DUNG PHAN HUY D O N G - NGUYEN VAN HIEP
N G U Y I N T R Q N G HOAN - N G U Y I N DANG NA - NGUYEN T H A N H THI
PHUNG VAN TIJU - NGUYEN THI H 6 N G VAN

H6NG

NGU VAN
11

NANG

CAO

TAP MOT

(Tdi bdn ldn thii hai)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC Viei NAM


Ban quyen thuoc Nha xu& ban Giao due Viet Nam - B6 Giao due va Dao tao
01-2010/CXB/750-1485/GD

Ma sd: NHI 1ITO


VAO PHU CHUA TRINH
(Trich Thucmg kinh ki sir )
LE HUtJ TRAC
K^T QUA CAN DAT
• Thdy dugc su cdm nhan ciia Le Hitu Trdc ve" uy quyen vd

cudc sdng cua chua Trinh.
• Hieu dugc dgc diem biit phdp ki su cua tdc gid qua

doan trich.

Tiiu DAN
Le HOM Tr^c (1724

1791) 1^
danh y loi lac, nh^ van tai hoa, ngUdi
l^ng LiSu X^, huyfen Oi/dng Hao, phO
Thi/png H6ng, trifn Hai Di/ong (nay
thuoc huydn Yen MT, tinh Hi/ng Yen),
biet hidu Hai ThU'ong Lan 6ng^^^ Ik
con thir bay cua quan Hull thj lang bo
C6ng ndn L i HiJu Trie c6n co tdn \k
Chidu Bay. Tuy sinh ra, ldn Idn d qud
cha, nhimg khi gan ba mifoi tudi, 6ng
ve s6'ng tai que me thuoc XIJT Bau
ThLfOng, xa Tinh Dienn (nay thuoc xa
Son Quang) huyen Hifong Son, tinh
H^ TTnh,
Oa c6 m6t thdi Ld HuTu Trac theo
Ld HOu Trac (Nguyen Tien Chung ve)
nghe vo. Sau, dng nhan thay "ngoai
vide luydn cau van cho hay, mai li/di gi/om cho sac, c6n phai dem h^t
tam li/c chiJa bdnh cho ngifdi". Jit3ay, tac gia di sau vao nghien ciJu y hoc,
due kd't thdinh bo sach gdm sau mifoi sau quyen vdi nhan de Hai Tlii/ang y
tdng tam Ifnh. Quyen cudi cung (quyen vl) cua bo sach nay la mot tac pham van
hoc dSc sac: Thuang kinh kf sU.

(1) Thucfng kinh ki su: Ki su d6i kinh dd.
(2) Hdi Thucmg Ldn dng: 6ng ludi d dft Thupng H6ng, Hai Duong.


Thuang kinh ki si/ danh d i u sir phat trien mdi ciia the kf Vidt Nam thdi
trung dai. Tac gia ghi lai nhiimg cam nhan cOa ban thSn tridflc hien thifc v l
canh vat va con ngifdi m^ minh t i n mat chifng kien ke tif khi nhSn dUOc Idnh

tridu ve kinh dd chiJa bdnh cho the tiJT Can ng^y 12 thang gidng nam Nhim
Dan (1782) cho ddn luc xong vide, ve tdi nha d HifOng Son ngiy mdng 2
thang 11 (tdng cong l i 9 thing 20 ngiy).
T i c pham md dau bang canh u nha d HUOng Sdn, difa ngifdi doc vao thd
gidi mong ma cua mot an sT linh ddi. Bong cd ehr ' tridu vao kinh. Cuoc sdng
dm dem bi. p h i tan. Lan 6ng buoc phai Idn di/dng. C i c sif vide euTdien ra theo
thdi gian va de nang Idn tam trang t i c gia.
Sau khi ddn kinh dd, Le HQU Trie difpe mdi den d nhi ngUdi em cOa Quin
Huy. Tidp dd t i c gia bat dau v i o phij chua de khim bdnh eho the tCr Cin. Ooan
trich thuat lai vide Le HOfu Trie vao phu chua Trjnh.
*

M6ng 1 thang 2. Sang tinh mo, t6i nghe tie'ng go cvra r^t gSp. T6i chay ra mcf
cvta. Thi ra m6t ngUod d^y td quan Chanh ditcmg^ ' vifa noi vufa thd h6n h^n :
- Co thanh chi tridu cu vao ! Quan truydn mSnh^ ^ hidn dang 6 nha cu ldn con,
con vang I6nh chay d6'n dSy bao tin. Linh d dinh da dem cang d^n don cu b ngoai
cfta. Xin cu vao phu chdu ngay.
T6i ben svta sang ao mu chinh ti, \tn cang vao phu. Tdn My i6 chay dang
tnrd'c het ducmg. Gang chay nhu ngUa I6ng, t6i bi xoc m6t me, khd khdng noi h^t.
Chung tdi di cvta sau vao phu. Ngirdi truyin mdnh dSn tdi qua m^'y Mn cita niia,
theo dudng bdn trai ma di. Tdi ng£ng d^u ldn : dau dau cung la cay cdi um turn,
chim kdu riu rit, danh hoa dua tham, gid dila thoang thoang mui huong. Nhflng
day hanh lang quanh co ndi nhau lidn tidp. NgUdi gifl cita truyin bao rdn rang,
ngudi cd vide quan qua lai nhu mac cM. Yd si canh gifl cita. cung, ai mudn ra vao
phai cd the .
Tdi nghl bung : Minh vdn con quan, sinh trudng d chdn phdn hoa, chd nao
trong c&i thanh minh cung da tflng bid't. Chi cd nhflng vide d trong phu chua Ik
(1) Chi: chi^u chi ciia vua, d day la chi^u chi cua chua Trinh Stoi.
(2) Quan Chdnh du&ng : chiic quan diing diu trdng coi moi vi6c trong phu chua ; 6 day chi
Quan Huy.

(3) Quan truyen menh (cung goi la quan tniyen chi): quan chuyfin lam nhi^m vu truydn mSnh 16nh
cua vua cho bd tOi; d day la quan truydn chi ciia chua.
(4) The: nhu giSy ra vao cdng sd ngay nay.


minh chi mdi nghe ndi thdi. Budc chan dd'n day mdi hay canh giau sang cua vua
chua thuc khac han ngudi thudng ! Ben ngam mdt bai tho di ghi nhd vide nay :
Linh nghin cica vdc dong'

nghiem nhgt,

Cd trdi Nam sang nhdt Id ddy !
Ldu titng gdc ve tung mdy,

.

Rem chdu, hien nggc, hong mai dnh vdo.
Hoa cung thodng nggt ngao dua tdi,
Vudn ngu nghe vet noi ddi phen.
Que mila, cung cdm chua quen,
Khdc gl ngu phii ddo nguyen

thud ndo !

Di dugc vki tram budc, qua ma!y Mn cita mdi dd'n cai did'm "Hau ma quan tiic
truc"^ \ Dilm lam bdn mdt cai hd, cd nhflng cdi cdy la lung va nhflng hdn da ki la.
Trong didm, cdt va bao Ion luon vdng, kilu each that la xinh dep. Quan Chanh
dudng mdi khi d trilu ra thi nghi d da'y. Tha'y tdi, dng bao quan truyin chi:
- Chiiu qua, tdi da tau ldn. Thdnh thucmg
Ddng cung thi tiJt^^^

cho phep cu vao dl hdu mach

Ong cung vao vdi quan truyin chi, bao tdi di theo cung md'y ngudi tiiu hoang
mdn . Di bd dd'n mdt cai cifa ldn, thi vd, quan si tha'y tdi an mac cd ve la liing,
mudn gifl lai. Quan truyin chi ndi:
- Cd thdnh ehi tridu.

