Quá trình đô thị hoá ở huyện củ chi (thành phố hồ chí minh) từ năm 1997 đến năm 2015 TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VINH UNIVERSITY
--------------------------

TRAN THANH MINH

URBANIZATION IN CU CHI DISTRICT
(HO CHI MINH CITY) FROM 1997-2015

Major: Vietnamese History
Code: 9229013

DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY

NGHE AN - 2022


The work was completed at:
Vinh University

Supervisors:

1. Assoc.Prof.Dr. Tran Vu Tai
2. Dr. Pham Thi Thu Nga

Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:
Review 3:

The thesis was defended before the University Thesis Judging Committee of
Vinh University on

hour
day
month
year

The thesis can be found at:
- Vietnam National Library
- Library of Vinh University


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PREAMBLE
1. Reason for choosing the topic
Under the impact of the scientific - technological revolution and the
rapid development of the industrial and commercial economy, the process of
urbanization is becoming an inevitable and taking place strongly all over the
world, including Vietnam. Male. For Vietnam, urbanization is one of the
important solutions in the socio-economic development strategy in order to shift
the economic structure towards strongly developing industries, trade - services,
tourism. calendar, gradually narrowing the proportion of agriculture, meeting the
goals of industrialization and modernization set forth by the Party and State,
contributing to promoting the process of socio-economic development, gradually
improving living standards of the people. However, besides the positive aspects,
urbanization also has many shortcomings and poses many problems to be solved
such as labor and employment issues, especially jobs for farmers; population
pressure on social issues; The impact of urbanization on the ecological
environment… Therefore, the study of the process of urbanization in general and
urbanization in each locality in particular aims to propose solutions to promote
these positive factors. Limiting the negative side of the urbanization process is
an issue of urgent significance in the current period.

From the requirements of practice, the study of urbanization always
attracts the attention of managers and researchers of different fields. Therefore,
there have been published works and articles published in specialized journals
on the urbanization process in Vietnam in many fields. A number of topics,
theses and disserations have also studied in-depth the urbanization process in
specific localities.
Cu Chi is a district in the northwest of Ho Chi Minh City, the heroic
gateway of the city during the long years of national resistance. Referring to Cu
Chi, in the memory of each person, one does not forget an “iron land" - the cradle
that steadfastly defended the country and kept the village, once the fear of each
enemy. That is why, during the two resistance wars against the French and the
Americans, the people of Cu Chi suffered many losses and pains when the
colonial and imperial authorities always wanted to turn this place into a "wild
land" for easy control. It is estimated that each Cu Chi resident has "carried"


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about 1.5 tons of bombs during the years of struggle for independence and
reunification of the Fatherland.
Since the day of liberation, the people of Cu Chi entered the period of
construction and development of the homeland with numerous difficulties. The
war has destroyed almost the entire ecosystem and infrastructure of this land,
turning this place into a white belt full of bomb craters, minefields, barbed wire
fences and thousands of hectares of wasteland. However, with determination, the
people of Cu Chi turned the "land of steel into copper" - the heroic land in the
resistance war - increasingly reviving, changing skin. From a purely agricultural
district, especially, since 1997, Cu Chi has developed towards urbanization, with
the introduction of industrial parks, increasingly upgraded technical
infrastructure, people's living standards was enhanced, residential areas were
formed on the fields and gardens that were left untouched. Cu Chi has made great

strides on the journey towards the goal of becoming a satellite city of Ho Chi
Minh City, becoming a typical district in the urbanization process of a suburban
area. The achievements that the people of Cu Chi have achieved have created a
new face for the heroic land. However, besides the outstanding results, the
urbanization process of Cu Chi has also posed many inadequacies in terms of
infrastructure, economy, culture and society that need to be solved. Therefore, it
is necessary to study systematically so that it can contribute to giving an overall
solution that is oriented for the sustainable and long-term development of this
land.
With that in mind, I decided to study the process of urbanization in Cu
Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City from 1997 to 2015 as the topic of PhD thesis,
majoring in Vietnamese History.
2. Objects and scope of research
2.1. Research subjects
The research object of the thesis is the urbanization process of Cu Chi
district from 1997 to 2015. The thesis will focus on learning about guidelines,
guidelines and policies on urbanization, urbanization process. as well as giving
comments on the process of urbanization in this land.
2.2.Scope of research
Regarding the content, the thesis studies the urbanization process of Cu
Chi district in many aspects, in which focuses on understanding the factors
affecting the urbanization process of Cu Chi district, policies and policies.


