Tài liệu Cấu trúc anh văn cơ bản doc

1. The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name ⇒ The singer My Tam or My Tam singer
2. S + not only + V + + but also + V +
S + either + V + or +
S + V + +whether + S + V + + or
3. Generally/Individually/Particularly/Basically, S + V + O
4. Passive sentences: S (⇒ in living things ) + be + V
3/Ed
+ by ( S as a person can be used in
passive voice. But when looking at the S as things, please use V in passive )
5. S + V + + Without + Noun / Ving
6. (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly)
Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty.
Adj ⇒ Verb + ing or Verb + ed
Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beatyfully,
7. Exactly +Wh/H – words + S + + is/was not known (unknown).
Wh/H – words: When, what, /How

8. One of the + Singular Verb (V
-S/es
) +


S + is/was + One of the
Short Adj. – est
Most + long Adj. + N (s/es)
First, second + Adj
Short Adj. – est
Most + long Adj. + N (s/es)
First, second + Adj

9. FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv. Clause, Main clause

Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Opposition (Contradary cause): Although/Though/Even though + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Contrast While + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Condition if + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Adverb Clause Marker with ever: Whenever/wherever/However/ + S + V + O, S + V + O.
Compared: S + V + O. S + V + O or + S + V + O, but + S + V + O (without “but”: wrong)
10. REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
V
_ING
When/Although/ + V
3 /ED +
S + V + O ( Reduced Adv. Clause)
ADJ
EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity.
ÆWhen orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity.
Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operartional.
Æ Although damaged, the machine was still operartional.
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.
Æ Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.
1
11. o/ three/ + plural N ⇒ One + V + O, the other Tw / the others + V + O
(≠ from one to another / from one another)
12. Quantity words + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of )
EX : I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful.
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.
13.
un phrase that explains or rephrases aother noun phrase.
APPOSITIVES

An appositive is a no
S, Noun phrase, + V + O +
EX : Na al Road, one of the first highwayThe tion s in North America, conected the East Coast to
the Ohio Valley. (appositive following a nown – The National Road)
EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive before
+ be + no longer + /S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer
the subject - Buffalo Bill).
S, Noun phrase,
phrase=A/An/The + Adv + Adj. + Noun Noun
airly, pretty.
14.
nger/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/
Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, f
Adv of manner Adj. + ly Æ Adv-ly: beautifully
INVERSIONS
14.1. Not only/ No lo
Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb
EX: Not once was he on time.
14.2. rase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V Only in (on, at, by, ) + noun ph
EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit.
14.3 fter/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V .Only if/Only because/Only untill/Only when/Only a
EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final
14 + V .4. So + Adj. or Participle(V
ING
/ V
ED
) + auxiliary verb + S
EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum.
So confusing was the map
that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections.

14.5. Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S
EX: Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands. (The channel Islands lies off the coast )
•
Hardly had + S + V
3/ed
+ O when S + V
2/ed
+ O
• No sooner
had + S + V
3/ed
+ O + than S + V
2/ed
+ O
15. CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O
I. A simple sentence consist of one clause
EX: People need vitamins
II. nsist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as
E
A compound sentence co
(and, but, or, )
X: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.
III. clause) and a
subordinate (dependent) clause. Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or
adjective clauses.
A complex sentence consist of an independent clause (called the main
2
EX: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause)
2/ I didn’t realize that she was here. ( Noun clause)

16. AD
16.1.N
om S + V + + main Verb (Whom ÆObject)
)
hich ÆObject of Preposition)
3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher. (Adj. clause)
J. CLAUSE:
oun (people) who + V + + main Verb (Who ÆSubject)
16.2.Noun (people) wh
16.3.Noun (people) whose + Noun S + V + (Whose ÆPossessive)
16.4.Noun (things) which + V + main Verb (Which ÆSubject)
16.5.Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb (Which ÆObject
16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb (W
EX: That is the top. I will write on it. ÆThat is a topic on which i will write (write on)
-Noun (Place) + where + S + V + + main Verb (WhereÆ adv of place)
EX: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
-Noun (Time) + when + S + V + (WhenÆ adv of time)
EX: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed.
* When “which/ that/ whom” are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted.
hich omitted)
1
lauses that contain active verbs
EX: The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (W
* Noun (people) who + V + to/in + main V ÆNoun to/in whom + V + main Verb
* In which ≈ where (it depends on the verb & preposition).
7. REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
17.1.Present participles (V
-ing
) are used to reduce adjective c
O, MAIN VERB + O

(active meaning)
* NOUN, WHICH/ + V + O, MAIN VERB + O ÆNOUN, V
ING
+
EX:
Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
Æ Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
17.2.Past participle (V
3/ed
) are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs (passive
meaning)
EX
: William an Mary College, Which was founded in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the
Æ Mary College, founded
United States.
William an in 1693, is the second – oldest university in the United States.

