Tài liệu Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT part 16 docx

Integrated Essay - 139
After listening to the lecture, read the prompt.









TASK: You have 20 minutes to write your response.






Directions: Read the following passage. You have 3 minutes.

Now listen to a lecture on the same topic.


Organic food is very trendy these days. Everywhere you go, people are
jumping on the organic bandwagon. I used to be organic. I did. But I kicked
the habit. Believe me, I’d bought all the arguments, like the one that says
that organic food is priced the same as non organic. Right. Let me give you
an example of just how wrong that argument is. At my local grocery store,
a small box of organic strawberries costs four dollars. Four dollars for

maybe twelve strawberries! I can buy twice that many non organic
strawberries for half that price. The fact is organic fruits and vegetables are
a good forty to fifty percent more expensive than non organic. Imagine
trying to feed a family of four at those prices. You’d have to take out a bank
loan every time you went shopping.
Another thing about organic is that it’s not always easy to get. At my
local grocery store, I can buy organic fruit and vegetables no problem, but
not organic rice or grains like barley and wheat. If I want organic rice, I
have to drive ten miles across town through heavy traffic to a health food
store that doesn’t take credit cards. Then I have drive all the way back
home. All that for five pounds of rice. Believe me, it’s easier just to grab a
bag of good old non organic rice at my local grocery store.
And what about taste? Does my family even know the difference
between organic and non organic? No. A good example is organic milk. I
used to buy it all the time but I stopped because it was more expensive
than non organic. Did my husband and kids miss the organic milk? Did they
suddenly notice a taste change from organic to non organic milk? Not at all.
Food for thought next time you wander through the organic section of your
local grocery store.

Task #4

CD
Track
#7


Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show how they cast
doubt on the points made in the reading.

140 - Integrated Essay
y

After listening to the lecture, read the prompt.







TASK: You have 20 minutes to write your response.






Directions: Read the following passage. You have 3 minutes.

Now listen to a lecture on the same topic.


Let me cut to the chase. We need to fund a new era in space
exploration for the benefit of science and for all mankind.

For starters, history has shown that there is no better way to develop
new technology than by exploring space. All you need to do is look around
to realize the benefits that have come from exploring space: TV satellite
dishes, medical imaging, edible toothpaste, smoke detectors, ski boots,
invisible braces and joystick controllers. And that’s just the start. That
computer you are using? Why is it so small? Because in the early days of
space exploration, miniaturization was priority number one. Smaller meant
less weight which meant less fuel needed to launch rockets into space. As
you can see, space exploration has inspired great minds to develop new
ideas not only for space but for the benefit of all mankind.
Another benefit would be the boom in space travel. With the space
shuttle making regular flights into earth orbit, there’s no reason why private
companies can’t do the same. Yes, it’s expensive now but in the near
future, with more companies coming online, costs will come down
substantially. Imagine vacationing on the moon. You could visit all the
original Apollo landing sites and watch earth rise and earth set.
Honeymooners will love it.
The most pressing reason for why we should explore space is to
discover who is really out there. If you are like me, you have no doubt that
life exists on other planets. The only question is on which planets. A space
program dedicated to searching out new life forms would go a long way in
solving the mystery. Think of the benefits of encountering a new species of
being. We would benefit from their science and, more importantly, finally
prove that we are not alone after all.



Task #5

CD

Track
#8


Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show how they cast
doubt on the points made in the reading.




Integrated Essay - 141
After listening to the lecture, read the prompt.








TASK: You have 20 minutes to write your response.





On test day, expect to write an argument counter-argument essay. However, you
must be prepared to write a show-support integrated essay. A show-support
integrated essay is a fact-based argument. Look at the following show-support
prompt.

For this task, you must:

 take notes as you read and listen;
 summarize the main points in the reading and in the lecture;
 synthesize the main points in the reading and in the lecture;
 paraphrase the main points in the reading and in the lecture;
 demonstrate how the lecture adds to and supports the reading.






Understanding the testing method ETS uses for this task is the first step in writing
a coherent, show-support integrated essay. Start by reading the passage on the
next page. You have 3 minutes.

Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show
how they add to and support the information in the
reading.




Show-Support Essay

ETS’s Testing Method



Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show how they cast
doubt on the points made in the reading.




142 - Integrated Essay
y

Notice how the reading is a general introduction to animal behavior. Note also that
there is no opinion; however, there is a premise in the first (topic) sentence:
“Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is active.”
The premise is a general fact. It is also the main topic of the reading.

Now read as you listen to a lecture on the same topic. As you read listen, look for
supporting illustrations (3TiC).