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Urbanization policy, urbanization process in all aspects: urban landscape, changes
in economic, cultural, social and people's life in Cu Chi district since 1997 to 2015.
From there, one of the important contents of the thesis is to draw comments on the
urbanization process in Cu Chi district.
Regarding the spatial scope, the research topic is on the spatial scale of

Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City. A relatively favorable point for us in the process
of implementing the project is that from 1975 to now, the geographical spatial
extent of Cu Chi district has been stable and unchanged. When implementing the
thesis, in some necessary cases, when comparing with some other localities, we
mentioned related spaces.
Regarding the time range, the time scope of the study was selected from
1997, which was the year of establishment of industrial zones in Cu Chi district,
marking the process of urbanization that officially started taking place in Cu Chi.
The thesis stops at the timeline of 2015, when Cu Chi district has also undergone
nearly 20 years of urbanization, enough time to summarize and evaluate the
important successes as well as the limitations. in the process of urban planning and
management and stabilizing people's life in the district. However, in order to have
a comprehensive view and have more bases for evaluation, in the process of
implementation, the thesis also mentioned a number of issues related to the topic
in the period before 1997 and after 2015.
3. Research objectives and tasks
3.1. Target
The thesis focuses on researching in a comprehensive, profound and
systematic way about the process of urbanization in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh
City. Ho Chi Minh City from 1997 to 2015 on major aspects such as landscape,
urban planning, management, economic, social and cultural changes as well as
drawing comments on the urban process. culture in Cu Chi.
3.2. Mission
To achieve the above goal, the thesis focuses on solving the following
tasks:
- Overview of research works related to the topic, thereby determining the
focus of the thesis problems to be solved.
- Analysis of factors affecting the urbanization process in Cu Chi district
from 1997 to 2015;

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- Clarifying the urbanization process in Cu Chi district in such aspects as:
urban planning, construction of facilities, urban management, economic and social
changes in the process of urbanization in Cu Chi;
- Giving some comments on the process of urbanization in Cu Chi district
from 1997 to 2015.
4. Materials and research methods
4.1. Source material
- Sources of documents archived at the People's Committee of Ho Chi
Minh City. In Ho Chi Minh City, the Statistics Office of Cu Chi district includes
documents, directives, resolutions, summary reports and annual directions of tasks
on economic and social development of Cu Chi district, data on economic and
social fields of the district provided by the statistics office. This source of material
is the most important and is considered as a first-level document for the thesis
implementation process. We have collected and processed in the direction of each
stage and each issue related to the content of the thesis.
Archives : references are research works, monographs, theses, theses, etc.
related to the topic. This source of material will be presented in detail in chapter 1
of the thesis.
- The source of material is collected by the author and surveyed in Cu Chi district:
we have fielded, observed and investigated to better understand the economic,
social and cultural situation of Cu Chi during the process of urbanization.
4.2. Research Methods
In terms of methodology: the thesis applies dialectical and historical
materialism methodologies to evaluate, analyze and draw conclusions.
Regarding research methods: the thesis uses two main research methods,
the historical method and the logical method. In addition, in this thesis, we
combine and use the methods of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research
approaches such as: analytical method; synthetic; comparison comparison;

fieldwork methods, processing information to evaluate and contribute to
enriching the source material.
5. Dissertation contribution
The thesis has collected and systematized a rich number of documents
related to urbanization and urbanization process in Cu Chi district.
The thesis is the first work to systematically and comprehensively study
the urbanization process in Cu Chi district (Ho Chi Minh City) from 1997 to


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2015. This is a new contribution of the thesis. The thesis has clarified the 20-year
process of urbanization in Cu Chi in terms of urban planning and management,
which is clearly reflected in the change in landscape appearance, essential
infrastructure, changes in the world. economic, cultural, social and urban
lifestyles of all classes of the population.
The thesis also makes comments and assessments on the urbanization
process of Cu Chi district, draws lessons from experience, contributes to
providing theoretical and practical basis as a scientific basis for leadership work,
directing the practical development of this district of Cu Chi district in particular,
of other districts and towns in the country in general in the period of accelerating
industrialization and modernization.
The results of the project also contribute a case study on the issue of
urbanization - a topic of profound practical significance in the current context.
6. Thesis structure:
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the
content of the thesis is presented in 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of research works related to the topic
Chapter 2: Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 1997 to 2005
Chapter 3: Urbanization process of Cu Chi district from 2005 to 2015
Chapter 4: Some comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi.

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CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS
RELATED TO THE TOPIC
1.1. The concept of urbanism and urbanization
1.1.1. Urban _
Stemming from the history of the formation of ancient cities, researchers
have shown that the urban concept consists of two components: capital, citadel,
town and commune, meaning administrative - political functions; market means
market, has economic connotation, in which political function overrides
economic function. However, in modern society, the above definition does not
seem to cover all aspects of the city. According to the authors of the urban
construction and development planning work, “Urban is a concentrated
population area with a high level of population, mainly non-agricultural workers,
with appropriate infrastructure, a central general specialized center, has the role
of promoting the socio-economic development of the whole country, a territory,
a province, a district or a region within the province or district. The Government
also issued Decree No. 72/2001/ND-CP dated October 5, 2001 on urban
classification and urban management level ; Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP dated
May 7, 2009 on urban classification, organization of formulation and appraisal
of projects and decision on recognition of urban types .
1.1.2. Urbanization _
The concept of urbanization has been studied and defined by many
scientists depending on the point of view and approach. On the basis of analyzing
concepts, in this thesis, we use the view that: Urbanization is essentially a process
of socio-economic restructuring with the following characteristics:
Firstly, forming and expanding the scale of modern urban infrastructure
with planning on architectural landscape in the direction of modern urban.
Second, the economic restructuring from agriculture to industry and

services.
Third, changes in social life such as changes in population structure, labor,
transition from a dispersed lifestyle (sparse population density) to concentrated
living (high population density), transition from rural lifestyle to urban lifestyle,
along with the appropriate urban management method.
1.2. Joint research project on urbanization and urbanization in Vietnam
1.2.1. The works of the foreign author


