Present perfect and present perfect continuous

Thì hiện tại hồn thành
Thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn
Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hồn thành)
a) Cách thành lập:
S + Have (Has) + Past Participle
b) Dùng để diễn tả:
+ Một hành động xảy ra ở quá khứ, không rõ thời gian
Ví dụ:
I have seen that film. (Tơi đã xem phim đó rồi.)
Where have you been? (Anh đã ở đâu?)
+ Một hành động xảy ra ở quá khứ còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại và có thể kéo dài đến tương lai.
Ví dụ:
I have lived in Hue since 1976. (Now I still live in Hue)
(Tôi đã sống ở Huế từ 1976.) (Bây giờ tơi vẫn cịn sống ở Huế.)
+ Một hành động thường lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần.
Ví dụ:
She has seen that film several times. (Cô ấy đã xem phim đó vài lần rồi.)
Floods have taken place in this area. (Lũ lụt đã xảy ra nhiều lần ở vùng này.)
+ Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra, thường có JUST, RECENTLY, hoặc LATELY đi kèm.
Ví dụ:
I have just finished this exercise. (Tôi vùa mới làm xong bài tập.)
+ Một hành động đã kết thúc trong quá khứ nhưng ảnh hưởng hoặc kết quả của nó cịn liên quan
đến hiện tại.
Ví dụ: I've twisted my ankle. That's why I'm limping.
(Tơi bị trật mắt cá chân. Đó là lý do tại sao tôi đi khập khiển.)
I'm very tired. I've been working all day.
(Tôi rất mệt. Tôi đã làm việc suốt ngày.)
+ Ta dùng hiện tại hoàn thành với already để nhấn mạnh hành động đã hoàn thành sớm hơn thời
gian dự định, already thường đứng ngay sau trợ động từ have, hoặc có thể đứng cuối câu để nhấn
mạnh.
Ví dụ:

"Could you do the washing up?" - " I've already done it."
(Bạn rửa chén bát nhé? — Tơi đã làm việc đó rồi.)


She's left already. (Cô ấy đã đi rồi.)
+ Ta dùng thì hiện tại hồn thành với yet để diễn đạt người nói đang mong chờ điều gì đó xảy ra.
Yet thường đứng cuối câu và được dùng trong câu hỏi và câu phủ định.
Ví dụ:
It's nearly 10 o'clock. Has Andrew woken up yet?
(Gần 10 giờ rối. Andrew đã tỉnh giấc chưa?)
They haven't finished dinner yet.
(Họ ăn tối chưa xong.)
+ Ta dùng hiện tại hoàn thành với today, this morning, this afternoon ... khi khoảng thời gian đó
chưa qua hết vào thời điểm nói.
Ví dụ:
I've written six letters this morning.(It is still 'this morning'.)
(Tôi đã viết xong 6 bức thư sáng nay.) (Sáng nay chưa qua hết, vẫn còn là buổi sáng.)
Chú ý: have not = haven't
has not = hasn't
since = từ (một điểm / mốc thời gian trong quá khứ)
for = trong (khoảng thời gian)
Các từ hoặc cụm từ như since (từ một điểm thời gian trong quá khứ), for (trong khoảng), so far
(từ trước đến nay), untill now (cho đến bây giờ), up to now (cho tới bây giờ), up to the present
(đến nay) thường được dùng với thì hiện tại hồn thành.
Ví dụ:
They have lived here since 2005.
He has written about 20 short stories until now.
(Cho đến bây giờ, anh ấy đã viết được khoảng 20 truyện ngắn.)
Present perfect continuous (Thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn)
a) Cách thành lập:

S + have/ has + been + verb-ing
b) Cách dùng:
* Để nhấn mạnh 1 hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và vẫn còn tiếp tục ở
tương lai.
Ví dụ:
She has been waiting to see you since 2 o'clock.
Nam has been studying English for two years.
(Nam's still studying English. He started studying it two years ago.)