(1) Vdc ddng: dich thodt ^ tif chfl "kim qua" - cdi mic, mdt loai vu khi thdi xua.
(2) Ddo nguyen : ia[y f trong Ddo Hoa nguyen ki (truySn Suoi Hoa ddo) cua Dao Tidm thdi Ddng
Tah (Trung Qudc), kd chuyfin mdt ngudi ddnh cd lac ddn sudi Hoa dao. Sau dung hai chii "dao
nguyen" dd chi thd gidi t h ^ tifin.
(3) Nguyen bai tho duoc vidt theo thd th^t ngdn bat cii Dudng ludt. 6 day ngudi dich da chuydn
sang tho song thdt luc bdt.
(4) Die'm : ngdi nhd ddng dd diing chdn nghi ngoi hoac chd dgi ; diem "Hdu md qudn tuc true" :
noi qudn hau ma ludn c6 mat dd doi sai phdi.
(5) Thdnh thuomg: tit dimg dd chi nha vua, d ddy chi chiia Trinh Sam.
(6) Ddng cung: noi d ciia thdi tii - ngudi se ISn ndi ngdi vua ; the'tue: ngudi se ldn nd'i ngdi chiia, d
ddy Id Trinh Cdn.
(7) Tieu hodng mdn : ten goi quan hoan thdi xua.


Ho ben dl cho tdi di. Qua day hanh lang phia tay, dd'n mdt cai nha ldn that \h
cao va rdng. Hai bdn la hai cdi kidu dl vua chua di. Dd nghi trUOng^ diu sofn
son thd'p vang. CJ gifla dat mdt cdi sap thdp vang. Trdn sap mac,mdt cai vdng
dilu. Trudc sdp va hai bdn, bay ban ghd', nhiing dd dac nhdn gian chua tufng thdy.
Tdi chi dam ngudc mdt nhin rdi lai cui ddu di. Lai qua mdt cfla nfla, din mdt cai
ldu cao va rdng. O day, cdt diu son son thdp vang. Tdi hdi nhd quan truyin ehi,
dng ta ndi:
- Ta vfla di qua nha "Dai dudng''. Nha dy goi la "Quyln bdng", cdi gdc ndy

goi la "Gdc tia" Vi thi tfl "dung tra" d ddy, cho ndn goi nd la 'phdng tra". (Sd Id d
day kidng danh tfl "thud'c" ndn goi thud'c la "tra").
Bdy gid trong 'phdng tra" cd bay, tdm ngUdi. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng din, tdt
ca diu dflng day. Quan Chdnh dudng ngdi ghi trdn. Moi ngUdi ngdi theo thfl tu.
Quan Chdnh dudng bao tdi ngdi vao gifla. Luc ddu tdi khdng hiiu, sau mdi bilt dd
la cdc vi luong y cua sau cung, hai vidn duge du vao vide hdu tra, ngay ddm chdu
chuc d ddy. Thdy tdi, ho diu nhin nhau. Cd ngudi cui xud'ng hdi nhd. Quan Chdnh
dudng cudi:
- Oi nay la con dng Lidu Xd d Dudng Hao vao ngu cu trong Huomg Scm, lam
thud'c hay cd tid'ng, nay vdng thdnh ehi vao kinh.
Bd'y gid cd ngudi chit khan lugt tau, cudi va bao tdi:
- Cu cd bid't tdi khdng ?
- Tdi la ke d noi qud mua, lam sao bid't dugc ede vi d noi trilu dinh ddng
due nhu thd' nay ?
- Tdi la ngudi An Vidt, huydn La Son, d nha, tdi vdn nghe tid'ng cu
nhu sdm ddng bdn tai, nhung chUa h i duge gap.
Bdy gid tdi mdi bid't dng ta lam gido quan d An Vidt, tdn la Chflc, dugc dng
Nguydn Kidm ngudi Tidn Diln lam Thu trd'n dl cfl lam thdy thud'c chdu ehuc d
day. Sau dd, lai dugc lam thudc d Bd Binh, gifl chflc Tham ddng. Tdi ndi:
- Chd d cua tdi khdng xa chd d cua ngai bao nhidu. Tdi mdy ldn mudn dd'n
thdm nhung philn mdt ndi la khdng cd dip.
Dang dd cdu chuydn thi quan truyin mdnh din ndi nhd vdi quan Chanh
dudng. Quan Chdnh dudng dung ddy, bao tdi:
(l)DS nghi trucmg: cdc loai dd diing theo nghi thiic cdp bdc quy dinh cho vua chtia.

6


- Ta hay vao dn ccmi sdng mdt Idt da.
Tdi theo dng, di theo con dudng eu trd vl dilm "Hdu ma" Ong ndi:

- Thdnh thugng dang ngu d ddy, xung quanh cd phi tdn chdu chuc, ndn chua
thi yit kiln. Ta hay tam ra ngoai.
Ong san mdm com cho tdi an. Mam Vang, chen bae, dd an toan la ciia ngon
vat la, tdi bdy gid mdi bilt cdi phong vi eua nha dai gia. An xong, thd'y mdt vidn
quan hdu cdn chay lai mdi quan Chanh dudng vao va bac) tdi di theo. Ddt nhidn,
thdy dng ta md mdt chd trong man gdm rdi budc vao. O trong td'i om, khdng thdy
cd cfla ngd gi ea. Di qua dd nam, sdu ldn trudng gdm nhu vdy, dd'n mdt cai phdng
rdng, d gifla phdng ed mdt cai sdp thIp vang. Mdt ngudi ngdi trdn sap dd ndm, sdu
tudi, mac do lua dd. Cd md'y ngudi dflng hdu hai bdn. Gifla phdng la mdt cdy nin
to cam trdn mdt edi gid bang ddng. Bdn sdp dat mdt cai ghi rdng son son thd'p
vang, trdn ghi bay ndm gdm. Mdt edi man la che ngang sdn. O trong cd md'y ngUdi
cung nhdn dang dung xum xit. Den sap chid'u sdng, lam ndi mau mat phdn va mau
do dd. Xung quanh ldp Idnh, hucmg hoa ngao ngat. Xem chflng Thdnh thugng
thudng thudng vdn ngdi trdn ghi rdng nay, nay ngudi rut lui vao man dl tdi xem
mach Ddng cung cho thdt ki.
Tdi nin thd diing chd d xa. Quan Chdnh dudng truyin Idnh cho tdi lay bd'n lay.
Thi tfl cudi:
- Ong nay lay kheo !
Quan Chdnh dudng lai truyin mdnh :
- Cu gia yd'u, cho phep eu ngdi hdu mach.
Tdi khum num dd'n trudc sdp xem mach. Xem xong, nghe trong man ed tilng
ndi nhd:
- Cho dng ta xem ea thdn hinh nfla !
Mdt vidn quan ndi thdn^^^ dflng chdu dd'n bdn sdp xin phep thi tfl. Thi tfl dung
ddy, cdi do, dflng bdn giudng cho tdi xem. Tdi xem Id tdt ca lung, bung va chdn
tay mdt lugt. Quan Chanh dudng lai truyin mdnh bao tdi lay ta rdi di ra. Tdi dflng
day lay bd'n lay. Thdy quan Chdnh dudng bao mdt tiiu hoang mdn dua tdi ra
'phdng tra" ngdi. Mdt Idt sau, dng dd'n hdi:

(1) Quan ndi thdn: quan hdu cdn trong cung cSaa.

