Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Biện pháp nâng cao hiệu quả cảm thụ của học sinh khi dạy bài Tức cảnh Pác Pó pdf

BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU
QUA CAM
THU
CUA HOC SINH KHI DAY HOC BAI
"TlfC
CANH
PAC
B&
O OINH THI
LUYEN*
S
ou 30 ndm ro nudc ngodi tfm dudng gidi
phdng ddn tdc, ngdy
28/1/1941
Hd Chi
Minh trd ve nudc Idnh dgo phong trdo cdch
mqng Viet Nam. Pdc Bd (Cao Bdng) ndm sdt bien
gidi Viet - Trung dugc Bdc chgn Idm noi d vd xdy
dyng co sd edeh mqng. Trong thdi glon ndy,
Ngudi dd Idm 2 bdi tho ve Pdc Bd:
«Pdc
Bd hung
vf
vd «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd".
Bdi tho «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc duo vdo
chuong trinh THCS dd
tii
Idu, nhung qua khdo
sdt thuc
te
d mdt so trudng, chiing tdi nhdn thd'y

viec dqy hge bdi tho dqt yeu cdu dd khd, dqy tdt
Iqi edng khd hon bdi mgt so hqn che md gido
vien (GV) ehua vugt quo dugc. Bdi viet duo ro
mdt vdi suy
nghlve
viec tiep cdn, khdm phd nhiing
ye'u to tde ddng den hieu qud cdm thy cuo hqc
sinh (HS) khi dqy
hge
bdi tho ndy.
1.
Trudc het, khi tien hdnh dgc hieu bdi tho,
GV vd HS gdp phdi khd khdn ve hieu biet thye te.
Vdi HS mien xudi thi thiic dn ddn dd
ciio
ddng
bdo mien mil nhu: chdo be, rau mang; noi d
hoang dd nhu: hang dd,
sudi
cdc em edm thd'y
khd hinh dung, tudng tugng. GV mien xudi cd
nhung khd khdn nhdt djnh khi hudng ddn HS d
Ilia tudi
13,
14
tiep nhdn nhiing chi tie't hien thye
tudng nhu rd't dl hieu ndi
tren.
Cdn vdi HS mien
mil,

cdc em cd the hinh dung dugc hodn cdnh
sdng Clio Bdc phdi dn d thieu
thdn,
vdt vd nhu
the,
nhung
Iqi
gap trd ngqi khi tfm hieu
nghlo
hdm dn
ciio
nhung
tii
ngii mgc mgc, gidn dj, ddc
biet id cdc
tii
ngy y sdu sde nhu: sdn sang, sang
2.
TCr
viec
khde
phyc nhung khd khdn mong tinh
chd't viing mien, GV cdn luu y vd nhdn mgnh hodn
cdnh ra ddi
ciio
bdi tho. «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc
sdng tdc vdo thdng
2/1941,
miia xudn ddu tien
Bdc ve nudc Idnh dqo phong trdo cdch mqng gidi

phdng ddn tdc. Noi Bdc d Id hong Pdc Bd (cdn ggi
Id Cdc Bd, tieng ddn tdc cd nghTa Id ddu ngudn).
Hang Cdc Bd thugc Idng Pdc Bd, xd Trudng Hd,
huyen Hd Qudng, tfnh Cao Bdng. Ve cude sd'ng
sinh hoqt
ciia
Bde, ddng chi Hodng Qudc Viet ke
Iqi:
«Bdc dn ngdy 2 bua: vdo liic
10
gid sdng vd 5
gid chieu. Bdc thudng dn chung vdi anh em. Biia
com dqm bqc, phdn Idn Id rau, mdng" (1).
Mua xudn ddu tfen trd ve sou gdn 30 ndm xo
Td qud'c nhung cd bdi tho Ngudi khdng mieu td
mien non nudc dep tuai cua viing nui Cao Bdng
khi vdo xudn md td cdnh sinh hoqt vd nhCrng suy
nghl
cuo minh ve cdng vlec cdch mqng. Nhung
vdn tho cuo Ngudi, ddu Id td cdnh, soy sua
vdi
giong son cdm tu vdn ludn the hien tdm hdn, y
chi,
niem tfn cuo mdt ngudi chien
sT
edeh mqng
ehdn chfnh. Cung nhu
«Pdc
Bd hung vf, bdng
cdi nhin