Thì hiện tại hồn thành tiếp diễn thường được dùng với các cụm từ chỉ thời gian như: all day /all
week /all year / for hours / for months/ for years. Thì này thường khơng dùng với ever và never.
■ Sự khác nhau cơ bản giữa hai thì:
Present perfect nhấn mạnh kết quả của hành động (the result of the action / event).
Present perfect continuous nhấn mạnh vào sự hoàn thành hoặc chưa hoàn thành của hành động
(the action/ event which may or may not be finished).
Ví dụ:
I have learned a lot about it from different websites.(the action is completed.)
(Tôi đã học được nhiều điều từ nhiều trang web.) (hành động đã hoàn thành.)
I have read this book, (the action is completed.)
(Tôi đã đọc quyển sách này.) (hành động đã hoàn thành.)
I have been reading this book. (the action is not completed.)
(Tôi đã đọc quyển sách này.) (hành động chưa hồn thành.)
Present perfect continuous cịn diễn tả một hành động không bị gián đoạn. Nếu ta muốn đề cập
đến số lần lặp lại hành động, ta dùng Present perfect.
Ví dụ:
I have been writing emails all afternoon.
(Tôi đã viết thư điện tử suốt cả buổi chiều.)
I have written ten emails this afternoon.
(Chiều nay tôi đã viết được 10 bức thư điện tử.)

PRACTICE TEST 1
A. LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.
1. A. academic

B. analytical

C. awareness

D. apprentice

2. A. tertiary

B. doctoral

C. institute

D. tutorial

3. A. scholarship

B. mechanic

C. school

D. chocolate

4. A. appreciate

B. social

C. racial

D. academic

Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others.
1. A. diploma

B. compulsory

C. vocational

D. institute

2. A. curriculum

B. bachelor

C. graduate

D. internship

3. A. mandatory

B. apprentice

C. respective

D. vocational


4. A. schedule

B. access

C. require

D. broaden

II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence.
1. In response to the need to improve access to __________education, universities are
increasingly implementing online delivery solutions.
A. tertiary

B. secondary

C. primary

D. distance

2. __________education is connected with the skills, knowledge, etc. that you need to have in
order to do a particular job
A. distance

B. vocational

C. compulsory

D. full time

3. What are the university entry__________for international students in the UK?
A. needs

B. qualifications

C. requirements

D. conditions

4. There are also __________ courses, which allow young people to pursue further education
while working.
A. part-time

B. full-time

C. intensive

D. overtime

5. A/An __________student goes to a foreign country to study for a period as part of a
programme between two institutes.
A. undergraduate
based

B. exchange

C. postgraduate

D.

campus-

6. This is Javi's last week at the school so __________goodbye to all his new friends for the last
three days.
A. he says
saying

B. he said

C. he's said

D.

he's

been

7. So far, during her time at International House Bristol, Tchior __________to six pancake
parties and fifteen barbecues.
A. came
coming

B. comes

C. has come

D.

has

been

8. You look really great! __________at the fitness centre lately?
A. Have you been exercising

B. Have you exercised

C. Did you exercise

D. Do you exercise

9. I __________the same car for more than ten years. I am thinking about buying a new one.
A. have been having

B. have had

C. had

D. had had

10. Ann: Do you think you'll get the job?- Mary: __________.
A. I know so.
right.

B. Well, I hope so.

C. I think not.

D.

Yes,

that's


III. WORD FORM
Use the word given in Capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Abroad with us!
The company Study Abroad was (0) originally __________
founded in 1991 for students who wished to study French in
France. Its success led to the (1) __________ of other schools
around the world. Learning a language in the country in which it
is spoken is, of course, a far more (2) __________ and faster
process than studying in your own country. It is also an
opportunity to mix with local (3) __________ and acquire a
greater and deeper (4) __________ of the people whose language
you are studying. This makes the whole experience much more
(5) __________ . " You may wish to attend an Italian language
and (6) __________course in Italy or combine a Portuguese
course with a sport. You should look at all the (7) __________and
make the best

ORIGIN
ESTABLISH
EFFECT
INHABIT

KNOW
ENJOY
COOK
POSSIBLE

LOCATE
choice. In order to choose the right course and (8) __________ for
REQUIRE
you, we suggest you contact us to discuss your particular (9)
__________From the information you give us, we can make some RECOMMEND
(10) __________.
IV. ERROR CORRECTION
Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the
sentence to be correct.
1. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All Star game.
A. of the players

B. has

C. chosen

D. to participate

2. Even a professional psychologist may have difficulty talking calm and logically about his own
problems.
A. Even

B. calm

C. about

D. his own

3. For the past few years, researchers have perfecting their control over the movements of cells
and microbes by using low- power laser beams.
A. few years

B. have perfecting

C. their

D. using

4. Allowing children to help plan and prepare family meals provides enjoyable learning
experiences that later encouraging them to eat the foods they have prepared.