- Cu xem mach nhu thi nao ? Ndn dung thfl thud'c gi thi cu cfl vid't mdt td
trinh ldn.
Rdi dng lai tid'p :
- Bdnh da nfla ndm nay. Trudc kia gdy ldm, nay da hcfi ed da, cd thit, ban ehdt
yd'u, bdnh da ldu ma khdng bd dugc, vi dung duong dugc thi ndng, ma dung dm
dugc thi trd^^\ Cd khi phai dung nhiing vi phat tdn^ mdi xong !
Ong bao quan Ta vidn dem nhiing don thudc dang dung d6i cho tdi xem.
Nguydn khi dng dl cfl tdi va ndi mdy edu nay la cung cd y mudn tdi bid't chflng.
Ong cung cd bid't thud'c, tuy kiln thflc vl thud'c chua sdu, nhung hi ban dd'n thudc
la cfl mudn dung thfl thud'c cdng phat. Ong thudng ndi: "Cd bdnh thi trudc hit la
phai dudi bdnh. Khi da dudi cdi ta di rdi hay bd, thi mdi la cdi phep dung dan
nhd't" Nhung theo y tdi, dd la vi thi tfl d trong chdn man che trudng phu, dn qud
no, mac qua dm ndn tang phu yd'u di. Va lai, bdnh mac da ldu, tinh khi khd hit, da
mat khd, rdn ldi to, gdn thdi xanh, tay chdn gdy gd. Dd la vi nguydn khf da hao
mdn, thucmg tdn qud mflc. Nd'u chi lo dung thfl thud'c edng phat khac bdc ^ ma
khdng bid't rang nguydn khi cang hao mdn ddn thi chi lam cho ngUdi thdm yd'u.
Bdnh thi nay khdng bd thi khdng dugc. Nhung sg minh khdng d ldu, nlu minh
lam cd kit qua ngay thi se bi danh Igi nd rang bude, khdng lam sao vl nui dugc
nfla. Chi bang ta dung thfl phuong thud'c hoa hoan, nd'u khdng trung thi cung
khdng sai bao nhidu. Nhung rdi lai nghi: Gha dng minh ddi ddi chiu cm cua nude,
ta phai dd'c hit ca ldng thanh, dl nd'i tid'p cdi ldng trung eua cha dng minh mdi
dugc. NghT di nghi lai mdt hdi, tdi mdi ndi:
- Tdi thd'y thdnh thi gdy, mach lai tl, sdc^''^-' Thi la dm duong diu bi tdn hai,
nay phai dung thudc thdt bd dl bdi dudng ti va thdn, cd't gifl cai can ban tidn
thidn^ va lam ngudn gdc cho cdi hdu thidn^^\ Chinh khi d trong ma thang thi
bdnh d ngoai se tu nd tidu ddn, khdng tri bdnh ma bdnh se md't.

(1) Duong duac: thud'c cd tmh ndng ; dm duac: thud'c cd tiiih lanh ; fre : li dong khdng luu thdng.

(2) Vi phdt tdn : vi thud'c cd tac dung lam cho ngudi bfnh dd m6 hdi.
(3) Thud'c cdng phat khdc hdc : loai thud'c diing dd chiia bSnh cho mau khdi nhung rdt hai ddn sdc
khoe ciia ngudi benh.
(4) Mach te, sdc : mach nhd va dap nhanh.
(5) Tien thien: cdi bIm sinh cua con ngudi khi cdn trong bao thai, ngdy nay goi Id gien di truydn.
(6) Hdu thien : cdi do nudi dudng, duoc hinh thanh sau khi ra ddi.

8


Ong td y kid'n ndi di ndi lai mdy ldn, nhung tdi vdn cfl giai thfch mai. Ong ndi:
- Cu da cd chu y nhu t h i thi cu cfl vilt ra thanh phucmg thud'c dl dang ldn.
Tdi vang Idnh vilt td khai rang :
"Chdu mgch, thdy sdu mach te, sdc vd vo luc, hitu quan yeu, hitu xich Igi cdng
yeu horn. Ay Id ti dm hu, vi hod qud thinh, khong giii dugc khi duang, nen dm hod
di cdn. Vi vdy, ben ngodi thdy co tru&ng, do Id tugng trUng ngodi thi phii, ben
trong thi trdng. Nen bo ti thd thi yen. Nay phong dung : bgch trugt (mgt lgng ) ,
thuc dia (ha ddng ) , can khuang (hai ddng), ngU vi (mdt ddng). Sdc cho dgc, mdi
mdt ldn udng mdt thia trd dieu vdi nudc sdm sdc ddc. Udng khi lUng bung.
Tieu thdn Le Hitu Trdc phung ke"
Tdi vilt xong dua ldn. Ong nhin ki mdt hdi, xem ed y ngai. Cdc thdy lang ngdi
dd'y cung mud'n xem. Ong khdng eho, dflt gidy vao tui do, cudi:
- Phucmg thud'c va ldp ludn cua cu khdc chung ta nhilu.
Ong bao mdt ndi thdn mang td gid'y vao. Mdt lat sau, dng dflng ddy bao tdi di
theo, trd vl did'm "Hdu ma" Ud'ng tra mdt Idt, dng ndi vdi tdi:
- Cu di xa xdi vd't va, gid hay tam vl nghi. Cd ba con ban be mdi mgc cung
khdng dugc di ddu. ^ chd thdnh chi xem nhu thi nao.
Tdi tfl gia, ldn cdng vl dinh Trung Kidn. Trong vdng mUdi ngay, ban be trong
kinh diu din tham hdi, thudng tinh nhu thi.
(Theo LE HUU TRAC, Thugng kinh ki sU,

ban dich ciia PHAN VO, NXB Van hoc, Hd Ndi, 1971)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Cho bid't Ld Hiiu Trdc dung bao nhidu ldn tfl thdnh chi, thdnh thugng, thdnh
the trong doan trfch ? Nhiing tfl dd dung d l ehi cdi gi, chi ai va dung y cua
tac gia ?

(1) Lang: don vi trong lucmg thdi xua, tuong duong vdi 40 gam.
(2) Ddng: bing mdt phdn mudi lang (4 gam).


2. Trong doan trfch, tdc gia kl ra rd't nhilu ngudi phue vu, tfl quan qudn din
ngudi hdu. Dilu nay ggi cho anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vl uy quyln eua chua
Trinh Sdm ?
3. Dl dd'n dugc noi d cua thi tfl Can, Ld Hflu Trac phai di qua nhiing noi nao ?
Quang canh va cdch bai tri tiing noi tdc gia di qua ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi
vl cudc sd'ng cua chua Trinh ?
4. Dung lai khdng khf khdm bdnh cho thi tfl Cdn trong phu chua Trinh. Chu y tdi
su hdi ha, tdp ndp cd ve trang nghidm nhung hai hude qua each kl eua ngUdi
tudng thudt.
5. Theo anh (chi), cdch vilt kf cua Ld Hun Trac cd gi ddc sac ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO
Anh (ehi) hay dung lai hinh tugng nhdn. vdt Ld Hiiu Trac qua doan trich Vdo
phu chiia Trinh.
TRi THLTC Dpc - HIEU
Ki trung dai Viet Nam
K / l i loai hinh v i n xudi tif sif dung de ghi chep ve con ngu'di, sif vat, phong eanh,... Ki cda Viet
Nam khi da dang, phong phu v i thifc sif ra ddi v i o the kl XVIII. Ta cd thd coi Cdng dU tiep ki cua
Vu Phifong £i% (thd ki XVIII) l i t i c pham md dau eho the ki 5 Viet Nam. Tidp theo la hing loat tic

pham ki khic nhif Cat Xuyen tiep but eua Tran Tidn, Thuang kinh kf sU cua Ld Hiiu Trie, S i c hanh
tung kf cua Ld Qu^nh, Vu trung tuy but cija Pham Dinh Ho,... Ddn thd ki XIX, nhOmg t i e phdm ki vidt
ve phifdng Tiy bat dau xuat hidn. T i c pham dau tidn l i Tay hanh kien viin kiluac ciia Li Van Phifc,
sau dd la NhU Tay nhat kiciia nhdm t i e gia Pham Phu Thuf,...
Thuang kinh kf sU l i t i c pham ki doe d i o dUoc Ld HQu T r i e hoan thinh v i o thing 8
1783. 6 dd, t i c gia da kdt hdp nhieu hinh thifc nghd thuat eua ki nhif: du ki, nhit kf, hdi ki, ki
phong canh, kf ghi ngifdi, ghi vide,... Phai thifa nhan rang, ddn Thuang kfnh ki sU, the ki van
hoc dfeh thifc cija Viet Nam mdi that sif ra ddi. Dpc xong t i c pham, ta thdy hinh tifdng nhin
vat t i e gia hidn Idn ro ring, sinh dong. Ddy l i mdt thi nhin, mot an sT thanh cao, mot danh y
loi lac da tif dat minh ra ngoii vdng cifdng toa v i mdi khi nghe tdi hai chOr "cdng danh" thi sd
ddn "difng ca tdc g i y " bdi da mac v i o rdi thi "trdi cifu cung khdng thoit difdc". Ngoii ra, ta
cdn thdy Ld Hiiu T r ie l i ngifdi luc n i o cung dau d i u mot ndi thifdng cha me, ydu que hifdng,
nhd ban be than thich ddn khdng cam difdc nifdc m i t .