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In the 70s of the twentieth century, many research works with a new
approach to urban social and cultural life appeared, typically Manuel Castell's
research on Urban Problems (1970). Since then, there have been many studies by
foreign scholars on the process of urbanization in the world and urbanization in
Vietnam.
1.2.2. The works of the domestic author
Domestic authors have researched on urbanization in many aspects such as:
works in the field of history (Books: Vietnam 's Ancient Cities by Institute of History,
Vietnamese Cities under Nguyen Dynasty by authors Authors Nguyen Thua Hy, Do
Bang, Nguyen Van Dang ...), fields of economics, sociology, anthropology (Book of
Vietnam 's Urbanism by Dam Trung Phuong, Urbanization in Vietnam and
Southeast Asia by China ) Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Institute of Social
Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City, Ethnology - Urban and the problem of
urbanization by Mac Duong... In addition, each specific aspect of
urbanization issues is also mentioned in many different works.
1.3. Research on urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City and Cu Chi district
1.3.1. Research project on urbanization in Ho Chi Minh City
In the research works on the urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City, the authors
have focused on studying the aspects such as the relationship between
urbanization and population, urban management, and village culture in the face

of the challenge of urbanization... In addition, a number of books on general
understanding of Ho Chi Minh City are also available. mentioned some aspects
of the economic and social changes of Ho Chi Minh City on the way of
urbanization.
1.3.2. Research project on urbanization in Cu Chi district
Currently, research on Cu Chi district focuses mainly on the works " Cu
Chi 20 years of construction and development from April 30, 1975 to April 30,
1995 " and " Cu Chi - 30 years of construction and development" of the
Executive Committee of the District Party Committee, books on learning about
history and culture and a number of related theses and theses.
1.4. Comment on the research situation related to the topic and issues that
need further research in the thesis
1.4.1. Comments on the research situation related to the thesis topic
Firstly, from the number of research works, it shows that urbanization
is a research direction that many industries are interested in. Therefore, there


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have been many related publications in many different fields. These are
important results that help future studies have an overview of urbanization when
conducting research on specific cases.
Secondly, in research works in Vietnam, the authors have quite clearly
generalized aspects of modern urban areas, that is, master planning, management
of technical infrastructure - infrastructure. Social strata, population, sustainable
development, culture and lifestyle...
Thirdly, studies on the changes of Cu Chi district since the liberation day
in terms of economy and society have been mentioned at a general level in a
number of research works. However, a systematic, complete and profound study
of the district's urbanization process, especially since the promotion of
industrialization and modernization in the period 1997 - 2015 is still a gap in the

research. historical study.
1.4.2. Issues that need further research in the thesis
Firstly, to analyze the factors affecting the urbanization process in Cu
Chi district.
Secondly, to clarify the urbanization process in Cu Chi district from
1997 to 2015, in areas such as urban planning, infrastructure construction, urban
management, economic and social changes. society and culture in the process of
urbanization.
Thirdly, to make some comments on the urbanization process in Cu Chi
district.
Through the overview study, it can be said that the thesis is the first work
to make an in-depth and comprehensive study of the urbanization process in Cu
Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City.


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CHAPTER 2. URBANIZATION PROCESS IN CU CHI DISTRICT
FROM 1997 TO 2005
2.1.1. Some aspects of Cu Chi land and factors affecting the urbanization
process in Cu Chi district
2.1.1. An overview of Cu Chi
In this subsection, we give an overview of the history of the land of Cu
Chi. Accordingly, it can be seen that Cu Chi is a land with a strong historical and
revolutionary tradition. Currently, Cu Chi district has Cu Chi town and 20
communes .
2.1.2. Factors on natural, economic and socio-cultural conditions of
Cu Chi district before 1997
The advantage of Cu Chi is that the land is adjacent the middle of
the East and the South West. Cu Chi is a district with a large land fund and
favorable natural conditions, so it has the potential to develop into a key

economic region of Ho Chi Minh City. However, before 1997, Cu Chi was still
a district with poor technical facilities and extremely difficult people's lives.
2.1.3. Guidelines and policies on urbanization of the Party and State,
of Ho Chi Minh City and Cu Chi district
The guidelines and policies on urbanism and urbanization of the Party
and State are the foundation, creating an important driving force to promote the
urbanization process in Cu Chi. Ho Chi Minh City has a policy of establishing
industrial parks and export processing zones in order to rapidly develop the
process of industrialization and modernization, and to build satellite towns,
including Cu Chi district. Against this background, Cu Chi has made important
changes in economic restructuring, infrastructure construction and social
development to meet the above reality.
2.2. Landscape planning, urban infrastructure construction
2.2.1. Urban landscape planning in the form of land
To implement the policy of urbanization, on December 24, 1998, the
City People's Committee. Ho Chi Minh City has issued Decision No.
6994/QD-UB-QLDT approving the adjustment of the general planning of Cu
Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Minh. Accordingly, Cu Chi district
is oriented to become a satellite town with many industrial parks,
residential areas and social infrastructures serving the urbanization
process.