A. Allowing

B. learning

C. encouraging

D. have prepared

5. According to many economists, international specialization in the production of some goods,
such as cars and computers, increases world efficiency and output, makes all nations richer.
A. According to

B. such as

C. increase

D. makes

B. READING
Exercise 1: Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
Oxford University
Oxford University is an association of over 35 colleges, varying in (1) ___________of
foundation from medieval to more recent times. The colleges also (2)
___________in
wealth, in character and in architecture.
Some (3) ___________imposing buildings and grounds, (4) ___________are almost intimate in
their scale. Most colleges can boast well-known (5) ___________students - Oxford is the place
where (6) ___________as diverse as Margaret Thatcher, Mrs Gandhi, Michael Palin and Evelyn
Waugh were educated.
Most (7) ___________will want to see a college and one or more of the University buildings,
such as the Bodleian Library or the Ashmolean Museum.
The University has supported the (8) ___________of The Oxford Story Exhibition, in Broad
Street - now recognised as the best short (9) ___________to Oxford University. Here, during an
entertaining ride through recreated (10) ___________and events, Magnus Magnusson offers an
informed (11) ___________of Oxford's past and present. Special materials for children and
foreign (12) ___________commentaries are also available.
1. A. place

B. date

C. manner

D. form

2. A. Vary

B. alter

C. change

D. mix

3. A. Live

B. reside

C. exist

D. occupy

4. A. Occupy

B. else

C. those

D. others

5. A. Former

B. last

C. late

D. elderly

6. A. Characters

B. cartoons

C. caricatures

D. participants

7. A. Commuters

B. spectators

C. visitors

D. guides

8. A. Discovery

B. creation

C. expectation

D. education

9. A. History

B. beginning

C. introduction

D. past

10. A. Postcards

B. maps

C. paintings

D. scenes

11. A. Gift

B. view

C. guarantee

D. admission

12. A. Custom

B. currency

C. Phrase

D. language

Exercise 2: You are going to read an article for American teenagers going overseas to
study. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A—
H the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to
use.
Studying Abroad
Have you always dreamed of traveling, meeting lots of different people, and maybe picking
up a language or two? No matter what country you live in, you can fly over the world's highest
waterfalls in Venezuela, learn world trade in Japan, study in France, or take dancing lessons in
Ghana.
How? (1) __________ Semester, summer, and year-long programs allow you to attend
school, take intensive language courses, or perform community service in another country. Read
on to learn more about study abroad programs.
Besides the excitement of travel, you will experience new customs, holidays, foods, art,
music, and politics firsthand.(2) __________This is because your viewpoint will be of an active
member of the community, not as a tourist.
Another reason for studying abroad is that you'll become more self-assured, Christina
studied in Caracas, Venezuela, a city of 10 million people and a huge change from her hometown
of 35,000! Christina says she learned how to be better at standing up for herself and her beliefs
and to express herself in another language. (3) __________. In addition, living away from home
can also help you adjust in the transition to college and adulthood. Matthew says when he
returned from studying in Australia he was more mature and had a genuine interest in
international affairs that really set him apart from his peers. “After having gone abroad in high
school, I found the transition to college to be straightforward — moving 560 miles from home
didn't seem particularly _ daunting after having lived thousands of miles away."
Although many academic programs abroad have academic requirements, you do not
necessarily have to have the highest grades or marks to be eligible. (4) __________Who you are
is as important as your academic record. Study programs abroad look for students who are
independent, self-assured, enjoy new experiences and different types of people, and can handle
challenges.
If you really hate change and don't like the idea of figuring things out all on your own, then

studying abroad may not be for you. It's important to be honest with yourself and really think
about what you expect. (5) __________Of course, if you want to change those things about
yourself and don't mind tackling them head on, then studying abroad maybe an ideal way to take
the plunge.
Are you convinced that a year abroad is for you, but you're worried that your parents will
never go for it? (6) __________Point out that studying abroad is a chance of a lifetime and that it
offers great academic opportunities.