10


DOC THEM

CHA TOI
(Trich Ddng Dich Trai ngon hdnh luc^^^)
DANG HUY TRU"

TIEU DAN
DSng Huy Trfl (1825 1874) hieu Tinh Trai va Vong Tan, tif la Hoang
Trung, ngifdi lang Thanh Ltfdng, xa Hifdng Xuan, huyen Hifdng Tra, tinh ThCfa
Thien - Hue. 6ng hoat ddng tren nhieu ITnh vifc : giao due, van hoa, kinh te,
quan sif, vSn hoc,... va tren ITnh vifc nao cung de lai da'u an khdng md.
Nim 1843, khi mUdi tam tudi. Ding Huy TrCf do ci^ nhan. Song trong khoa
thi An khoa*^' nim 1848, mSc dij da do tien sT, xdp thif bay nhifng vi pham

huy* dng da bj danh trifdt va bj tifdc ludn ca hpc vj cCf nhan. Du vay, DSng
Huy Trur vin khdng nan Idng.
La ngifdi dit nen mdng cho tif tifdng canh tan. Ding Huy Trfl hoat ddng
chinh tri - xa hdi v i v i n hoa khdng biet met mdi. Noi gifdng dng, sau niy
Nguyin Trifdng To, Nguydn Ld Trach,... dang thif dieu tran va ra sufc van
ddng nham ddi mdi da't nifdc. Dang tide rang tu. tudng tan tidn cCia cac dng
khdng difpc nha vua bay gid de y.
Ding Huy Truf sang tac rat nhieu. 6ng da de lai khoang mdt ngin hai trim
bai thd v i nhieu t i c phim khac nhif Viet sCf thanh huan dien Nom, Sach hgc
vS'n tan, Dong nam tan mi luc,... v i mdt sd ghi chep tan man khac.
Nim 1867, trong luc bj d'm khi dang cdng can d Quang Ddng (Tmng Qudc)
Ding Huy Tnjf nhd tdi que nha, hoi tudng ve ngudi cha dang kinh cCia minh va vidt
ndn Dang Dich Trai ngon hanh luc. Day la tac pham Wkha dpc dao cCia dng.

(1) Ddng Dich Trai ngdn hdnh luc : ghi chep vi ldi ndi va viSc lam cua Dang Dich Trai. Dich Trai
Id itn hieu ciia Ddng Van Trpng, thdn phu Dang Huy Tni.
(2) An khoa : Thdi Nguyin, ngoai khoa thi chinh thiic cd dinh ki, gap nhiing ngay le ldn, nha vua
thudng md thfim ki thi, cung ldy dd nhu ki thi chfnh thiic, gpi la An khoa.
(3) Pham huy : pham nhihig diiu c&n khi vie't bai thi. Xem them chu thfch (2) va (3) trang 14.

11


Miia thu nam Quy Mao , tdi theo cha cung ngUcri anh con bac tnl&ng Id Dang Huy
S din trudng Phu Xudn^^^ di thi.
Chiiu hdm trudc ngay yIt bang cdng bd' k i t qua, tdi di xem hat d phu An Phong,
Hdng Bao.
D i n khi xudng danh, ngUdi ddu tidn dugc goi la Ld Vinh Khanh ; ngUdi thfl hai la
NguySn Dang Hanh. Xudng d i n ngudi thfl ba, tilng loa n o i :
C3")

- Ngudi xa Bac Vong ...
Tilng loa chUa dflt thi si tfl da kdu ldn :
- Tien sinh ho Dang dd rdi. Ngudi nhu thi, dd nhu t h i la hgp vdi dilu trdng mong
cua moi chiing ta. Chiing ta may ma dugc xip bdn dudi tidn sinh ciing la phuc r6i.
Khoa nay, ngoai ba ngudi ho Dang nha tdi di thi, trong xa cd Dang Van Minh d
giap^ ^ Ddng, Truong Van Nguydn va Ld Van H6i d gidp Tdy.
Cha tdi daiig tfl td'n cam ta moi ngudi thi tilng loa chgt xudng d i n tdn t d i :
- Dang Huy Trfl...
Moi ngudi ngac nhidn :
- La nhi ! Cha khdng dd ma con lai dd. Do s l mdnh chang ? [...]
Lai ndi, Idii xudng danh thi tdi cdn duong d chd xem hat, y dinh la d l din tdi se di coi
bang tu tai xem cd tdn minh hay khdng. Quan chdrn thi luc dd khdng thdy tdi ldn linh mii
do phai sai quan vd cuoi voi tmyIn loa goi. Cac em nhd vdi chay bao tdi mau vl. V l din noi
thi thdy cha tdi da chudn bi bdn ngudi ban va giao cho anh Trdn HuyIn Phu, con cd thfl hai
dua tdi vao trudng thi. [...]
Tdi bai Knh mii ao trd ra. Si tfl bay tinh di xem bang luc dy thdy cha tdi dua vdo cdy
• xoai, nudc mat udt ao. Moi ngudi ldy lam la h d i :
- Con dd cao la vide dang mflng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ?
Cha tdi n d i :
- Cd gi dang vui ddu. Dd dat cao la d l danh cho ngudi cd phuc dflc. Con tdi tiiih tinh
chua gia dan, chua cd dflc nghidp gi. Luc ddu ngM cho han di thi, chang qua la mud'n cho

(1) Ndm Quy Mao: 6 ddy la nam 1843.
(2) Tru&ng Phu Xudn : trudng thi d Hud luc bdy gid.
(3) Gia dinh Dang Huy Tni vdn d Thaidi Luong, khi di thi dng lai ddng ki qud 6 Bdc Vpng.
(4) Hg Ddng: mpi ngudi tudng la Dang Van Trpng.
(5) Gidp : don vi hanh chfnh thdi xua, nhd hon thdn.
(6) Tii tdi: hpc vi dudi cfl nhdn. Dang Huy Trii khidm tdn, f ndi rang minh chi ddng dd tu tdi thdi.

12


han quen vdi tilng trdng trudng thi md thdi, may ma dd dugc tu tai thi d nha day tre ciing
dii milng com manh do, chang may nfla thi ciing khdi phai di phu phen, binh dich , ddu
ddm cd tham vong dugc du yin vua ban. Nao ngd, mdi mdt ldn di thi lai trung thfl ba. Dd
la do trilu dinh nudi dudng, td tdng tich dflc, gia dinh giao due ma dugc thi. Chi sg rdi lai
kidu cang, tu man, Ich ngdi day gilng coi trdi bang vung, phuc dau chang thdy, hoa da
san chd. Cd nhdn da n d i : "Thilu nidn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da \"^^\ Thuyin nhd kham
sao ndi trong tai ldn ! Tdi lo lang la vi thi. Nhin ldn, tdi ddi on tac thanh cua thidn tfl, lai
cam kich cdng vun trdng cua td tidn, chi sg con tdi khdng bao dap dugc ngMa nang on
day ndn khdng cdm ndi nudc mat.
Ndi rdi, nudc mat vdn fla ra, ban be khuydn giai mdi thdi. Moi ngudi lai n d i :
- Cha nhu thi, con nhu t h i du ro nin nip giao due cua gia dinh. "Bi sac tu phong"
vdn Id dao trdi vdy.