ciia
ngudi con xo Td qud'c mdi trd ve,
diing trudc mdt ddi non sdng ddt nudc hung vT,
ddng sou ndi bdi hdi xuc ddng vdn Id Idng tfn. Id
y chf gidnh ddc ldp, tu do eho ddn tdc:
Non xa xa, nudc xa xa/Ndo phdi thinh thang
mdi ggi
Id /Day
sudi Linin, kia nui Mdc/Hai
fay xdy dung mgt san hd.
Ddt «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" vdo hodn cdnh rdng Id
b)di
cdnh ijch
sii
ddn tdc vd hodn cdnh hep id dieu
kien sdng vd tdm su cuo Bdc nhung ngdy mdi ve
nude mdi thdy het dugc y nghia cuo bdi tho, khdm
phd dugc nhCrng Idp nghTa sdu xa cua ngdn hi.
Theo nhd tho Khuong HCru Dyng, bdi tho ndy
vd'n vo de. Nhan de
«7'uc
cdnh Pdc Bd" Id do
ngudi bien soqn eudn Tha Hd Chi Minh ddt.
Theo cdc nhd nghien
ciiu
Vu Chdu Qudn vd
Nguyen Huy Qudt, cd the ddt nhan de cho bdi
tha Id «Sinh
hoqt
d Pdc Bd" cung dugc. Tuy nhien,

du theo nhan de ndo thi ngudi dgc vdn nhdn thdy
chd't trii tfnh cdch mqng todt ten
tii
nhung vdn tho
gidn dj cuo Bdc. Chd't trii tfnh cdch mqng d'y ngdi
sdng bdi nhiing chi tie't hien thye ve ddi sd'ng sinh
hoqt, dieu kien Idm viec vd ciing khd khdn gian
khd cua ngudi chie'n sT cdng sdn kien cudng
Nguyen Ai Qud'c. NghTa hdm dn cuo bdi tho Id
niem tin tudng, Igc
quan.
Id y chi sdt dd
ciio
Bdc
*
Tnrdng
Dai
hpc sir pham
-
Dai
lipc Tliai
Nguyen
Tap ehi Giao due so
244
(ki
a.
s/aoioi
dd'i vdi su nghiep cdch mqng. Thuc te dqy hge
van d Idp 8 THCS, bd'i
cdnh

ra ddi bdi tho, nghTa
hdm dn
ciio
hi ngii vd nhd't Id chd't trCr tfnh cdch
mqng trong ngudi chie'n sT- nghe
sT
Hd Chi Minh
quo bdi tho chua dugc GV khoi thdc ddy
dii
vd
sdu sdc nen hieu qud dqy
hge
cdn hqn che.
Tho Bdc the hien
hi
tudng, tfnh cdm, tdm hdn
cua mdt ngudi cdch mqng tiing
trdi,
cho nen dgc
«Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd"
ciia
Ngudi cung nhu thudng
thiic ve dep cuo mdt bdng hoa,
hjy
mdu sdc khdng
n/c
rd, huong thom khdng ngdo ngqt nhung dgng
Iqi tfong to nhieu dieu thu vj khd quen. Vi vdy, de
hieu tho
Bdc,

b)en
cqnh sy tdn
kinh,
nghiem
hjc,
edn
fTnh
tdm, suy ngdm vd cd nhdn quan cdch mqng
nhdt
djnh.
Hon
nOa,
cdn phdi
khde
phye nhiing hqn
ehe tfong edm thy bdi
tbo
do khodng cdch vung
mien.
Cd the td ehiic cho HS mien xudi di tham
quan cdc di tich Ijch
sii
d Coo Bdng: hong Pdc Bd,
sudi Lenin hode cho cdc em xem phim tfr lieu ve
nhung di tich dd. Dd'i vdi HS mien mil, GV cdn
hudng ddn
kT
hon ve viec hieu nghTa hdm ngdn sou
nghid
hiln ngdn gidn dj tfong bdi tho cuo Bdc.