+
+



*NOUN, WHICH/ + BE + V
3/ED
+ O, MAIN VERB + O Æ NOUN , V
3/ED
+ O, MAIN VERB +
O
17.3. Noun (people) who + V + + main V Æ NOUN + V

ING
+ O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (people) who + be V
3/ed
+ + main V Æ NOUN+ V
3/ed
+ O + MAIN VERB + O
17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V Æ NOUN + V
ING
O + MAIN VERB + O
Noun (things) which + be V + main V Æ NOUN + V
ING
+ O + MAIN VERB + O
17.5. S
1
+ V + O, S
2
+ V + O (S
1
=S
2
) ⇒ V
-ing
/V
3/ed
+ , S
2
V + O ( S as thing ⇒ V
3/ed

S as person ⇒ V
-ing
)
3
1
X
8. CLAUSE WITH “IT”
18.1.IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO INFINITIVE
E : It is important to be punctual for appointments.
EONE + TIME PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE 18.2.IT TAKE/TOOK + SOM
EX: It take him a long time to learn a language.
18.3. IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause)
EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state.
18.4. IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S. PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE
EX: It was Jack who did most of the work
It was she who came to class with this news
) + O or S + BE + SAID/BELIEVED TO V(BE) + O
19. N
2
18.5. IT BE THE FIRST/SECOND S + HAVE/HAS + V
3/ED
+ O.
18.6. IT BE SAID/BELIEVED TO V(BE
EARLY/ALMOST + ADV-LY
0. NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT
20.1. SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V + + SINGULAR VERB + O
20.2. OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V + (What, where, , How )

20.3. WITH “THAT”: OBJECT
S + + That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE)

(THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + + MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE)
ADJ and ADJ
or NOUN
V
S/ES
V
2/ED
H V
ING

Will/ Can + V
1
V
22.
3/ED

ONE + ADJ
2
2 UN
S/ES
= ONE OF (ONLY ONE) + NOUN
S/ES

2 UTER (ADJ) : OUTER SPACE
*
21. PARRALLEL STRUCTURES:
ADV but ADV

NOUN
VERB as well as VERB

ave/has/had+V
3/ED
Be + V
ing
V
S/ES
V
2/ED
V
3/ED

+ to + V
1
V
1
V
1
PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V By + + O
23. CAUSTIVE VERBS:
23.1. S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO – INFINITVE +
23.2. S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT)
23.3. S + MAKE(S) + SOME
23.4. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V
1

4. NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids
5. OF THE MANY/NUMBER (TWO/ ) + NO

6. OUT (PREPOSITION) O
Say, know, understand, think,
believe, hear, feel, rumor
4
IN INNER
28. V , S + V + O
TO + ANOTHER
30.
30.1. N
27. S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO – INF
S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO – INF (V
1
)
WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N +
29. S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE + TO + TIME/PLACE
S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN +
• PREVENT/PROTECT FROM
• PREFER + N/V
ING
TO N/V
ING

NO/NOT
O : OBJECT
- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
ERE + BE + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN- TH
30.2. NO : SUBJECT
SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + V
S/ES
+ O

NO + PLURAL NOUN + V
PLURAL
+ O
30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O.
- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN
- THER UNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN E + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCO
* NOT HAVING + NOUN ≠ HAVING + NO +NOUN
31. B
T
32. MORED + THAT + CLAUSE
TO BE
33.
Y MEANS: BY BUS/ or ON FOOT.
HAT IS + NOUN ≠ IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O.
S + BE + SAID/THOUGHT/KNOWN/BELIEVED/RU

FOR + NOUN + OF NOUN AND NOUN (COMPARED), S + V + O.
5. S + (CAREER).
S + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER): as morden
citi
34. LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O.
S + V + O + LIKE ≠ UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE.
S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE.
* S + FEEL LIKE + V
ING

3 APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE
THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS +
zens

36. S + V + O + IN THAT + S + V + O (IN THAT POINT)
37.
38. AS YOU/WE KNOWN + S + V + O

HUNDREDS/THOUNDSANDS/MILLIONS/BILLIONS/ + OF + PLURAL NOUN
NOUN +
EX: English as we know it is not hard to study.
39. MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE
40. A/AN + + ADJ. – ADJ. – ADJ + SINGULAR NOUN.
EX: A four – month – old baby

5
41. ALLOW:
41.1. S + ALLOWS/ALLOWED + V
ING
+ EX: The teacher allows speaking loudy in class.
41.2. S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V
1
EX: He is not allowed to smoke here
IVES 42. INFINIT
42.1. S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb)
EX: She forgot to read the directions.
She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat.
t of a verb) 42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V (infinitive as subjec
EX: To read the directions is important.
42.3. To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose)
EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessions.
42.4. It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.)
EX: It is important to read the dicrections.
42.5. S + be + the first + person + to be + V

3/ed

EX: John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth.
42.6. S + be + the first + person + to be + V
3/ed

EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting.
4
bout, with, without, ) + V
ing
O. (Gerund as subject of a verb)
3.
GERUNDS PREPOSITION (in, on, at, a
43.1. V + NOUN PHRASE + V
ING
EX:
S/ES
(Simple present) +
Playing chess is enjoyable.
43.2. S + V + (Preposition) +V
ING
+ NOUN PHRASE. (Gerund as Object of a Verb)
EX: He enjoy playing chess.
43.3. S + V + N + PREPOSITION + V
ING
+NOUN. (Gerund as Object of a Preposition)
EX: He passes the time by playing chess.
43.4. S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/ +V
ING
+