,

Rdi v6 vai tdi vd n d i :
- Vi tdn khoa hay cd' gang cho thdn phu khoi lo.
*
*

*

Khoa tM H6i mua xudn nam Dinh Miii nhdn tfl tudn dai khanh cua dflc Hiln
td Chuong Hodng d l Thidu Tri, vua cho md An khoa. Tdi di tM. D l tM kinh ngMa do
cMnh vua ra. Ca hai vi Gidp, At khdng mdt tM sinh ndo lam dugc du cdc de, tdi ldm
du va dugc bdy phdn. Cdn bdi van ddi sach thi khdng sat d l ldm. Cac quan chdm tM la
Phan Thanh Gian, TrUOng Qud'c Dung dem quyln tM ddng vua, vua xem lai vd ndi :

"Khdng nd vi mdt d vlt md bd" va cho tdi dd. Tdi dugc xip thfl bay. Khoa dy d l tM rdt khd.

(1) Thdi xua, ai dd tfit tii tdi trd ldn thi dupc miin di linh, di phu.
(2) Cdu ndy ldy f cua Tnnh Di (1033 -1107) ngudi thdi Bac Tdng : Con ngudi cd ba diiu bdt hanh:
tudi tr6 md dd dat cao la diiu bdt hanh thii nhdt; dua vao uy thi ciia cha anh di dupc quan cao
Idc hdu Id diiu bdt hanh thii hai; cd tdi cao, gidi van chuang Id diiu bdt hanh thii ba.
(3) Bi sdc tu phong: mat ndy hon Hu mat kia kem di. Ddy la quan nidm ciia ngudi xua, hon cdi nay
thi kim cdi khdc, dupc cdi ndy thi mdt cai kia,...
(4) Thi Hdi: khoa thi do triiu dinh td chiic, thudng ba nam md mdt ldn, thf sinh phai dd thi Huong
mdi dupc du. Ngudi dd ki thi Hdi dupc hpc vi tiin si.
(5) Ndm Dinh Miii: 6 ddy Id nam 1847.
(6) Tit tudn dgi khanh : ngdy milng vua bdn muoi tu6i.
(7) Ngdy xua, tmdng thi thudng chia thdnh ttog Id, gpi Id VJ ddnh thii tu Gidp, At, Bmh,... cho ndn
d ddy Gidp Id mdt. At Id hai.
(8) Phan Thanh Gian (1796 - 1867), ngudi Bin Tre, dd tiin sT nam 1826 ; Truong Qudc Dung
(1797 -1864), ngudi Hd TMi, dd tiin si nam 1829. Hai dng diu lam giam khdo khoa thi nam 1847.

13


Trong cMnh bang*^^-* tam ngudi dd cM cd mdt minh Nguyin Van Hiln, ngUdi Mi Chdnh,
huydn Phong Diln, trung ca tam trudng, dd Hdi nguydn, cdn d i u cM dat nhi trudng. Tdi
vi lam dugc ca sdu de kinh ngMa, dat dilm sd cao ndn dugc xip trdn Nguyin Dflc Tu,
ngudi An Thu, Quang Tri.
Tin tdi tM Hdi dd bao vl. Cha tdi lai rdt nudc mat vd n d i :
- Bdc d6 dai khoa at phai la ngudi phuc phdn ldn. Con tdi dflc dd ra sao ma dugc nhu
vdy, cM lam cho tdi thdm lo ldng.
Vdo tM Dinh, d l ciing do vua ra. Lam din doan ca nggi cdng dflc, tdi diing hai chS
phong dd", khdng nhd "phong dd" la ddng dm vdi "phong dd dia phu". D i n bai van sach,
doan ndi vl 'co dai lam hai lua nOn" tdi dung bdn chfl "nha midu cM hai" , khdng d l y

rang "nha midu" la ddng dm vdi "Gia Midu", md Gia Midu la qud huong cua nha vua
(Juan gidm khao la Ha Duy PMdn, ngudi Hoang Dao, Thanh Hoa, la Hidp bidn dai
hoc Sl tdu ldn vua, tdi liin bi trudt tiln si va each ca bang cfl nhdn khoa trudc, chd khoa
sau cho tM lai.
Ki tM Dinh nam dy vao ngay 26 thdng 4. Dung hdm dd, tfl cudi nha bdn trai didn C:dn
Chanh bdo tin dfl : bdc ngu y Dang Van Chvcc^"^^ mdt [...]. Tdi tM vfla bi danh hdng trong
ki tM Dinh [...]. C^ nha lai cang budn cho tdi. Ridng cha tdi cho rang vide tdi bi trudt ca
tien si va cfl nhdn nhu khdng cd chuydn gi ddng k l , cM thd ddi vd n d i :
- Nay chat chdn tay tdi, roc thit xuong tdi cung dugc, tdi cM thuong anh tdi thdi! Cdiig
vide cua Trfl khdng dang kl. KM ngudi ta ddy du lam tM trdi gat bdt di cho bdng. Gia dinh
ta cue ki thinh man rdi, vide Trfl gap phai nhu vdy la phuc cho nha ta ma ciing la cdi may
ldn cho ban thdn Trfl. Song, sau con s&n set, mUa mdc lai cd thi tudi nhudn. Trfl nlu cd
gang chiu khd hpc vin cdn nMlu M vong. Ridng anh cua ta ra di la ra di mai mai. Tfl nay vl
sau cd mudn chum ddu vao nhau ma han huydn cung khdng thi nao dugc nfta rdi.
Mdy ngay sau, vide tang bdc tdi hoi thu, cha tdi mdi khuydn nhu t d i :
- Da vao tM Dinh tM khdng cdn danh trugt nfla, tfl ddi Ld d i n nay nhu t h i da ldu md
nay con lai bi ddnh trugt. Nhung thdi. Nhdn vide sai ldm tdi ldi cua con, Tao qudn tdu ldn
TMdn tao. Am ti tM hanh Idnh phat, tude ca khoa danh cua con la de ren luydn cho con
ndn ngudi. Con khdng dugc vi t h i ma thodi cM. Ong Pham Van Huy d TMdn Lde, dng
Mai Anh Tudn d Thanh Hod trudc ddy cung da tflng bi each cfl nhdn. V l sau, mdt ngUdi

(1) Thdi Nguyin, ngudi ta chia tiin si lam hai bang : chihh bang vd phd bang. Chi nhiing ai dd chinh
bdng mdi dupc khac tdn vao bia Van Miiu d Hui, dd phd hdng thi khdng dupc nhu vdy.
(2) Nha mieu chi hai: cai lam hai lua non.
(3) Gia Mieu : que cua cac vua triiu Nguyin ; bdi vdy cdu 'nha midu chi hai" cd thi hiiu Id "cdi
lam hai ciia Gia Mieu".
(4) Ddng Vdn ChUc: anh Dang Van Trpng, bac mdt ciia Ddng Huy Tni.