You might also sell them on the idea that students in study programs abroad gain
experiences by being in a new culture, broaden their horizons, and increase their maturity and
self-confidence levels.
(7) __________These language skills, cross-cultural experiences, and global outlooks are
becoming essential.
A. Use some of the points of view that sold you on the idea to explain why you want to study
overseas.
B. But perhaps more importantly, the different circumstances mean you will learn a lot not
only about cultures and people but also about yourself.
C. You could join a study program abroad, where high school and college students live with a
host family in a foreign country.
D. What could give you more self-confidence than that?
E. You will have forgotten any doubts you once had about your decision.
F. And most do not have language requirements.
G. You could end up having a miserable time if you don't!
H. By studying abroad you will have an educational advantage when entering college or
starting a career.
C. WRITING
Complete the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. Gill hasn't contacted me for weeks.
I last ____________________.

2. Our hotel booking hasn't been confirmed.
We haven't received ____________________.
3. This is the best essay I have ever written.
Never____________________.
4. House prices have risen dramatically this year.
There has____________________.
5. She's never had a job in management before now.
It is the first____________________.
PRACTICE TEST 2
A. LANGUAGE
I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the
others.


1. A. examination

B. exercise.

C. boxing

D. excuse

2. A. scholarship

B. chemistry

C. machines

D. technician

3. A. vocational

B. academic

C. considerate

D. fortunate

4. A. discipline

B. application

C. curriculum

D. achievement

Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others.
1. A. certificate

B. academic

C. diploma

D. enrolment

2. A. bachelor

B. doctorate

C. consultant

D. scholarship

3. A. potential

B. mandatory

C. eligible

D. critical

4. A. respectively

B. analytical

C. university

D. baccalaureate

II. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence.
1. Fees must be paid in full at the time of __________.
A. enrolment

B. scholarship

C. tutoring

D. internship

2. __________courses help students develop analytical skills, critical thinking and knowledge
for higher education at a university or college.
A. Vocational

B. Tutorial

C. Academic

D. Special

3. It is mandatory for blood banks to test all donated blood for the virus.
A. optional

B. compulsory

C. available

D. analytical

4. An __________is a student who is studying for their first degree at a university or college.
A. undergraduate

B. postgraduate

C. graduate

D. researcher

5. The University is also open to overseas students, primarily from American universities, who

may __________ in study abroad programs during the summer months for more than a century.
A. write

B. name

C. enroll

D. require

6. I would like to invite you to participate in the __________ceremony.
A. graduate

B. graduated

C. graduation

D. graduating

C. for ten years ago

D. for ten years

7. He has been selling motorbikes __________.
A. ten years ago

B. since ten years

8. "Liz is away on holiday."
A. has she gone

- " Is she? Where __________?"

B. has she been going

C. did she go

9. How much of that book__________?
A. have you read

B. did you read

C. are you reading

D. have you been reading

10. "Sorry I'm late. "

- "That's all right. I__________long."

D. is she going


A. haven't waited

B. haven't been waiting

C. don't wait

D. wasn't waiting

III. WORD FORM
Use the word given in Capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space
in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A university education is expensive. You can borrow money
from a bank, but if you do so, you will have to pay it back when
you start working. In some countries you are not (0) obliged to
start making repayments until your salary is above a certain
level, but you can't put it off forever! This means that a (1)
__________large proportion of your (2) __________will have to
go towards paying back your loan in the years after you
graduate. (3) __________, you can try to work and study at the
same time; you will get the education you want, and earn the
money to pay for it. Does this sound ideal? Before you embark
on such a course, there are some things you should bear in mind.
By combining work and studies, you will have an advantage
over full-time students. Yes, their timetable will be less full than
yours, but you will have one thing they don't experience. If you
are studying a subject (4) __________to your work, your reallife experiences in the workplace will help you understand the
subject (5) __________. But even if your work is (6)
__________to your studies, you will still learn a lot about
balancing tasks, (7) __________with others, and so on.

OBLIGE
FAIR
EARN
ALTER

RELATE
WELL
RELATE

CO-OPERATE

Of course, working and studying at the same time can be (8)
__________, and time management is very important. Make a STRESS
plan for each day and each week - and stick to it! Set yourself
goals, like completing your (9) __________
by tonight,
ASSIGN
or finishing a task at work by lunchtime, and then give yourself a
small reward for achieving it. Buy yourself a chocolate bar, go
cycling, or take an evening off to be with friends - whatever
makes you happy.
And speaking of friends, make sure you keep in touch with
them through email, text messages, social networking sites, and
by meeting up face-to-face. The opportunity to share ideas and
experiences, get and give advice, and have fun together will keep

MOTIVATE


you (10) __________and less lonely. In short, human PSYCHOLOGY
relationships are essential for your (11) __________health,
especially when you are stressed.
Of course, there will be times when you must be on your
own so you can focus on your studies. In the busy life of a
working student, it is easy to lose sight of the ultimate goal,
POSSIBLE
which is to get an education. If you find it (12) __________to
balance the demands of working and studying at the same time,
you might be better off getting a bank loan after all.