EX: We objected to her cutting class last week.
43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAME’S +V
ING
+
EX: We objected to Alice’s cutting class last week.
43.6.V
ING
+ NOUN PHRASE + V
S/ES
+ O.
43.7. Not + V
ING
+ NOUN PHRASE + V
S/ES
+ O.
Singular S
(PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS)






6
Gerunds: V
ING
I. Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject,
subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition.
EX:
1) Writting essays in English requires practice. (Subject)

2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Collecting stamp is my hobby.
(subject of a complement)
3) I like skiing (Object)
4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition)
II. ) Formation: (Sự hình thành của Gerunds
sition Prepo
Gerun
Noun and preposition
d
Adjectives and Preposition
osition Verbs and Prep
Idoms and Preposition
Verbs
1. Gerund sau giới từ : Giới từ + V
ING

EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house.
ết hợp với giới từ sau:
By listening, he quickly picked up the language.
2. Gerunds sau các danh từ nhất định k
for (xin lỗi)/ reason for(lý do)/
r.
- Choice of (lựa chọn)/ Posibility of ( Khả năng)/ excute
intention of (xu hướng)/method for (of) (phương thức)
- EX: She há no excuse for behaving in that matte
3. Gerunds sau các tính từ nhất định + giới từ sau: Be + Adj + Prep + V (Gerund)
ING
- Accustomed to(quen với)/afraid of (sợ)/amazed at (ngạc nhiên)/interested in (quan tâ
fond of (thích)/tire of(chán)/ tire from(mệt)/ good at (g
m)/

iỏi về)/bad at(dở về)/successful
ộn)/excited about(hồi hộp)/ against/be
4. Ge
in(thành công)/capable of(có thể)/Busy with(bận r
or get + used to/
- EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday.
rund sau các động từ nhất định + Giới từ sau:
Approved of: Chấp thuận - think of = think about : Nghĩ về -
n = count on = rely on: lệ thuộc vào
ceed in: thành công
o lắng về
5.
- Give up: Từ bỏ - depend o
- Be better off: tốt hơn - suc
- Put off: Dập tắt, trì hoãn - insist on: nài nỉ, đòi
- Worry about: L - keep on = go on = carry on: tiếp tục
Gerund sau các thành ngữ cố định:

- Look forward to: mong chờ, ngóng mong - take to: quan tâm
- It’s no use: mất công, không có lợi - can’t help: Không tránh khỏi, không thể không
- can’t stand = can’t bear: không chịu được
thể chống lại
- It’s worth: xứng đáng
- It’s no worth: Không xứng đáng - can’t resist: Không
- There is no + V
ING
- what a nuisance !: Phiền quá
7
- Be busy: bận - It’s much use: rất có lợi
EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon.

6. Gerund sau các động từ nhất định
- Admit: thừa nhận - delay: hoãn lại - practise: thực tập
tiếc - resent: bực tức
preciate: hiểu rõ, nhận thức - finish: hoàn hành
n
c
i h
- on: tha lỗi - tolerate: khoan hồng, tha thứ - understand: hiểu
lại
7.
- Miss: bỏ lỡ - regret: lấy làm
- Risk: Liều lĩnh - ap
- Deny: phủ nhận - postpone: trì hoãn - quit=stop: ngưng
- Avoid: tránh xa - enjoy = fancy: thích - consider: xem xét=involve: liê
quan
- Mind: phản đối, khó chịu - like/love - recall: nhớ lại, nhắ
nhở
- Resume: giành lạ - try: cố gắng - dislike: Không thíc
- Detest=hate: ghét, ghê tởm - forgive: tha thứ - mention: đề cập
Pard
- Recomend: giới thiệu, dặn dò - prevent from: ngăn ngừa - Defer: chìu theo
- Imagine: tưởng tượng - Discuss:thảo luận - recollect: thu gom
EX: He practises speaking English everyday.
Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoặc Infinitive sau các động từ nhất
đ h) sau:ịn
- Begin=star: bắt đầu - like/love: thích, yêu thương - continue: tiếp tục
o sợ - intend: dự tính - Hate: ghét
o
e: rời đi
study

ần 7 đ
ộng từ có
- Can’t stand=bear: không thể chịu đựng - prefer: thích hơn
- Dread: l
- *Stop: ngừng -*remember: nhớ -*forget: quên
- Allow: cho phép - Agree: đồng ý - advise: Khuyên bả
- Dislike: không thích - Attemp: nổ lực=*try: cố gắng, thử - Leav
- Mean: có nghĩa là - Permit: cho phép - plan: dự trù
- Regret: tiếc - : học -Propose:đề nghị - neglect: sao lãng
*: Tất cả các động từ ở ph ược dùng 2 cách (Gerund & Infinitive) mà ý nghĩa không
thay đổi, ngoại trừ 4 đ dấu *
EX
1
: He started studying after dinner = He ted to study star after dinner: sau bữa tối, anh
bắ đầu học.
ấy
t
EX
2
: She stopped studying English ≠She stopped to study English
(Cô ấy không học tiếng anh nữa ≠ Cô ấy ngừng làm một điều gì đó để học tiếng anh)
EX
3
: I remember locking the door before I left ≠ I remember to lock the door before I left
a cửa trước khi đi để (tôi đã khóa cửa rồi bây giờ tôi nhớ rõ việc này ≠ Tôi nhớ về việc khó
khóa)
EX
4
: I tried helping her but she failed ≠ I tried to help her
( tôi đã thử giúp bà ấy ≠ tôi đã cố giúp bà ấy)