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2.2.2. Urban infrastructure construction
Regarding investment in urban infrastructure, the total investment in
the period 1996 - 2000 was 826,399 billion VND, in the period 2000 - 2005
was 995,906 billion VND. Cu Chi has invested in building a network of rural
roads, in-field traffic, lighting systems, infrastructure for agriculture, and
other infrastructures. This helps Cu Chi accelerate industrial development,

restructure crops and livestock, and create socio-economic changes in Cu
Chi's urbanization process.
2.3. Urban management
2.3.1. The management of the Cu Chi district government
In line with the urbanization process in Cu Chi, the consolidation and
construction of the government system initially achieved encouraging results
in the reform of administrative procedures under the "one-stop-shop" and
"one sign" mechanism. implement democratic regulations at grassroots level.
Cu Chi's state administrative apparatus was consolidated, rearranged in terms
of organization and streamlined the staff. The staff is continuously trained
and fostered in the direction of standardization and gradually adapting to the
new mechanism. The process of handling administrative documents has been
made public, and the practical operation capacity of the government
apparatus at all levels has been gradually improved .
2.3.2. Ensuring people's lives and developing culture, education,
and health
In social management, Cu Chi district authorities pay special
attention to job creation and poverty alleviation for the people. At the same
time, the district has also implemented solutions on vocational training,
capital support for the poor to create jobs for themselves, and take care of the
lives of policy families. At the same time, we have compiled statistics
proving the development of education, culture, sports and health of Cu Chi
during this period, to see the initial changes of Cu Chi in the direction of:
urbanization.
2.4. Economic change
2.4.1. Agriculture
In the process of urbanization, the first noticeable sign in localities is
that the area of agricultural land is reduced to make room for the planning on
land for construction of industrial parks, urban areas, and infrastructure

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works. another floor. In Cu Chi, the same situation happened. However,
although the agricultural land area decreased, the output of Cu Chi's
agricultural industry still increased, the agricultural production value of Cu
Chi also continuously increased. The structure of the agricultural sector also
has changes in the proportion between crops and livestock, changes in the
structure of crops and livestock in accordance with the requirements and
context of the urbanization process.
2.4.2. Industry - Small handicrafts
Urbanization is first and foremost associated with industrialization,
so changes in the value and share of industries in the economy are considered
the most important signs of urbanization. In Cu Chi, within 10 years (1996 2005), the proportion of agriculture sector decreased from 41.66% to 10.95%
(down 30.71%); the proportion of industry and handicrafts increased from
52.42% to 74.46% (up 22.04%); the proportion of trade and service industry
increased from 5.92% to 10.95% (up 5.03%). In which, industry and
handicrafts increased fastest in the period 2001-2005. In the industrial
structure of Cu Chi, the proportion of industrial production value of non-state
enterprises is the main and increasing proportion. Industrial zones and
clusters have attracted a large number of domestic and foreign investors as
well as enterprises .
2.4.3. Trade in Services
Since 1997, commercial and service activities in the district have
grown strongly, and year- by -year sales have continuously increased. In the
period 2000-2005, the average annual growth rate reached 27.13 %. In 2005,
the industry's production value reached VND 473,030 million.
2.5. Changes in population and labor
2.5.1. Population
Cu Chi's population has increased continuously over the years.
However, the rate of population growth varies over time. From 1999 to 2005,

the district's population growth rate was 18.78%, an average annual increase
of 2.68%. Urban population increased by 3,696 people (32.24%) an average
annual increase of 739 people (6.45%), rural population increased by 42,430
people, an average annual increase of 8,486 people, (3.46%) [5 ; 7). Urban
population, although small proportion of the total population in the district,
but growing faster than the rural population. That is the impact of the process


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of industrialization and modernization of the countryside taking place at a
fast pace, the development of industry in the locality and the policy of
expanding the population from the inner city to the suburbs of the city.
2.5.2. Labor source
In Cu Chi, the labor force in the district in 2001 was 165,947 people,
in 2004 it reached 179,872 people. The average annual growth rate of the
labor force in Cu Chi district in the 2001 - 2005 period is 2.09%. In general,
the quality of life of workers in Cu Chi is still low due to weak professional
qualifications.
Sub-conclusion of chapter 2
Cu Chi is a district with a favorable geographical position, with a lot
of potential for land and labor to carry out the process of urbanization. In the
new historical context of the country, TP. Ho Chi Minh has determined to
build Cu Chi into a satellite town of the city. After 8 years of implementation,
Cu Chi has made changes in many fields, towards realizing the goal of
becoming a satellite city of Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Minh
It can be said that the process of urbanization in Cu Chi in the years
1997 - 2005 has taken place in all aspects, from urban planning, construction
of facilities, administration, transformation. economic and social changes.
However, at this stage, the economic transition is still slow, the immigrant
population and labor force are still not commensurate with the potential of

the district. However, the period 1997 - 2005 has an important meaning, is
the first step in the urbanization process of Cu Chi, is the foundation for Cu
Chi to continue to accelerate the urbanization process in the next stages.