Good afternoon. In this lecture, we’ll focus on a common
nocturnal animal, the bat. There are two types of bat: micro
bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats. Let’s
start with mega bats. Size wise, mega bats are from two to
sixteen inches in length. Mega bats have extremely sensitive
sight and smell. This helps them locate the flowers and fruit
upon which they feed. It is while eating that mega bats play a
important role in the distribution of plants. Like bees, mega
bats serve as pollinators. When they lick nectar or eat flowers,
their bodies become covered in pollen which they, in turn, carry
to other trees and plants thereby acting as pollinators. In fact,
many of the fruits and vegetables on our tables, such as
bananas and peaches, would not be there if mega bats did not
pollinate plants and trees.

(continued on the next page)

Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day
an animal is active. Animals, such as horses, elephants and
most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active
during the day and rest at night. Humans by far are the largest
segment of this group. The majority of us work during the day
and sleep at night. Those animals that are active at dawn and
dusk are said to be crepuscular. Beetles, skunks and rabbits
fall into this category. The third group are those animals that
sleep during the day and are active at night. They are called
nocturnal. A good example is the bat. Bats have highly
developed eyesight and hearing, and an excellent sense of
smell. This helps them avoid predators and locate food. Being
nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the
day, especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well
over one hundred degrees. Also, because it is cooler at night,
bats and other nocturnal animals use less energy. This, in turn,
means they retain more body water essential for survival.

CD
Track
#9
Integrated Essay - 143

In the lecture, two examples of a nocturnal animal are developed: mega bats and
micro bats. These examples “add to and support” (develop) the premise in the
reading: “Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is
active.”

Mapped out, you can see how the reading and the lecture are organized. Notice
that the premise in the sample reading introduces a general description of animal
classification.


G = premise = general

TiC = example = specific
TiC = example = specific add to + support
C = conclusion = general

Are there always two lecture examples (2TiC) to add and support the reading?

No. Sometimes there is one well-developed example (1TiC). Sometimes there
are two examples (2TiC). Sometimes there are three (3TiC). Be prepared for
three examples.


The lecture examples (specific) always “add to and support” the
reading (general).

add to + support




Next are micro bats. As the name implies, micro bats are quite
small, about the size of a mouse. To find food, micro bats use
echolocation, high frequency sounds they bounce off insects.
The most common micro bat is the vesper or evening bat. Like
mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the
environment. The average vesper bat, for example, can eat
one thousand mosquitoes in one night. By doing so, they
control the mosquito population.



reading

lecture

general = reading

specific = lecture

Q

A

Remember!
144 - Integrated Essay
y




When writing a show-support integrated essay, use G+3TiC=C and the six steps to
demonstrate OPDUL=C
in your essay.






Because the reading is a general description of the main topic, summarize it first.
Because the lecture will “add to and support” the reading with specific examples,
use transitions of addition in the lecture.

You will have 3 minutes to read the passage. Read it twice. Read first for a general
understanding. The second time look for signal words that identify the premise.
Remember
: The premise is the main topic.

definition…define…classify…classification…process…historical
figure…historical moment…idea…concept…theory…design…

These signal words will identify the premise, a topic TOEFL will teach you about.

Reading

G

Lecture

Ti First
C

Ti Next
C

Ti Also
C

C


Show Support: Step-by-Step

Make a G+3TiC=C note map; include transitions of
addition.

Step #1
Read the Passage

Integrated Essay - 145

TOEFL realizes that you have probably never heard about the reading topic in
English before. Therefore, TOEFL will teach you about it. TOEFL teaches you by
giving you a premise (main topic) followed by a general description of the premise.
In other words, the reading is both a teaching and a testing tool. To teach you,
TOEFL will define the premise using a definition or a description of a person, place
or thing. The premise might also be defined by a process, a concept, a natural
phenomena, a social or psychological theory, or an historical moment or person.
The premise might also be a classification, as is the sample below.

Because the reading passage is so short, the premise will often be in
the topic (first) sentence.

Read the sample passage. Notice how the premise is stated in the first sentence
and is identified by the signal words “can be classified”.

As you read the passage, summarize it under Reading on your note map. To
summarize means to identify and generally describe the main points. In the
reading, the main points are the premise
and a general description of the premise.







Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of
day an animal is active. Animals, such as horses, elephants
and most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active
during the day and rest at night. Humans by far are the largest
segment of this group. The majority of us work during the day
and sleep at night. Those animals that are active at dawn and
dusk are said to be crepuscular. Beetles, skunks and rabbits
fall into this category. The third group are those animals that
sleep during the day and are active at night. They are called
nocturnal. A good example is the bat. Bats have highly

developed eyesight and hearing, and an excellent sense of
smell. This helps them avoid predators and locate food. Being
nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the
day, especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well
over one hundred degrees. Also, because it is cooler at night,
bats and other nocturnal animals use less energy. This, in turn,
means they retain more body water essential for survival.