3. Bdi tho «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc viet bdng
tieng Viet, theo the cd thi
(tii
tuyet Dudng lugt).
Viec phdn tfch the tho, nhjp tho, thanh dieu d ddy
cdn nhung tri thiic nhd't djnh ve thi phdp the
loqi.
Mdt sd GV chua
chii
tdm khoi thde
nhOng
ye'u to
thi phdp trong bdi tho de Idm rd tu tudng, tfnh
cdm kin ddo cua tdc gid.
Ngdn ngir trong «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" id mdt
vd'n de ddng
quon
tdm, nhu Id «chia khda" giup
HS hieu duge ngl dung tu tudng vd gid trj nghe
thuqt cuo bdi tho. De HS hieu dugc hdm y sdu xa
ddng sou Idp ngdn hi gidn dj, rd't ddi binh thudng
Clio Bdc khdng
dS.
Ddy Id mdt khd khdn
ciio
GV
khi hudng HS cdm nhdn tfnh edm yeu nudc sdu
sdc vd y chi cdch mqng coo cd
ciio
Bdc. Tim hieu

ngdn ngCr trong tho Bdc, ta se gdp mdt phong
cdch md
ddd
«cdl
vTdql
gdn vdi cdi gidn dj"(2).
Tho Ngudi binh dj trong cdch dung tCr, ddt cdu,
nhung dqt tdi
miic
chfnh xdc coo do vd ddy chd't
trf
tue.
Cdch diln td sinh hoqt hdng ngdy cuo Bdc
cung rd't mde mgc, ty nhien, chi bdng vdi net phdc
hoq:
Sdng ra bo
sudi,
fdi vao hang/Chdo be
rau mang vdn sdn sdng
Thdt binh dj: sdng ra, fdi vao. Ngudi ra bd
sudi (dnh sdng), vdo hang (bdng td'i) tudng nhu
viec binh thudng hdng ngdy, nhung trong vdn
cdnh bdi tho dieu dd ggi cho to biet tfnh the hoqt
ddng bi mdt gian non
ciio
nhiing ndm Tien khdi
nghTa
(1941
-1945).
Ngdn ngii tho Bdc khdng ten

Tap chi Giao due so
244
(ki
a
•
s/aoio)
gdn,
su viec dugc Bdc ndi de'n cung rd't binh
thudng nhung dn
chiio
trong dd nhung y
tii
sdu
sdc. Tinh
tii
chdng chinh Id mdt vi dy. Chdng
chenh - nghTa hien ngdn Id the diing khdng vCrng
chdc Clio cdi bdn dd, nhung cdn bleu dqt y tfnh
hinh ljch
sii
luc bdy gid dang gdp nhieu khd khdn,
cdch mqng chua cd co sd dn
djnh,
dong d the
chua vUng vdng.
Tii
sang (nhdn tu
ciio
bdi tho)
eung de ndi cdi

sang
cd ngy y. Ngudi ddi thudng
ndi «gidu song", nhin nhdn cdi «sang" bdng sy
gidu ed, no du; vdt chd't du
thCro,
hdo nhodng thi
goi Id «sang". Phdi dn chdo be (chdo ngd) vdi
rau mang
(thii
rau chdng cd chd't bd gi) - soo ndi
Id «sang"? Nhung, tfong thye te, cdi «sang" khdng
phdi boo
gid
cung gdn vdi «gidu", cd ngudi gidu
md khdng sang, Iqi cd ngudi sang nhung khdng
gidu.
Gidu cd md thd tyc, «bd't hoc bdt tri li" thi
ggi Id trge phu
chii
khdng the ggi Id ngudi sang.
Cdi «sang" ndm trong cdt cdch tinh thdn vd nep
sdng.
Cude ddi edeh mqng vdt vd, hi sinh Id the
md vdn thdy
«sang"
id cdm nhdn
ciio
ngudi khdng
Idy vdt chd't vd hudng thy idm myc dieh sd'ng.
Ngudi cdch mqng hdo minh vdo thien nhien, tdn