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CHAPTER 3. THE URBANIZATION PROCESS IN CU CHI
DISTRICT FROM 2005 TO 2015
3.1. New policy of Ho Chi Minh City and Cu Chi district
In the new context, in order to actively integrate into the economy
with the region and the world, the 8th Party Congress of Ho Chi Minh City
in 2005 clearly stated "Ho Chi Minh City needs to build an urban
government". In 2005, the 9th Cu Chi District Party Congress determined the
overall goal in the 2005-2010 period was: Accelerating the economic
restructuring process towards industry - agriculture - trade - services.. This
orientation continued to be confirmed in the 10th Cu Chi District Party
Congress.
3.2. Urban planning, infrastructure construction
3.2.1. Urban planning
In the process of urbanization of Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City
has adjusted the planning to suit the new situation and context. Many
decisions have been issued such as: Decision No. 2560/QD-UBND dated
June 5, 2006 of the City People's Committee approving the detailed
construction planning task (scale 1/2000) of the industrial complex. Bau
Dung Industrial Park, Cu Chi District, City. Ho Chi Minh; Decision No.
2675/QD-UBND dated June 21, 2007 of the City People's Committee on
approving the task of adjusting the general construction planning of Cu Chi
district ... Accordingly, the appearance of Cu Chi urban area is shaped with
regulations The master plan includes many industrial zones, residential areas,
cultural, scientific and educational centers.

3.2.2. Invest in building infrastructure
In the period 2005-2015, Cu Chi continued to focus on investing in
building infrastructure in all fields of traffic, culture, society, irrigation,
economic and technical infrastructure... The investment in construction
Building infrastructure has contributed to changing the face and creating
important conditions for Cu Chi to develop socio-economically and
accelerate the process of urbanization.
3.3. Urban management
3.3.1. Management of urban government
During the period 2005 - 2015, Cu Chi district maintained
administrative reform, expanded the application of the quality management


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system (ISO 9001: 2000) into 72 jobs related to organizations and citizens.
In terms of urban administration management such as land use management,
security and order management, social safety assurance, budget revenue and
expenditure management, environmental resource management, etc. change
towards the construction of urban government. However, the management of
the urban administration of Cu Chi also has some limitations such as: the
regulation of coordination of specialized departments has not been well
implemented in the operation of the district People's Committee, the public
administration. The inspection of the areas of application of the ISO quality
management system is not good ...
3.3.2. Ensuring people's lives and developing culture, education,
and health
In the period 2005-2015, Cu Chi district continued to campaign to
build houses of gratitude, houses of compassion, ensure social security,
support job creation, improve people 's income and life, Basic houses are
roofed with corrugated iron, tiled and equipped with amenities for daily life.

Per capita income has steadily increased over the years. The district has also
achieved many achievements in improving people's living standards,
developing culture, education, and healthcare. However, in the social field in
Cu Chi, there are still many problems such as a part of the labor force who
do not have a stable job, social evils are still quite common .
3.4. Economic change
3.4.1. Agriculture
With rapid urbanization, the agricultural land area in Cu Chi continues to
shrink. Although the general trend is to reduce the area, in general,
agricultural land still accounts for a large proportion of the entire natural land
area of Cu Chi district (over 72%). In which, land for rice and vegetable
cultivation accounts for a high proportion of agricultural land. The chart of
the structure of the rice-growing area of the city for the whole year. Ho Chi
Minh City in 2015 shows that the area under rice cultivation in Cu Chi is 2.3
times larger than in Binh Chanh district. The total rice cultivation area of
these two districts accounts for 86.29% of the whole year rice area of Ho Chi
Minh City.
Regarding infrastructure for agriculture, for agricultural
mechanization, as of 2015, over 90% of rice cultivation land in Cu Chi has


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the participation of agricultural machinery, more than 70 % of harvesting is
done by stackers, drum threshers, combine harvesters. Thanks to that, Cu Chi
is also the district with the highest annual rice yield in the city. The cultivation
of vegetables and ornamental flowers is also mechanized, applying many
scientific and technical advances.
Regarding the structure of the agricultural economy, in the period
2005-2010, the structure of the agricultural economy continued to change
towards the development of crops and livestock of high value and economic

efficiency. The proportion of livestock sector accounts for 48.24%,
cultivation 40.11%, agricultural services 11.65%. Cu Chi's livestock industry
has the largest number of cows and pigs in the city.
The value of Cu Chi's agricultural output in 2010 reached 2,855,220
million VND; until 2015 reached 4,317,792 million VND (calculated at 2010
constant prices), an increase of 108.62%. However, the growth rate of the
agricultural sector is lower than that of industry - handicrafts, trade - services.
This is also an inevitable trend in the process of urbanization in rural areas of
our country.
3.4.2. Industry - handicrafts
Regarding the value and proportion of industry in the economic
structure of the district, industry - handicrafts and trade - services in Cu Chi
area have developed strongly. In the five years 2010 - 2015 alone, the
industry's average growth rate is 129.01%, of which the district's industry is
116.76%; City industry manages 123.73%. This changes the value structure
of economic sectors of Cu Chi district. By 2015, the industry accounted for
72.18% of the economic production value. Industry has become the most
important economic sector in the district's economy. This is a clear
demonstration of the process of industrialization and urbanization in Cu Chi
district. We also tabulated statistical data showing that Cu Chi is also a district
with a high growth rate of non-state industrial production value compared to
suburban districts .
Regarding industrial product classification, 100% of industrial
production value of the district comes from processing and renewable
industries. In which, the main industry of the district is the production of
products from rubber and plastic (accounting for over 40%).