8
III. Function of Gerunds ( Chức năng của Gerunds)
1. Gerunds như là chủ từ V
ING
+ V + O or V
ING
+ O + V + O Gerunds as Subjects:
EX: Worrying is not going to help OR Worrying about it is not going to help you
G
+ O or V
ING
+ O + V + O 2. Gerund as Subject of complement : S + V + V
IN
EX: My hobby is collecting stamps OR Collecting stamps is my hobby OR seeing is believing
) Lưu ý: Nếu chia ở thì hiện tại đơn thì động từ luôn chia ở hình thức số ít (be: is/was
3. Gerund as Object S + V + V
ING

EX: I like swimming
4. Gerund as Object of preposition: S + V + Prep + V
ING
+ O.
EX: She is fond of working with animals
ssive adjective or noun:5. Gerund as a posse

EX
1
: Possesive Adj : Your being right doesn’t mean my being wrong

nd) (Adj + Geru
EX
2
: Possesive noun: My father’ walking improves his health
(Noun’s Gerund)
























9

DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH
(Noun Clause in Conversation)
I. STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Câu tường thuật ở dạng xác định:
Nghiên c

ứu kỹ các câu sau đây rồi đưa ra công thức và qui luật chung:
EX: 1) Direct speech: She say to me : “I am ill today”
Reported speech: She tell me (that) she is ill that day
1 2 3 4 5 6
2) Direct speech: She said to me : “I am ill today”
Reported speech: She told me (that) she was ill that day
6 1 2 3 4 5
• Rules: cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp) theo số thứ tự sau:
. Đổ1 i say to
thành tell h c said to oặ thành told
2 d dấ y (,). . Bỏ ấu hai chấm (:) hoặc u phẩ
3. Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thành chữ that
(có thể bỏ được)
4. Đổi đại danh từ và tính từ sở hữu cách trong ngoặc kép thành:
, us, our, ours:
i chủ từ của động từ giới thiệu
động từ giới thiệu
 Ngôi thứ nhất: I, me, my, mine / We
Cùng ngôi vớ
 Ngôi thứ hai: you, your, yours
Cùng ngôi với túc từ của
 Ngôi thứ 3: She, he, they, it: Không đổi, giữ nguyên.
EX: She said to me “ I hope you will ”

She
told me (that) She hoped I would
5. ổi thì c a động t trong ngoặc kép nếu độ ừ giớ ệu ở quá khứ (said/ ) như sau:
Hiện tại Quá kh
Đ ủ ừ ng t i thi
ứ
Simple present (walk) Simple past (walked)
Present progressive (is walking) Past progressive (was walking)
Present perfect/simple past ( ct (had wwalked) has walked/walked) Past perfe
Past progressive (was walking) Past perfect progressive (had been walking)
Simple future (will walk) Conditional present (would walk)
Conditional present (would walk) Conditi alked) onal perfect (would have ww
Past perfect/ Conditional perfect
Không đổi





10
6. Đổi vài từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn sau:

Direct Reported
Now Then
Today That day
Thi ng T s morni hat morning
To w The following day/the next day/the day after morro
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Ago Before
This That

These Those
Here There
Come Go
Next week/month/year The next w onth/year eek/m
Last night /week/month/year The night /wee h/year before k/mont
The day before yesterday Twos day before
The day after tomorrow In two day’s time
A year/ ago A year/ before
II. QUE ật ở dạng câu hỏi. Có 2 dạng
1. YE
STIONS: Câu tường thu câu hỏi:
S/NO QUESTIONS:
S + say/said + to + O, “Auxiliary verbs + S + V
1
+ ?”
Æ S + ask/asked/ + O + if + S + V +
Lưu ý: , her
* A ht, must, will, do, does, did,
2. WH/H Q
* O = me, you, us, them, him
xiliary verbs ( trợ động từ): am, is, are, were, was, can, mig
UESTIONS:
S + say/said + to + O, “WH/H + Auxiliary verbs + S + V
1
+ ?”
Æ S + ask/asked/ + O + WH/H + S + V +
EX: I said, “Where are you going now, Mary”
EX: She u
en.