14

dd hoang gidp, mdt nguci dd tham hoa. Budi sang mdt, budi cMlu lai thu vl, han la sau
kM bi cdch, cac dng dy da nd luc tu tinh, cho ndn da sdy chdn nga ma lai dflng ldn dugc.
Tdi hoc, phdm hanh cua con cdn kem cae dng dy mudn ldn. Ngudi ta ai chang cd luc mdc
sai ldm, quy la d chd bilt sfla chfla.
(Theo ban dich cua nhdm TRA LINH, trong sach
Vdn xudi tu suViet Nam th&i trung dgi, tdp hai: Ki,
NXB Giao due, 2001)

HUdNG DAN

DOC THEM

1. Doan trich cd mdy su kidn cMnh ? Hay tdm tat ndi dung tiing su kidn.
2. Phdn tfch ldi dap cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl kM mpi ngudi hdi: "Con d6 cao la vide
dang miitng, sao cu lai khdc nhu gap vide chang lanh vdy ?" Theo anh (chi), cdu
"TMlu mdn dang khoa nhdt bdt hanh da" ddi vdi ngay nay dung hay sai ? Vi sao ?
3. Hay cM ra trnh trilt li trong ldi ndi cua Dang Dich Trai trudc vide con trai bi danh trugt
tiln si va bi tude ca hoc vi cfl nhdn.
4. Trilt ll vl vide dd - trugt trong thi cfl cua thdn phu Dang Huy Trfl ggi cho anh (chi)
suy nghi gi vl vide thi cfl cua ban thdn ?
5. Ndu y nghia doan kit : "6ng Pham Van Huy d Thidn Lde... quy la d chd bilt
sfla chfla"

TRI THLfC OOC - HIEU
T^ thuat
Bii Cha tdi thuoc loai van tu thuat. Tu thuat i i mot trong nhifng thd t i i cOa kf. 6 Viet Nam thdi
trung dai, ki chi thifc sif ra ddi tCf thd ki XVIII khi ngifdi cam but ^ thflc v i tif khang djnh difdc cai tdi
c i nhan eua minh.
Kf tif thuat thifdng difdc dung de kd lai cudc ddi, nhifng ki nidm, nhflng sif kidn Idn t i c ddng

ddn t i m tif, tinh cam, nhin thufc xa hoi cua ban thin ngifdi cam but v i ngi/di cam but thifdng
dung dai tfl ngdi thfl nhdt dd xifng hd trong t i c pham. Mdt ydu cau nghidm nhat difdng nhif bat
budc ddi vdi t i e gia ki tif thuat trung dai l i ti'nh trung thifc, khdng hif cdu. Bdi vay ta khdng
ngac nhidn khi thdy Ding Djch Trai ndi : "Thid'u nidn dang khoa nhat bat hanh da", nhifng khi
bidt tin Ding Huy Trfl bj trui't ca tidn sT v i cfl nhin, dng lai thd d i i v i khuyen nhij con : "Da
v i o thi Dinh thi khdng cdn dinh trifdt nfla, tfl ddi Ld ddn nay nhif thd da lau m i nay con lai bj
dinh trifpt. Nhifng thdi" R5 ring Ding Djch Trai chi t i n thinh vide tridu dinh dinh trifdt hpc vj
tidn sT cCia D i n g Huy Trfl nhUng khdng h i i Idng ve vide tridu dinh trudt ea hpc vj eCf nhin ciia
con dng.

15


NGON NGlT CHUNG
VA LCII NOI CA NHAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

Hieu dugc cdc khdi niem ngdn ngii chung vd ldi ndi cd nhdn:
Cd y thiic hgc ngdn ngit chung vd trau doi ldi ndi cd nhdn.

I - NGON

NGCCHUNG

Ngdn ngfl chung la ngdn ngfl dugc mdt cdng ddng xa hdi sfl dung thdng nhdt
dl giao tiep. Vdi ngudi Viet, ngdn ngfl chung la tieng Viet, "thfl cua cai vd cung
lau ddi va vd cung quy bau cua ddn tdc" (Hd C!hi Minh).
Ngdn ngfl chung bao gdm he thdng cac dan vi, cac quy tdc, cac chudn muc
xac dinh ve ngfl dm - chu vilt, tfl vitng va ngu phap. Vl nguydn tac, moi thanh
vidn cua ddn tdc, cua cdng ddng phai cd vd'n hiiu bilt tuong tir nhau vl ngdn ngfl

chung ; cd nhu vdy, viec dung ngdn ngfl chung di giao til'p mdi dugc diln ra thudn
Igi, thdng sUd't.
Mud'n cd vd'n hieu bilt vl ngdn ngfl chung, nhdt thiet phai thudng xuyIn hoc
hdi. Cd hai each hgc hdi chu yeu : mgt la hgc qua giao tilp tu nhidn, hang ngay ; hai
la hgc qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi.
Qua giao tiep tir nhidn, hdng ngay con ngudi hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo
kenh ldi. Dd la ngdn ngfl chung tdn tai d dang mdt bien thi dia phuong cu thi.
Vd'n hiiu biet tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay thudng cd tinh chd't kinh nghidm ;
cung vdi vd'n hiiu bie't d'y la stl hinh thanh va phat trien hai ki nang quan trgng :
ndi va nghe.
Qua nha trudng, sach vd, bao chi,... con ngudi hgc ngdn ngu chung tdn tai
vdi tu each ngdn ngfl van hoa. Vdi ngdn ngfl van hoa, hgc theo kdnh ldi (qua ldi
giang d ldp, qua ldi phat bilu d cac hdi nghi, hdi thao, diln thuylt,...) vdn rd't
cdn thiet. Tuy nhien, cdn tha'y rang hgc ngdn ngfl chung theo kdnh chfl cd vai
trd circ ki quan trgng. Hon nfla, vdi kdnh chu, cdn cd nhiing bai hgc ridng,
nghiem cdn ve ngdn ngfl chung (cac bai Tilng Vidt trong sach giao khoa NgU
vdn). Vd'n hieu bilt tich luy dugc nhd each hgc nay rd't phong phu, da dang va
16


thudng cd tinh chdt khoa hgc ; cflng vdi vd'n hiiu bilt d'y la su hoan thidn hai Id
nang ndi va nghe, ddc bidt la su hinh thdnh phdt triln va hodn thien hai Id ndng
quan trgng khdc : viei va dgc.
Tdm lai, phai bilt hgc hdi sudt ddi d l cd kiln thflc ddy du vl ngdn ngfl chung,
d l hoan thiSn cdc ki nang sfl dung ngdn ngfl, nhd't la ki ndng viei vd ndi - hai ki
nang cd vai trd quylt dinh dd'i vdi vifc tao ldp ldi ndi ca nhdn.
n - LCJl N O I C A N H A N
Mdi ngudi diu vdn dung ngdn ngfl chung tao ldp n6n cac vdn ban vilt va ndi
dung d l giao tilp. Nhiing vdn ban vilt vd ndi dd la ldi ndi cd nhdn. Nhu vdy, ldi
ndi cd nhdn la san phdm cua mdi ngudi khi sfl dung ngdn ngfl chung lam cdng cu

giao tilp trong tinh hud'ng cu thi. Do dd, mdi vdn ban ndi vd vilt thudng mang ddu
dn cd nhdn cua ngudi tao ldp nen nhu thdi quen ca nhdn trong phat dm, dung tfl,
diln dat. Trong van chuang nghd thudt, ddu d'n cd nhdn d'y dugc trau chudt thdnh
ldi ndi cd phong cdch nghd thudt. Nha vdn Td Hoai giai bay : "Tfl luc mdi cdm but
vilt mdt cdu, mudn dinh cho nd la lam mdt viec nghd thudt, thi trong con ngudi
minh da phai trai hai ldn nghi. Mdt ldn nghT ra cdi y d'y, mdt ldn nam ld'y cai y d'y
ma tim chfl nghia de ddt but xud'ng. Trong sdng tao nghd thudt, ta phai vugt hai ldn
sang tao. Luc ddu khdng md'y ai cd y thflc d'y. Nhung ddn ddn v l sau, vilt cang
quen, thi ca thdi quen ldn luong tdm ngdi but minh da tim ra cdi ldn sdng tao thfl
hai. Tfl khi bid't nhu t h i thi vide tim chfl nghia dd'i vdi tdi trd thanh mdt cai ham
md kich thich, trd thdnh nhiing cdi khd, cdi khd, cai sg. C!dm but vid't khdng luc
nao khdng lo. Mdt chfl phai la mdt hat nggc trdn trang ban thao, phai la hat nggc
mdi nhdt, cua minh tim dugc, do phong each vdn chuang minh ma cd dugc. Trang
sdch ma khdng cd nggc, trang ban thao khdng cd chfl thdn, khdng cd tinh hoa thi
cdi hdn tac phdm, tfl tu tudng dd'n nhdn vdt, tdt ca bao nhidu udc vgng, khdt khao ta
gfli gam vdo sdng tac bid't ld'y gi ma sdng dugc. Khdng cd chfl nudi nd, nd trdng
rdng rdi chit heo di. NghT dd'n sdng tdc ngheo nan, cdi cgc, bao gid cung gidt
minh"^^\ Nhu vdy, thdng qua ldi ndi ca nhdn, nhflng "hat nggc mdi nhd't" d'y gdp
phdn lam phong phu thdm ngdn ngfl chung, thuc ddy ngdn ngfl chung phdt triln.
LUYEN TAP
1. Hay cho bid't vi sao phai dl ra ydu cdu hgc ndi trong cdu tuc ngfl Hgc dn hgc
ndi hgc gdi hgc md. Theo anh (chi), ndi dung hgc ndi bao gdm nhung gi ?