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In Cu Chi, industrial parks and large-scale industrial clusters have

been formed. This is an important factor leading to drastic changes in the
industrial economy of the district. Industrial zones and clusters have attracted
a large number of domestic and foreign investors as well as enterprises. The
formation and development of industrial parks and industrial clusters have
contributed to solving labor problems for local people, changing the
composition of the urban population and promoting the urbanization process
of the district.
3.4.3. Trade in Services
Analysis of the figures and charts shows that the average annual
growth rate of the trade - service industry in the period 2005-2010 is
27.34%/year, the goods are diversified and abundant, meeting the needs of
customers. increasing demand for production and consumption of the people.
From 2010 to 2015, the revenue of the trade - service industry has increased
from 1,729,559 VND to 4,086,553 VND, 2.36 times higher. It is the rapid
growth of revenue that has made the trade - service industry an industry that
makes a great contribution to the economic development of Cu Chi district.
3.5. Changes in population, labor and lifestyle of residents
3.5.1. Population, labor
Regarding population, in 2006, Cu Chi's population was 296,032
people, in 2010 it was 355,822 people, in 2015 it was: 411,252 people.
However, the rate of population growth varies over time. In 2010, the
district's population growth rate was 8.5‰, in 2015 it was 9.1‰. In addition,
in Cu Chi district, there is an increase in mechanical population. In 2015, the
mechanical population growth rate of Cu Chi was 3.16%. The mechanical
increase is due to migration phenomena to Cu Chi. In addition, an important
manifestation of the urbanization process in Cu Chi is the urban population
concentration rate.
Regarding labor resources, in 2015, the number of people over 14 years
old in Cu Chi was 339,283 people (accounting for 82.5%). In particular, the labor
resource growth rate increased very rapidly in the years 2010 - 2015. The

percentage of workers with vocational training in Cu Chi is also increased
faster from 2011 to 2015. In 5 years, the number of trained workers increased
by 34.22%, equivalent to 1.78 times.
3.5.2. The change in the lifestyle of residents


17
In the process of urbanization, a number of traditional cultural
elements of the nation are still promoted by the people of Cu Chi such as the
tradition of studiousness, remembering the source when drinking water, village
solidarity ... When living conditions are better, people also actively participate
in social and charity activities such as donation fund for the poor, social relief
fund, studious fund, gratitude fund. A number of issues related to residents'
lifestyles, clothing, eating and drinking activities, housing, etc. have also
changed under the process of urbanization.
Besides positive changes, there are also negative manifestations in
the lifestyle of Cu Chi people. First of all, the increase in immigration has
affected the previous way of life, littering, inappropriate dressing, social evils,
a chaotic and complicated lifestyle that the government can not control. This
is one of the causes leading to social evils and insecurity in the district.
Sub-conclusion of chapter 3
In the period 2005 - 2015, the urbanization process of Cu Chi district
has taken place strongly in all aspects: accelerating industrialization,
modernization, building urban agriculture, creating epidemics. to rapidly
shift the economic structure in the direction of increasing the proportion of
industry, trade and services, especially the proportion of the service sector,
combining economic growth with income growth, improving people's living
standards, ensuring security and improving the quality of life. social welfare,
building a civilized rural environment. The process of urbanization has
created comprehensive changes in both economic and social aspects in Cu

Chi, in which, economic changes have created a strong premise to bring about
social changes and vice versa. On the contrary, social changes have impacted
and created momentum for Cu Chi's economy to continue to develop.
However, in the process of urbanization, a series of urgent social
problems also require Cu Chi's efforts to focus on solving.


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CHAPTER 4. SOME COMMENTS ON THE URBANIZATION
PROCESS IN CU CHI DISTRICT
4.1. The process of urbanization in Cu Chi is voluntary
voluntary urbanization in Cu Chi is reflected in the fact that it has
taken place according to the plans, guidelines and policies of the Party, the
government, according to the planning of the City and the district. Economic
development is associated with investment in building synchronous
infrastructure, combining job creation and poverty alleviation for the people.
4.2. The process of urbanization in Cu Chi district takes place
synchronously and comprehensively
In terms of urban space, the urbanization process in Cu Chi has not
changed in terms of area and administrative boundaries compared to other
districts of the city. For Cu Chi district, urbanization in breadth is the
expansion of landscape and urban works. The sign marking the
transformation of Cu Chi into the urbanization period is the strong
construction and development of industrial zones, clusters and urban
infrastructure. Along with the strong investment in infrastructure
construction, other issues such as education, culture, society, etc. are also
implemented according to the roadmap. That combination creates an even
development in the planning, management and development of Cu Chi
district towards urbanization.
In addition, Cu Chi pays special attention to urban development in