Æ I asked Mary where she was going then
sually says to me, “What time is it now?”
Æ She usually asks me What time it is th




11
• Rules: Gồm 8 bước:
1. Đổi say to thành ask/wonder/want to know/inquire
2. Bỏ dấu phẩy (,)
3. h If (liệu) /whether Đổi dấu ngoặc kép thàn (có không) nếu ở dạng 1 (YES/NO question). Còn
ở dạng 2 thì WH/H question giữ nguyên: what/who/where/when/why/how/
từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu cách giống như ở dạng câu xác định (Xem phần 4/I) 4. Đổi các đại danh
5. Chuyển chủ từ lên trước động từ thành câu xác định
Đổi thì của động từ trong ngoặc kép (hạ thì6. ) nếu động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ (Xem phần 5/I)
7. Đổi các từ chỉ nơi chốn hay thời gian (Xem phần 6/I)
8. Đổi dấu chấm hỏi (?) thành dấu chấm (.).
• Lưu ý các điểm hết sức cần chú ý:
a) Trợ động từ must khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp phải dùng had to, nhưng must not vẫn là
must not (nếu mang tính cấm đoán). Need not (needn’t) đổi thành did not have to.
EX:
The teacher said: “You must do the exercises carefully”
EX
Æ The teacher said that we had to do the exercises carefully.
:
The girls said, “You needn’t come with us if you do not want to”
Æ The girls said that =asked me I did not have to come with them if I did not want to.

ếp không thay đổi b) Thì quá khứ trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián ti nếu nghĩa
của nó rõ ràng.
EX: Tom said to me, “My mother died of canser in 1985”
Æ Tom told me his mother died of canser in 1985.
Thì hiện tại khôc) ng thay đổi nếu nghĩa của nó là chân lý, điều hiển nhiên.
EX: He said, “The Earth revoles around the sun”
Æ He said that the Earth revoles around the sun.
d) Khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì hiện tại đơn/hiện tại tiếp diễn/hiện tại oàn thành/ tương lai
hoàn thành Không hạ thì và cũng không thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi
chốn, chỉ đổi các đại từ nhân xưng.
EX: The door says/ is saying/has said/will say, “You have to stay here”
Æ The door says/ is saying/has said/will say
that I have to stay here.











12
III. COMMANDS: DẠNG MỆNH LỆNH THỨC. GỒM HAI LOẠI
1. Positive commands: mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng xác định
S + say/said to + O, “V
1
+ O + , please”

Æ S + ask/asked + O + to V
1
+ O +
EX: She said to Bill, “Please wait for me here”
Æ She asked Bill to wait for her there.
2. Negative commands : Mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng phủ định
S + say/said to O, “Don’t/Never + V
1
+ O + , (please)”
Æ S + ask/asked + O + not to/never to +V
1
+ O
EX: She said to me, “Don’t touch anything in this room now, please”
Æ She ordered
me not to touch anything in that room then.
EX:
The officer always says to his men, “Never turn your backs to your enemies today”
Æ The officer always commands his men never to turn their backs to their enemies that day

• Rules:
1. Đổi say to thành ask/advise(khuyên)/order(ra lệnh)=command/ beg(van xin)/ warn(cảnh
báo) / request(đề nghị)=suggest.
2. ẩy (,).
4. c định thì đổi thành to+V
Bỏ dấu ph
3. Bỏ dấu ngoặc kép (“”)
Nếu câu trong ở dạng mệnh lện xá
1
, bỏ please (nếu có). Nếu câu
dạng mệnh lệnh phủ định thì đổi thành Not to/never to +Vtrong ngoặc kép ở

1,
bỏ please (nếu
c tính từ sở hữu cách (xem phần 4/I)
Lư
có).
5. Đổi các đại danh từ hoặ
6. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn nếu có ( Xem phần 6/I)
u ý: Hai dạng câu mệnh lệnh thức khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp không hạ thì, luôn giữ nguyên V
1

(nguyên mẫu), chỉ thêm to hoặc not to/never to +V
1
.



GET IT IN YOUR MIND!









13
SENTENCE STRUCTURES FOR LEVEL B
together with
1. S O

y
ingular S, along with + Noun phrase, singular Verb +
accompanied b
as well as
Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Singular V Singular S
Non-count noun + singular verb + O
2. Non of the +
Plural count noun + Plural verb + O
Ex: Non of the counterfeit money has been found.
ount N singular verb Non-c
Non of the students have finished the exam yet.
+ singular verb + O
. No +

Singular N & Non-count noun
3
Plural noun + Plural verb + O
Ex: No example is relevant to this case.
No examples are relevant to this case.
4. a. Neither nor
+ Noun + + Plural noun + Plural verb + O
Either or
Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
b. Neither nor
+ O + Noun + + Singular noun + Singular verb
Either or
Ex:
Neither Jack or Bill is going to the beach today.
5. V-ing + Singular verb+ O ( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects)

Ex:
Writing many letter makes her happy.
6. a/. A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many)
Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic.
b/.The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb
Ex: The number of days in a week is seven
7. a/. S (person do the action) + need + to-infinitive + O
Ex: His friend needs to learn English well
V-ing
tri, vô giác) + need + +
V
3/ED
b/. S ( an inanimate object as S: Vật vô
tobe +
Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass need tobe cut
14
c/. S + Be + in need of + N (be in need of = need)
Ex: He is in need of money

8. a/. Who + V
S/ES
+ O ? Ai làm gì mình?
Ex: Who loves her?
b/. Who + auxiliary verb + S + V + O ? Mình làm gì ai?
Ex: Who do you love?
+ S + V + O ?
d