(1) Giit gin su trong sdng cua tie'ng Viet, NXB Giao due, 1977.

17
2-NG0VAN11/1(NC)-A


2. Cho bilt y kid'n cua anh (chi) vl ndi dung cua cac cdu tuc ngfl, ca dap

sau ddy :
Chim khdn keu tieng rdnh rang
Ngudi khdn ndi tieng diu ddng di nghe.
NgUdi thanh tieng noi cung thanh
Chudng keu khe ddnh ben vdnh ciing keu.
-

Ddt xdu trong cdy khdng khiu
Nhiing ngudi thd tuc ndi dieu phdm phu.

^

LUYEN TAP PHAN TICH DE, LAP DAN Y
CHO BAI VAN NGHI LUAN XA HOI
KET QUA CAN DAT
• Biet phdn tich mdt devdn nghi ludn xahdi.
• Biet tim-yvd lap ddn y cho bdi van nghi ludn xdhdi.
Cho cdc dl vdn sau :
De 1. Trdi dd't se ra sao nd'u thid'u di mau xanh cua nhiing canh rtmg ?
De 2. C!ac Mac ndi: "Mgi tilt kilm, suy cho cung la tilt kidm thdi gian". Anh
(chi) hay giai thich vd lam sdng to cdu ndi trdn.
De 3. Tfl vdn ban Cha tdi cua Ddng Huy Trfl, anh (chi) hay phat bilu quan
nidm cua ban thdn vl vide do - trugt trong thi cfl.
1. Phan tich de
Vdi mdi dl van trdn, anh (chi) hay xac dinh :
- Ndi dung trgng tdm ;
- Cac thao tac ldp ludn chinh ;
- Pham vi tU lidu cdn huy ddng.
18
2-NG0VAN11/1(NC)-B

Anh (chi) cdn dgc kT dl bai, tim nhihig tfl ngfl quan trgng, huy ddng kien
thflc da hgc vl dl van nghi ludn dl xac dinh cac ydu cau ca ban cua mdi de.
Chdng han, vdi Dl 3, tfl ndi dung cua van ban Cha tdi cd thi xac dinh trgng tdm
cdn triln khai: Vdn de dd - trugt trong thi cfl va su thanh dat cua mdt con ngudi.
2.Tlmy
a) Vdi Di 1, sau khi da xdc dinh dugc ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl, ngudi
vid't cdn tim eac y ldn, y nhd cho bai nghi ludn. Vide tim y cd thi dugc thuc
hidn bdng each dat ra cac cdu hdi va vdn dung hiiu bilt cua ban thdn de tra ldi.
Chang han :
- Rflng mang lai cho trdi ddt nhiing gia tri va Igi ich gi ?
- Hidn nay, mau xanh cua rflng dang bi huy hoai, tan pha ra sao ?
- Nguydn nhdn va hdu qua cua thuc trang trdn ?
- Cdn cd nhiing giai phap nao de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ?
- CThung ta cd thi lam gi de gdp phdn gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng ?
Vdi mdi y tim dugc, cd thi ddt tilp cac cdu hdi dl chia tach thdnh y nhd han.
Chdng han : Rflng mang lai cho. trai dd't gia tri va Igi ich gi vl cdc phuang didn
kinh tl, mdi trudng, sflc khoe cdng ddng ?
b) Vdi Dl 2, cd thi dat nhiing cdu hdi nhu sau de tim y :
- Thi nao la tilt kidm ? Tai sao chung ta cdn phai tilt kidm ?
- Ngudi ta thudng tilt kidm nhiing gi trong cudc sdng ?
- Tilt kidm thdi gian la gi ?
HI thd'ng y trdn ddy chua hoan chinh, hay dat tid'p cac cdu hdi de tim them
cac y khac theo ydu edu cua dl.
c) Bang each ddt cdu hdi, hay tim eac y cho Di 3.
3. L$p dan y
a) Sau khi tim y cdn sdp xip cac y theo mdt trinh tu nhdt dinh. Vdi mdi de vdn
cd thi cd nhilu each khac nhau dl xdy dung dan y. Chang han, d Dl 1 cd thi ldp
ddn y nhu sau :

J^dbdiidatwSmdi)
19


Gidi thidu khai quat ndi dung trgng tdm cua dl : vai trd va gia tri cua rflng
trong cudc sdng con ngudi.
Thdn bdi (giai quylt vdh dl)
Phat triln ndi dung trgng tam da ndu b phan md bai:
- Gia tri, Igi ich ldn lao ma rflng mang lai cho con nguoi :
+ La la phoi duy tri su sd'ng trdn trai ddt;
+ Tiem an bao nhidu tai nguydn quy bau ;
+ Dem lai ve dep binh ydn cho cudc sdng.
- Mau xanh ciia riing dang bi de doa :
+ Riing dang bi chay, bi chat pha, khai thac bfla bai;
+ Nguyen nhdn : su bat can va nhdn thflc ndng can, vu Igi cua chinh con ngudi.
- Nhflng giai phap de gin gifl mau xanh cua rflng :
+ Kl hoach ldu dai;
+ Nhflng vide trudc mdt cdn lam.
Ket bdi (kit thuc vdn dl)
Nhiing cam xuc, mong udc cua ban than vl mdt trai ddt mai mai mau xanh.
b) Tfl dan y trdn, anh (chi) hay :
- Bo sung, dieu chinh hoac xdy dung mdt dan y theo each cua minh.
- Lap dan y cho Dl 2 va 3.