depth, that is, urbanization goes along with sustainable development. This
feature is most obvious that the economic structure has shifted towards
industrial production, trade - services are increasingly developed and
increasingly occupy a high proportion in the economy; Technical
infrastructure, production infrastructure, social infrastructure are upgraded
according to detailed plans to each alley, meeting current and future needs
well. Depth is also reflected in the workforce shifting to commercial and
service activities; Social security, labor and employment, material and
spiritual life of the people are concerned, cultural and spiritual activities are
increasingly civilized and modern.
4.3. The process of urbanization has strongly affected the
economic development of Cu Chi district


19
As a result of the process of urbanization, the value of Cu Chi's
economy has increased sharply. The value of the entire economic sector of
Cu Chi has continuously increased over the years. By 2015, this figure was
VND 27,192,275 million (calculated at 1994 fixed prices) .
The process of urbanization strongly changes the economic structure
of Cu Chi district. Comparing the two timelines 1997 and 2015 shows that
within nearly 20 years, the economic structure of Cu Chi district with the
agricultural economy as the main one is no longer the main economic sector
by 2015 with a decrease of 42.48%. The economic structure of industry handicrafts increased strongly (71.55%). At the same time, in each economic
branch of Cu Chi district, there are changes in accordance with the
requirements of urbanization.
4.4. With the comprehensive urbanization process, Cu Chi is one of the top
suburban districts in terms of budget revenue, improving people's living
standards.
From the analysis data, it can be seen that the districts with large

budget revenues are also those with high urbanization rates, among which the
highest are Binh Chanh and Cu Chi. At the same time, the process of
urbanization has strongly changed the living standards of people in Cu Chi
district. Only in about 5 years, the number of poor households in Cu Chi has
decreased rapidly, from 9.58% in 2010 to 2015 to 2.14%, a decrease of 7.44%.
From the above results, by 2015, Cu Chi has basically completed the
new rural construction program with 20/20 communes meet the standards.
Cu Chi is the first suburban district of Ho Chi Minh City to be recognized by
the Prime Minister as meeting new rural standards. The material and cultural
life of the people is constantly being improved, the average income of the
people is increasing to 40 million VND/person/year (1.8 times higher than
the income of 21.6 million VND/person/year). VND/person/year at the
beginning of 2010 ).
4.5. Urbanization has strongly shifted the population and labor structure
of Cu Chi
In Cu Chi, the process of urbanization has changed the population
situation in the following two main directions: Firstly, the population of Cu
Chi has increased rapidly, in which, the rate of population growth is
mechanical due to The source of migrant labor in Cu Chi increased rapidly,


20
due to the demand for labor to serve industrial zones and clusters. Second,
the increase in the ratio of the urban population to the rural population. We
also made a comparison table and found that in the suburban districts of the
city. Ho Chi Minh City, Nha Be is the district with the highest average urban
population, followed by Cu Chi district.
4.6. Urbanization has changed many cultural activities of Cu Chi
residents
Urbanization has promoted the economic development of Cu Chi,

leading to changes in culture. Firstly, the investment funds for cultural
activities of the district have been increased, cultural activities have achieved
many remarkable results. Second, cultural activities change to the shape of
urban culture. Third, besides the positive aspects, urbanization also brings
some consequences to the cultural life of Cu Chi residents in particular, and
urbanized rural areas in general across the country.
4.7. Urbanization has had a strong impact on the environmental
landscape of Cu Chi district
An obvious result of urbanization in localities is that rural landscapes
disappear to be replaced by urban landscapes. If in the past, trees, fields,
buffaloes, and stables were the landscape of the old village and countryside
of Cu Chi, through the process of urbanization, these images gradually
disappeared to receive a Other landscapes: houses, factories, roads, schools,
theaters, supermarkets... However, in the process of urbanization,
environmental pollution is also a matter of special concern .
Sub-conclusion of chapter 4
Compared with the suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City, along
with Binh Chanh, Cu Chi is a district with a fast urbanization rate. The
urbanization process of Cu Chi started from the urgent need for economic
development to help the locality get out of poverty. Urbanization takes place
first of all, a shift in economic structure and a change in infrastructure
facilities for local development. The values from the process of urbanization
not only change the lives of the people of Cu Chi, the appearance of Cu Chi
district, but also make an important contribution to the overall development
of Ho Chi Minh City - a largest city and the economic locomotive of the
country.