Ex:
9. When auxiliary

Where + be
How do/does/di
Why
Where do you live?
10. a/. S + V + q stion word (When ) + S + V + (Embedded questions) ue
Ex: We have not find out where the meeting will take place.
b/. Auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V + ?
Ex: Do you know where the meeting will take place?
as if
11. a/. S + V
S/ES
(present) + as though + S + V
2/ED
(past) ( như thể là )
Ex: He acts as though he were rich.
as if
b/. S + V
3/ED
(past) + as though + S + had + V
3/ED
(past perfect)
Ex: He looked as if he had seen a ghost. e didn’t see a ghost) (H
12. S + V
2/ED
+ O, S + would + V
1

Ex: When he was young, he would swim once a day.
13. S + used to +V
1

+ O (thường thường: chỉ một thói quan trong quá khứ)
Ex:
When he was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)
á khứ là tùy ý) 14. a/. S + be + used to +V
ing
+ O (quen quen với, BE chia ở hiện tại hoặc qu
Ex: Mary is used to reading books everyday.
b/. S + get + used to +V
ing
+ O (dần dần làm quen với, từ từ quen với )
Ex: Mary gets used to swimming everyday.
Note: Be used to = Be accustomed to but Get used to = become accustomed to

 Would rather than : thích hơn
12. a/. S + would rather + V
1
+ N + than + Noun.
Ex: Peter would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
e + than + Adverb of time (present). b/. S + would rather + V
1
+ O + Adverb of tim
Ex:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
c/. S + would rather + have + V
3/ED
+ than + (past).
Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than

today.
15

 W
3. a/. S
1
+ rather that + S
2
+ Verb in simple form ( Present subjunctive)
ould rather that: thích hơn
1
Ex: She would rather that he take this train. (take giữ nguyên mẫu)
b/. S
1
+ rather that + S
2
+ V
2/ED
+ ( Present contrary to fact)
Ex: John would rather that it were Spring now. (It is not Spring now)
) c/. S
1
+ rather that + S
2
+ had +V
3/ED
+ ( Past contrary to fact
Ex: John would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.
( Jack did not go to class yesterday).
Note: Negative form:
-
Would rather not + V
1

-
Would rather not have + V
3/ED
not + V
nguyên mẫu
 Prefe
14.
-
Would rather that +
r to : thích hơn
a/. S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun
Ex: He prefers football to tenis.
b/. S + prefer + V
ing
+ O + to + (V
ing
) + O
Ex: He prefers playing football to watching film.
ch) 15. S + would like + to V
1
+ O. (would like: thí
Ex: I would like to visit Japan.
Had better
Should
16. S + ought to + V
1
+ O ( nên : some choice)
osed to Be supp
Ex: You should study tonight.
17. a/. S + must + V

1
+ O ( phải : no choice)
Ex:
You must study tonight.
b/. S + must + be

+ N ( chắc có lẽ : not sure)
Ex: He must be a doctor.
c/. S + must have

+ V
3/D
+ O ( chắc có lẽ đã :a logic conclusion in the past)
Ex: It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night).
18. S + have to + V
1
+ O ( phải = must).
Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today. (complete obligation).
19. S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun
Ex: My house is the same height as his.
20. S + V + different from + Noun
Ex: Their teacher is different from ours.
21. a/. S + V + Adj/Adv + enough + (for someone to + V
1
)
Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket.

16
b/. S + V + enough + Noun
Ex: Do you have enough sugar for the cake?.

V + O (or Because there +be + S ) 22. a/. Because + S + V + O, S +
Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late.
b/. Because of + N/noun phrase, S + V + O
Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.
23. a/ . S + V + + so that/in order that + S + V ( để )
Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
b/. S + V + + to/in order to + V
1
+
Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test.
24. a/. S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + V ( quá đến nỗi )
Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
Note:
i/. S + V + so + many/few +plural count noun + that + S + V
Ex: He had so many children that they formed his own baseball team.
ii/. S + V + so + much/little +non-count noun + that + S + V
Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
b/. S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V ( quá đến nỗi )
Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors
= S + V + so + Adj + a/an + singular count noun + that + S + V
Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
c/. S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun/non- count noun + that + S + V
Ex: This is such difficult homework that he never finish it.
 C
Active)
AUSATIVE VERBS: Nhờ, bảo, bắt ai làm gì cho mình.
25. a/.S + have + someone + V
1
(verb in simple form) + O. (
Ex:

Mary had John wash the car.
b/. S + get + someone + V
1
+ O. (Active)
Ex: Mary got John to wash the car.
past participle)
+ (by someone).

(passive) c/. S + have/get + something + V
3/ED (verb in
Ex: Mary had the car washed by John.
26. S + make + someone + V
1
+ O ( bắt ai làm gì)
Ex: The robber made the seller give him the money
27. S + let + O + V
1
( cho phép )
Ex: The teacher let the student leave class early
28. S + be + scared of + V
ing
+ O.
Ex:
She is scared of living on her own in such a big city.
Noun /Ving 29. S + reminds + someone + of +
Ex: That picture reminds me of the time when we loved each other.