IV. ERROR CORRECTION
Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the
sentence to be correct.
1. The Department of Fine Arts and Architecture has been criticized for not having much
required courses scheduled for this semester.
A. has

B. not having

C. much

D. for

2. Oyster farming has been practice in most parts of the world for many years.
A. farming

B. practice

C. most

D. for

3. After the team of geologists had drawn diagrams in their notebooks and wrote explanations of
the formation which they had observed, they returned to their campsite to compare notes.
A. their

B. wrote

C. which

D. to compare

4. It is imperative that a graduate student maintains a grade point average of "B" in his major
field.
A. It is

B. maintains

C. of

D. his

5. When they have been frightened, as, for example, by an electrical storm, dairy cows may
refuse giving milk.
A. have been

B. frightened

C. by

D. giving

B. READING
Exercise 1: Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
STUDYING ABROAD
Student exchange programmes are a fantastic way to give students the (0) __________to live
somewhere (1) __________for a school year, which helps them learn (2) __________the
customs and the way of life of other people. For this reason, increasingly large numbers of young
people are (3) __________the advantage of living in (4) __________country and are deciding to
study abroad. They will eat new food, experience new traditions and learn the way people (5)

__________own age live from day to day. (6) __________.they live abroad, they stay with
carefully chosen host families, attend a (7) __________school and (8) __________ student on
the exchange programme has (9) __________who directly supports them the whole time they are
abroad. Students (10) __________ be aged between 15 and 18 years and be good at a foreign
language to qualify as an exchange student.
0. A. cause

B. opportunity

C. occasion

D. reason

1. A. else

B. well

C. too

D. also

2. A. for

B. about

C. of

D. by

3. A. recommending

B. recognizing

C. regarding

D. reviewing

4. A. separate

B. another

C. different

D. new

5. A. its

B. her

C. their

D. our

6. A. Whether

B. Although

C. However

D. While

7. A. home

B. local

C. near

D. close

8. A. many

B. every

C. all

D. both

9. A. anybody

B. everyone

C. anyone

D. somebody

10. A. must

B. ought

C. have

D. need

Exercise 2: Read the text again. Match the headings (1-7) with the paragraphs (A-F). There
is one heading that you do not need.
1. Who is the programme for?
2. How did the programme get its name?
3. How popular is the programme?
4. Who thought of the programme?
5. What is the programme?
6. What are the advantages?
7. How much does it cost?
A __________ The Erasmus Programme is an exchange programme which gives students the
chance to work or study in a different country while they are still at university. It was set up
by the European Union. You can stay for anything between three months and an academic
year.
B__________ The scheme takes its name from the Dutch philosopher, Erasmus, whose full
name was Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus was very open- minded. He lived and
worked in many countries around the world in order to learn more about different cultures.
C__________ Since it started in 1987, Erasmus has grown dramatically. The first year, 3,244
students took part. Nowadays, around 200,000 students from 31 different countries participate
each year.


D__________ Are you studying for a diploma or a degree at a recognised university? Have
you already completed the first year of your course? Then you're eligible for a place on
Erasmus.
E__________ Erasmus is a time for learning. You will gain an understanding of your host

country and be part of an international community of students. Having Erasmus on your cv
can offer you many opportunities, as employers see it as a positive educational experience.
F__________ Erasmus is no more expensive than studying in your own country because you
do not have to pay extra tuition fees to the university that you visit. For the additional expense
of living abroad, you can apply for an Erasmus grant or scholarship.
C. WRITING
Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence. Write between two and five words.
1. The company has decided to replace this model.
INTENTION
It's the company's___________________this model.
2. In the next few years we'll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution
LIKELY
We're___________________ more about environmental pollution in the next few years.
3. The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods.
AGREEMENT
There was___________________to introduce new methods.
4. He failed his exam because he missed classes so often.
CONSEQUENCE
As a___________________so often, he failed his exam.
5. Steve definitely didn't write that essay
HAVE