21
CONCLUSION

Urbanization is an inevitable process that goes hand in hand with
industrialization and modernization. After nearly 20 years of urbanization,
Cu Chi district has achieved many important achievements in many aspects.
Through the study of the urbanization process in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi
Minh City, we draw some conclusions as follows:
1. The process of urbanization in Cu Chi district is influenced by
factors on both advantages and disadvantages. The most important factor
affecting the urbanization process of the district is the policy of Cu Chi urban
development in Ho Chi Minh City, which is specifically approved through
the district's decisions. In addition, geographical location, natural conditions,
long historical and cultural traditions, abundant labor resources are also
factors that create many advantages for the urbanization process of Cu Chi.
However, besides the advantages, the quality of the labor force is not high,
stemming from the weak economic and social situation, which are also
significant difficulties in the urbanization process of the district.
2. Regarding the urban landscape, the urbanization process of Cu
Chi district is associated with the strong formation and development of
industrial parks and urban infrastructure. The planning of industrial parks,
residential areas and accompanying infrastructure has been built and adjusted
over the years to suit the reality and the new context of the situation. Cu Chi
district has invested in developing the transportation and irrigation network
to serve the requirements of agricultural economic restructuring and new
rural construction of the district; building steles to commemorate heroes and
martyrs in communes and townships, implementing the people-founded
lighting program, building schools and medical stations up to national
standards in terms of facilities and completing the construction of the district
People's Committee and 21 communes and townships. The district has also
completed the formulation of a number of socio-economic development
planning projects such as the planning of the District capital's commercial
center, the village of ornamental flowers, ornamental fish, and the garden

villa area combined with ecotourism along the Saigon River, Saigon - Gia
Dinh relic, Saigon Zoo and Botanical Garden, film studio (Hoa Phu),


22
Institute, international entertainment area; at the same time, implementing 5
regional general planning projects, detailed planning of the central area and
residential areas: Thai My commune, Phuoc Hiep commune, Trung Lap town
and Trung Lap Ha commune, completing the school network planning.
education, health care, cultural and sports facilities. It can be said that the
changes in urban infrastructure have created a new look for Cu Chi, bringing
Cu Chi from a rural suburban area that has taken on the appearance of a
satellite town of Ho Chi Minh City.
3. Economically, the urbanization of Cu Chi is the process of
gradually forming a new economy on the basis of increasingly effective
exploitation of the district's potential strengths. The economic value of Cu
Chi has grown by leaps and bounds. The economic structure of the district
has changed from purely agricultural, agriculture is the main economic
sector, the pillar has been forming the structure of industry - agriculture service. From one of the poorest rural areas of Ho Chi Minh City, severely
damaged by the war, thousands of hectares of abandoned fields, no industry
and underdeveloped handicrafts, but Cu Chi has become a rich agricultural
areas, industry - handicrafts, and services are on a strong development
momentum. This is the process of gradually transforming from rural to urban
with the driving force of rapid and comprehensive industrialization modernization.
4. Socially, social fields in Cu Chi have changed profoundly
according to the process of urbanization. The face of Cu Chi countryside has
quickly changed, from a bomb-white area, patched ground, abandoned
gardens, and dilapidated houses, now it has a new, more complete and
spacious appearance.. Areas such as education, culture, and health have made
remarkable achievements. The flow of immigrants to Cu Chi is increasing

day by day, bringing back the labor force and bringing more rich cultural
features to the land of Cu Chi. The material and spiritual life of the people
has been continuously improved. The district's program of hunger
eradication, poverty reduction, and bamboo cottages has been basically
completed. The average annual income of the people has increased over time.
5. The process of urbanization affects the lifestyle of Cu Chi
residents. With the introduction of export processing zones, factories,
factories, roads were widened, bridges and bridges were built, many


23
commercial centers and modern residential areas changed the lifestyle from
clinging to the soil and clinging to the fields. to the urban lifestyle of Cu Chi
residents. At the same time, besides the positive aspects, the process of
urbanization also generates many problems that need to be solved such as:
shrinking agricultural land area, population growth, job pressure, social evils,
etc. The degradation of living environment... are also obstacles to the
development of urban areas, and Cu Chi is not an exception.
6. Overall study on the urbanization process of Cu Chi over nearly
20 years, some lessons can be drawn as follows: Firstly, Cu Chi has properly
and appropriately applied the policies on urbanization of the Party, State, and
Ho Chi Minh City into local practice. This is an important factor leading to
Cu Chi's achievements in the process of urbanization. Secondly, the process
of urbanization should be closely associated with the acceleration of
economic restructuring in the direction of cottage industries, commerce and
services. Thirdly, it is extremely important in the process of urbanization that
it is necessary to promote the people's strength, the spiritual strength, the
consensus of the people, the material resources from the source of
socialization, which are decisive to the development of the population.
success of urbanization. To do that, it is necessary to pay attention to the

harmony between development and conservation, between the common
interests of the collective and the legitimate interests of the people. Fourthly,
in the process of urbanization, it should be associated with ensuring social
security, maintaining political and social stability, and managing the city well
in all circumstances.
7. From the above lessons, in order to further accelerate the
urbanization of Cu Chi in the coming time, Cu Chi district needs to continue
to synchronously implement the following solutions:
Firstly, continue to study and apply the guidelines and policies of the
Party and Ho Chi Minh City to the specific conditions of the locality on the
basis of promoting synergy, upholding the spirit of self-reliance, take
advantage of the attention and effectively use investment resources. Cu Chi
needs specific solutions to promote the synergy of the whole political system,
the resilient, dynamic, creative and united revolutionary tradition is a decisive
factor in completing the task of urbanization.