17
1. It takes/took somebody + time + to infinitive (Ai đó mất bao lâu để làm gì )
. S + be + such2 + (a/an) + noun or S + be + so +adj + (a/an) + noun . như thế

3. S + need not + have + V
3/ED
+ O Lẽ ra không cần phải
4. Time clause:
a/. Since + S + V
2/ED
+ O , S + have/has + V
3/ED
+ O
Khác với It + be + time + since + S + V
2/ED
( Since đôi khi có thể bỏ đi)

+ S
*
+ V
tin/đồn/báo cáo
7. S + ter + V
1
+ = It would be advisable for Sb. + to do Sth.
8. .

b/. As soon as + S + have/has + V
3/ED
+ O, S + will + V
1
+ O.
5. Superlative + S + have/has + ever + V
3/ED
nhất đã từng

6. Noun Clause ( that): S + say/believe/know/rumour (that)
- It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V Người ta nói/
rằng
- Hoặc S
*
+ be + said/ + tobe +
had bet
S + find that + S + V nhận thấy rằng
9. S + find + Sb. + to-infinitive Nhận thấy ai đó
10. S + happen + to-infinitive tình cờ
11. It happens/ed that S + V
12. Not until + S + had + V
3/ED
+ O + did + S + V
1
+ (Luôn đảo ngữ ở vế sau)
13. It was not until + time + that + S + V
2/ED
mãi cho đến thì
Or S + did not + V
1
+ O + until + time (time clause).
14. The only/first/last + Noun + to + V
1
+ O + be + Noun
The only/first/last + Noun + who/which + V (usually V
2/ED
) + be + Noun
15. S + spend/waste + time + V
ing

+ O

16. S + apologize to + Someone + for + keeping + someone + waiting. Xin lỗi vì để ai đợi

17. Leave + Sth. + V
ing


18. It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/careless + of + someone + to do + Sth

Ai thật khờ/e thẹn/bất cẩn làm gì

19. S + be tire of + someone + V
ing
Không thích ai làm gì

20. S + be + busy + V
ing


21. S + find/found it + adj +V
1
/V
ing
nhận thấy thật để

things + V22. S + see + someone/living
1
/V
ing

23. S + see + Sth. + V
3/ED
(by )

24. S + shake hands with someone bắt tay với ai

e kết bạn với ai

be + V
3/ED


25. S + make friends with someon
26. Let + someone + V
1
+ Sth. or Let + Sth./yourself +




18
MAKE: LÀM, SẢN XUẤT, CHẾ TẠO RA
1. Make cake : Làm bánh
2. Make noise
ise = promise

= progress
rn momey

đọc, diễn văn
reach decision

DO: LÀM,
. Do one’s best = try one’s best : cố gắng hết sức
2. Do homework/housework nhà/ công việc nhà
elp someone


h

EXPRESS
1. Write a good hand : Viết chữ đẹp
2. Take pot-luck n nấy
ng với, tỏ ra nhiệt tình với
thế
th
ther g hỏi tôi nữa
ang trong tâm trí
phúc
eds
r good
hope you learn all by your heart!
: gây ồn
3. Make a prom : hứa hẹn
4. Make trouble : gây phiền toái
5. Make difference : khác với
6. Make progress : tiến bộ
7. Make money = ea : kiếm tiền
8. Make a speech : soạn bài

9. Make a mistake : phạm lỗi
10. Make decision = : đưa đến quyết định
♣ make up one’s mind : quyết định

THỰC HIỆN
1
: làm bài tập về
3. Do exercise : tập thể dục
4. Do + Someone a favour = h :giúp ai
5. Do a job/work : làm việc
6. Do shopping = go shopping : mua sắm
7. Do business : kinh doan
IONS
: có gì ă
3. Take (a) pride in : tự hào về
4. Take cold : cảm lạnh
5. Show zeal for : tỏ ra sốt sắ
6. Say not so : chớ có nói
7. save one’s brea : làm thinh
8. Ask me ano : không biết, đưn
9. Bear/keep in mind : Ghi nhớ, m
10. Come to life : Cải tử hoàng sinh
11. Come true : trở thành sự thật
12. Do good : làm việc thiện, làm
13. Do one’s ne : đi vệ sinh
14. Refuse fo : khả năng từ chối
I very much

19
GIỚI TỪ WITH

1. Agree with : đồng ý với
. Begin with
with ới
st ua đòi với
, bối rối, mơ hồ
o
p với, giao thiệp = thư từ

= hate t
/on gại, quấy rầy
an thiệp vào
ợp tác
with
ith Sb. / about Sth. về cái gì
yện
cho ai sợ