20


LE GHET THUONG
(Trich Truyen Luc Vdn Tien)
NGUYEN DINH CHIEU^*^

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu dugc tu tudng ghet hdn qudn, bgo chiia, thuong
ngudi hien tdi ciia tdc gid qua ldi dng Qudn trong
doan trich.
Thdy dugc nghe thudt truyen cdm bdng cdch diing diep
ngit, thdnh ngU, tieu ddi, tii: ldy trong dogn trich.
TIEU DAN
Truyen Luc Van Tien la tac pham Idn ci\a v i n hpc Viet Nam, difpc nhan
dan, die biet la nhan dan Nam Bd yeu chudng. Nguyin Dinh Chieu sang tac
Truy&n Luc Van Tien v i o khoang sau nim 1850, khi dng md trudng day hoc.
Tic pham dupc sang tic tren cd sd cac md ti'p cCia v i n hpc dan gian va truyen
trung dai ke't hdp vdi mdt sd tinh tidt cd that trong cudc ddi tic gid. Truydn
dupc luu truyen sau rdng va cd nhieu dj ban.
^
Truydn ke ve Luc V i n Tien, mdt chang trai vin vd song toan, tren dudng
di thi da danh tan bpn cudp, c l ^ Kieu Nguyet Nga. Nguyet Nga nguyen lay
ching de trd nghTa. Cung tren dudng di thi dUpc tin me chet, chang phai ve
chju tang v i thUdng khdc me den mu hai mat. Chang bj Trjnh Ham ghen tai,
Ifla ddy xud'ng sdng roi bj cha con Vd The Loan trd m i t : trudc kia hfla ga con
gai cho, sau tha'y Luc Van Tien bj mij thi bdi Udc, bo chang trong hang nui.
Nhung chang dupc ngudi td't v i than cflu, cud'i cung mat chang sang ra, thi dd
Trang nguyen, dupc cfl di danh giic 6 Qua, cljfu nudc.
Nguyet Nga chung thu^ vdi Van Tien nhifng bj Thai sU bat di cdng cho
giic. Ning khdng chju, nhay xud'ng sdng tif tfl, nhifng dUpc cijfu sdng. Sau dd,
ning bj cha con Bui Kidm ep duyen, phai bo trd'n. Cud'i cijng. Van Tien thang
trin trd ve gip lai Nguyet Nga, cung ning kdt duyen vp chdng.
Doan trfch Le ghet thuang (tfl cau 473 de'n 504) ndi ve cudc trd chuyen
gifla nhan vat dng Quin va mi'y nho sT tre tudi. Do la luc Van Tien ciJng ban
vuong Tfl Trifc di thi, vao quan trp gip Trjnh Ham va Biji Kiem cung la sT tfl.

(*) V6 cudc ddi vd su nghidp van hpc cda Nguydn Dinh Chiiu, xem bai Nguyin Dinh Chieu a trang 35.

21


Trjnh Him de nghj bdn ngUdi lam thd, so t i i cao thap. Trjnh Ham, BCii Kidm
thua t i i lai nghi Lue Van Tidn v i VUdng Tfl Trifc gian lan. 6ng Quin nhan do
mdi bin ve Id ghet thUdng cl ddi .
*
*

1.

5.

10.

15.

*

Qudn rdng : "Kinh siif^^ dd titng,
Coi roi lai khien long hdng xdt xa.
Hdi thdi ta phdi ndi ra,
Vi chung hay ghet cung Id hay thuang".
Tien rdng : "Trong due chua tudng,
Chdng hay thucfng ghet, ghet thuang le ndo ?".
Qudn rdng : "Ghet viec tdm phdo^ ',
Ghet cay, ghet ddng, ghet vdo tdn tdm.

Ghet ddi Kiet, Tru me ddnv ',
De ddn den ndi sa hdm sdy hang.
GhjetddiU,Le}''^ dadoarP,
Khien ddn ludng chiu ldm than mudn phdn.
Ghet ddi NgU bd^ phdn vdn ,
Chuong be ddi trd ldm ddn nhgc nhdn.
Ghet ddi thiic quy ^ phdn bang' ',
Sdm ddu tdi ddnh ldng nhdng^ rdi ddn.

(*) 6 phdn Van hoc, di tidn theo doi, ngudi bidn soan thudng danh sd thfl tu ddng tho hoac chia
doan van ban.
iX) Kinh sic: sach kinh va sach sfl ciia nho gia.
(2) Viec tdm phdo : vide vd v&i. Trong bSi cd nghia la vide xang bay cd hai cho dan.
(3) Kiet, Tru me ddm: vua Kidt cudi ddi nha Ha, vua Tru cudi ddi nhji Thuong. Hai vua tan ac, hoang
dam, bi nhan dan oan ghet ma mat ngdi.
(4) U, Le: U Vuong va Ld Vuong ddi nha Chu lam nhidu vide bao ngupc.
(5) Da doan: lam chuydn ldi thdi.
(6) Ngii bd : nam vua chu hdu thdi Xuan thu ddi nha Chu. Cac vua ndy y th6 nudc 16n, mudn
xung ba ndn keo be keo canh, xlii nudc n^y danh nudc kia, khdng chd, 1 ^ dt nh^ Chu, gay
chidn tranh hai dan.
(7) Phdn vdn: d day y ndi ldn xdn, rdi loan (khac vdi tfl "phan van" trong tidng Vidt hidn dai).
(8) Thiic quy: ddi suy loan cudi nha Dudng, chidn tranh lidn midn, nhan dan rdt khid.
(9) Phdn bdng: chia lia dd nat.
(10) Ddu: ddu hang.
(11) Ldng nhdng: y ndi tinh thd rdi bdi, kdo ddi; gd khdng ra.

22


Thuang Id thuang dUc thdnh nhdrv \

Khi ncd Tdng, Ve luc Trdn, luc Khudng' .
Thuang thdy Nhan Tvr dd dang,
20.

Ba muai mdt tuoi, tdch ddng cdng danh.
Thucmg dng Gia Cdt
Gap can Hdn mgt

tdi Idnh,

dd ddnh phui pha .

Thuang thdy Ddng Tu

cao xa,

Chi thdi cd chi, ngdi md khdng ngdi.
25.

Thuang ngudi NguyenLugng

ngUi ngUi,

Ld be giup nudc Igi lui ve cdy.
Thucfng dng Hdn Dii: chdng may,
Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi day di xa.
Thuang thdy Liem, Lgc

dd ra.

(1), (2) Dice thdnh nhdn : chi Khdng Tfl, ngudi nudc Ld, sdng d thdi Xuan thu, tifng di cic nudc
Tdng, Vd, Trdn,... lim each thuc hidn dao ciia minh ma khdng dupc. Khudng Ik tdn dp, noi dng
da tflng bi vay ham.
(3) Nhan Tic: Nhan Hdi, tdn tu Ik Tfl Uydn, hpc trd dflc hanh nhdt cua Khdng Tfl, mdt khi mdi ba
muci mdt tudi.
(4) Gia Cdt: Gia Cdt Lupng, tdn tu Ik Khdng Minh, ngudi ndi tidng muu lupc. Ong mdt ldng
giiip Luu Bi khdi phuc co nghidp nha Hdn, lihung ddn khi chdt (nam muoi tu tudi), su nghidp
vdn chua hodn thanh.
(5) Hdn mgt: thdi nha Hdn suy vi, tfle vdo khoang thdi Tam qudc phan tranh. Can Hdn mgt cdn cd
nghia la luc van nhd Hdn da hdt.
(6) Phui pha : \i6ng phi.
(7) DSng Tic: Ddng Trpng Thu, nhd nho ndi tidng thdi Han, tai cao hpc rdng, dupc tdn lam "Dai
su" mdt thdi. Ong tiing lam Giang Dd tudng thdi Han Vu Dd, dd xudt nhidu kd sach cho nha
vua, nhung bi bat giam, suyt bi gidt hai, sau dupc xa tdi. Ong lai lam Td tudng cho vua Lidu
Tay, sau sp tai hoa, cdo bdnh vd nha, vi thd ma ndi "ngdi ma khdng ngdi".
(8) Nguyen Luang : tdn tu ciia Dao Tidm (cdn cd tdn la Uydn Minh). Ong la nha van thdi Tah, tinh
thanh cao, hpc rdng, tho van l6i lac. Dang lam quan, vi khdng chiu quy luy quan trdn, dng bd vd
nha, tu ldm rudng dd sdng.
(9) Hdn Du : nhd van ndi tidng thdi Dudng, vi dang bidu khuydn vua Dudng ditng tin dao Phat ma
bi gidng chflc va ddy di xa.
(10) Liem, Lgc : Liem, tfle "Lidm Khd tidn sinh" (ngudi dung nha hoc "Lidm Khd fliu dudng") tdn
Id Chu Ddn Di. Lgc, chi hai anh em Tnnh Hao, Trinh Di, qud 6 Lac Duong. Ca ba ddu la tridt
gia ndi tidng thdi Tdng, cd ra lam quan, nhung do quan didm bao thu, khdng dupc vua \k phdi
"Tan ddng" tin diing, ndn lai ud vd day hpc.

23