TOEFL as Teacher

Remember!
146 - Integrated Essay
y














The reading passage will contain a lot of information. Most of it is
distractor (details that are not important in your summary). Your job

is to identify and summarize the premise. Do not summarize every
sentence. You will waste time. You only have 20 minutes.





When the reading time is up, the passage will leave your screen. It will be replaced
by the lecture. The lecture will be 2-3 minutes long. As you listen to the sample
lecture (CD Track #9), look at the lecture notes below. Note the how each example
of a bat is developed. Note also the cause-and-effect relationship in the concluding
sentence of each body paragraph (C). Note also how the conclusion (C) restates the
task described in the prompt (see the prompt on the next page).

Reading
G reading classifies animal behavior according to time of day

day is diurnal – eat during day, sleep at night, humans
horses, elephants
twilight is crepuscular – active dawn and dusk, beetles,
rabbits, skunks
night is nocturnal – sleep during day, active at night





Lecture

Ti First mega bats, 2 - 16 inches
good eyesight and smell, helps bat find food
food is flowers and fruit
C like bees mega bats pollinate plants/trees peaches,
bananas = good for environment

Ti Next micro bats, very small size of mouse
use echolocation to find food (insects)
C micro bats eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night = good for

controlling mosquitoes

C These examples add to and support the reading

Warning!!

Listen to the lecture.
Step #2

Integrated Essay - 147



When the lecture ends, the reading passage will return to your computer screen.
The prompt will also appear.







When writing a first draft, summarize the reading first, then the lecture. By doing
so, you are using block style as a method of organization.

How long should my show-support integrated essay be?

ETS says: “An effective [integrated essay] would be 150-225 words.”

How many words is the show-support essay above?


212.

The reading classifies animal behavior three ways: diurnal,

crepuscular and nocturnal. Diurnal animals are active during
the day and sleep at night. Crepuscular animals are active at
dawn and dusk. Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest
during the day. An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat.

The lecture develops the example of the bat. First, there are
mega bats or fruit bats. They live in Africa, Asia and Oceania
and eat fruit and flowers which they locate by smell and with
their excellent eyesight. As they eat, seeds from the fruit fall to
the forest floor and new trees grow. This is good for the
environment because new trees replace the old ones. Mega
bats also pollinate. When they eat a flower, their bodies get
covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers. The
lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would have no
peaches or bananas.


Next the lecture talks about micro bats or small bats. Micro
bats use echolocation to find insects to eat. Like mega bats,
micro bats are also good for the environment. In one night, a
micro bat called the vesper bat can eat approximately 1,000
mosquitoes. By doing so, they control the mosquito population.

These examples add to and support the reading.



Read the prompt; write a first draft.
Step #3
Q

A

Q

A


reading

lecture

Prompt Summarize the points made in the lecture and show
how they add to and support the information in the
reading.




148 - Integrated Essay
y





Does this essay demonstrate organization?
This essay has a premise, a body and a conclusion. This demonstrates
block-style organization. Yes
√ No _

Does this essay demonstrate progression?
The writer develops the premised followed by supporting illustrations
in the body. After the body, there is a conclusion stating how the main
points in the lecture “add to and support the reading.” This demonstrates
progression (general-specific). Yes
√ No _

a. Does the introduction demonstrate development-summarization?
The writer identifies and summarizes the premise in the reading with no
points left out. This demonstrates introduction development-
summarization. Yes √ No _

b. Does the body demonstrate development-summarization?
The writer identifies and summarizes the supporting illustrations in the
lecture with no points left out. This demonstrates body development-
summarization.
Yes √ No _

c. Does the conclusion demonstrate development-summarization?
The conclusion states how the main points in the lecture add to and
support the general topic in the reading. This demonstrates conclusion
development-summarization. Yes
√ No _

a. Does this essay demonstrate topical unity-synthesis?
The writer focuses on how animals are classified by behavior with no
topical digressions. This demonstrates topical unity-synthesis.
Yes √ No _

b. Does this essay demonstrate grammatical unity-synthesis?
There are no mistakes in syntax. The transitions are correct. These
elements combined demonstrate grammatical unity-synthesis. Yes √ No _

Does this essay demonstrate proficient language use-paraphrasing?
There are no mistakes in word choice or spelling. The writer paraphrases
the reading and the lecture. This demonstrates proficient language use-
paraphrasing. Yes √ No _

Does this essay (argument) demonstrate coherence?
Because of Organization, Progression, Development-summarization, Unity-
synthesis and L
anguage Use-paraphrasing, this essay proficiently
demonstrates how the main points in the lecture “add to and support the
reading.” This demonstrates coherence (OPDUL=C
). Yes √ No _

Check your first draft for Coherence using OPDUL=C.

Step #4
O

P

D

U

L

C