VERBAL PH
1. Take down : tháo xuống, ghi chép, sỉ nhục, giảm, hạ
2. Take in , đưa vào, tiếp đón, gồm có

n
, giải thích, nhận ra
ght



2 : bắt đầu
3. Communicate with : liên lạc với
4. Compare to/ : so sánh v

5. Compete with/again : cạnh tranh, đ
6. Comfier with :làm lúng túng
7. Comply with : tuân theo, chiều theo
8. Contrast with/t :làm tương phản với
9. Cope with :đối phó, đương đầu
10. Correspon with :tương ứng với, phi hợ
11. Finish with :hoàn tất
12. Help with/in : giúp đỡ
13. Disgust with : căm ghé
14. Interfere with : gây trở n
15. Interface in : xen vào, c
16. Mix with : dính dáng, giao thiệp, h
17. Be occupied : choáng, chiếm chổ
18. Part with : chia lìa, từ biệt
19. Please with : hài lòng với
20. Quarrel w : cải nhau với ai/
21. Reason with : viện lý lẽ
22. Satisfied with : hài lòng với, làm mãn ngu
23. Threaten with : đe dọa, làm
RASE
: mời vào
3. Come to : đến, lên tới, hồi tỉnh lại, tình ngộ
4. Break up : vỡ từng mảnh, giải tán, chia ly, sụt lở
5. Beak dow :đập vỡ, kiệt sức, vỡ nợ, bị phá sản
6. Break in : đánh bể, tập
7. Break off : giới hạn, hủy bỏ, thủ tiêu, rời ra
8. Make out : đặt, xác minh
9. Make up : Gồm có, chứa đựng, bao hàm
10. Put on wei : lên cân, mập ra, béo ra
11. Turn down : gấp, gập xuống, bẽ, lụi, bác bỏ

20
GIỚI Ừ TO
1. Be accustomed to : tập cho quen với
2. Be amount to n, lên tới
ply for ng ≠ Hỏi xin việc
c
to ách thức
/ with i
o ( to death) h)
tội
ch)

(Vt) hống đối
) thích
nhiên
o đáp lại
h, đưa ra ý kiến
er to
, ám chỉ đến
ward to
VERBAL PH
2. Put up = to raise = to hold up căng (ô)
e off i ra
copy
ne = to cancel = call off
T
: lên đế
3. Appeal to : kêu gọi, cầu cứu
4. Apply to ≠ Ap : ứng dụng, áp dụ
5. Attach to : gắn, dán, trói, buộ

6. Attend to : chú ý đến
7. Belong to : thuộc về
8. Challenge : thách đố, th
9. Compare to : so sánh vớ
10. Be condemn t : kết án, kết tội ( tử hìn
11. Confess to : thú nhận, thú
12. Confine to : Giam giữ, giam cầm
13. Consent to : đồng ý, hài lòng
14. Convert to :biến đổi, đổi
15. Entitle to : cho đề tựa ( tên sá
16. Listen to : lắng nghe
17. Mention to : đề cập đến
18. Object to : phản đối, c
Object to (Vi : ghét, không
19. Occur to : xảy ra, tình cờ, ngẫu
20. Prefer to : thích hơn
21. Reply to : đáp trả, trả lời
22. Respond t : phản ứng lại,
23. See to : chuẩn bị
24. Submit to : chịu phục tùng, đệ trìn
25. Surrend : đầu hàng
26. Turn to : Biến thành, trở thành, hóa thành
27. Refer to : liên hệ đến
28. Look for : trông mong
RASE
1. Put up with Sb. : chịu đựng ai
: giương,
3. Put Sb. up : cho ai trọ lại
4. Put out = to extinguish : dặp tắt (lửa)
5. Put on ≠ tak : mặc vào ≠ cở

6. Put down = to write = to : ghi chép
7. Put off = to postpo : hoãn lại
8. Put away = to store Sth. in it : cất đi
21
GIỚ TỪ AT I
ự, có mặt
2. Amuse at/by n cười
n , )
/by

hìn thoáng
ào

/by ởi

at/about nhiên về
GIỚI
= Explain t nghĩa
2. Ask for/of
for về

an xin về
or
e for
m
r m về
/over , thương tiếc
for
kiếm, thăm dò

./on Sth. ì động cơ
. / Wait on Sth. iều gì
1. Attend at : tham d
:làm buồ
3. Arrive at/i : đến ( một thị trấn
4. Be astonish at : gây ngạc nhiên
5. Call at = stop : ngừng lại
6. Exclaim at : la to
7. Glance at : nhìn lướt, n
8. Guess at : đoán
9. Knock at : gõ vào (cửa, )
10. Look at : nhìn v
11. Point at/to :điểm vào, chỉ vào
12. Shock at : bị xúc động b
13. Stare at : nhìn đăm đăm
14. Surprise at/by : gây ngạc nhiên
15. Wonder : tự hỏi về, ngạc
16. Work at/on : làm việc tại
TỪ FOR
1. Account for : giải thích, cắ
: hỏi về
3. Act for/on :hành động vì
4. Appologize : xin lỗi
5. Blame for :mắng, chửi về
6. Beg for : khẩn cầu, v
7. Call for : gọi, đến tìm
8. Charge f : tính giá, đòi trả
9. Exchang :đổi ra
10. Hope for : hy vọng ở
11. Look for : tìm kiế

12. Mistake fo : phạm lỗi lầ
13. Mourn for : than khóc
14. Pay for : trả lương, tiền
15. Prepare for : chuẩn bị
16. Provide : cung cấp
17. Search for : lục lọi, tìm
18. Thank for : Cám ơn về
19. Vote for Sb : Bỏ phiếu bầu ai, bỏ phiếu v
20. Wait for Sb : đợi ai/ đợi đ
22