dyng nhung Igi the cuo thien nhien de phyc vy
eho cdng viec vd ddi sdng. VT nhdn nung ndu chf
Idn khdng ddi hdi qud nhieu d hodn cdnh. Vdt
chd't thie'u thdn ddu phdi Id md'i bdn tdm trong
tdm tri dd chdt ddy
niem
tfn vd. khoo khdt gidi
phdng ddn tdc cuo ngudi Idnh ty cdch mqng Hd
Chi Minh! Sudi, hang, chdo be, rau mang Id sy
sinh hoqt binh
dj.
Id nhiing mdn dn thanh dqm ve
vdt chd't nhung bleu hien sy
thonh
cao trong sdng
ve tinh
thdn,
thudng thd'y d cdc bdc hien triet
glCro
ehdn Idm tuyen. Dung nhu nhd tho Luu Trgng Lu
nhdn xet: «Bdn cdu tho tudng nhu khdng cd gi
nhung thdt ro Igi ndi dugc td't cd" (2).
«Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" Id bdi tho
tii
tuyet Dudng
lugt, viet bdng tieng Viet nhung mong ddm chdt
Dudng thi vd dqt de'n
dinh
coo cuo sy hdm sue,
tfnh

te.
Tho Dudng luqt cd nhiing quy djnh ve
nhjp,
song linh hdn
ciio
mdi bdi tho Iqi Id sy sdng
tqo cuo tdc gid d nhjp dieu
ciio
mdi cdu tho ey
the.
Nhip dieu
ciio
«Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" khdng don
dieu:
cdu tho ddu theo nhjp 4/3, the hien 2 chieu
vdn ddng ra vd vdo hdng ngdy deu ddn md
khdng nhdm ehdn vi cd ve gi ung dung, binh
thdn;
cdu
thii
hoi ngdt nhjp 2/2/3 dien td cude sd'ng
thong thd, binh dn
eiia
Bdc d Pdc Bd. Cdu
thii
bo vd cdu cudi vdi nhjp 4/3 todt ten ve khoe
khodn,
gdn gudc, gdp phdn tgo nen hinh tugng
(Xem tiep trang 43)
- Cdc ke't qud thf nghiem thu dugc tren md

phdng thi nghiem:
-i-
So lieu dugc Idy tir thf nghiem
thuc vd ve dd thj ngay tren
phdn mem md phdng;
-i-
Cdc
thdng sd nhu hieu dien the
UAK, cudng do chum sdng,
thong do ddng hd vqn
ndng,
dugc thay ddi gidng
vdi bg thi nghiem thuc (xem
hinh 2, hinh 3).
Vdi bd phdn mem md
phdng ndy, GV cd the ty tfm
hieu ve dyng ey vd cdch tien
hdnh thi nghiem tren mdy
U(V)
-4.4
-3.3
-2.2
-I.l
0
1.1
2.2
3.3
I(HA)
1
0

1
1
1.4
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.1
,
I(HA)
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Hinh 2. Bdng sd
liiu
U-l
Hinh 3.
Dudng
dqc trung
Vdn-Ampe
tfnh d mgi luc, mgi noi. Sou khi dd ndm dugc
cdc thao tdc vd ed ket qud thi nghiem, GV chi
cdn rd't it thdi gian chudn bj thi nghiem thdt trudc
khi su dyng trong DH. Ngodi ro, trong mdt so
trudng hgp cdn thie't, GV cung cd the su dyng
chinh cdc phdn mem md phdng ndy trong qud
trinh DH cua minh tren Idp, sou dd td chue cho
HS tfen hdnh thi nghiem vdi dyng cy that vdo
mdt thdi diem khde thich hgp. Ddi vdi cdc bdi
thi nghiem thuc hdnh, GV cd the hudng ddn HS
su dyng phdn mem de tfm hieu trudc ve dyng
cy vd cdc budc tfen hdnh d nhd vd chudn bj thf

nghiem trude khi de'n Idm thuc hdnh.
Nhu
vdy,
chdt lugng cuo bdi thi nghiem thuc hdnh se coo
hon ddng thdi tie't kiem thdi gion hon.
Ngodi viec su dyng nhu Id tdi lieu tu hge ddnh
cho GV, cdc phdn mem md phdng cdn cd the
dugc su dyng trong cdc gido trinh dien tf}, ebooks,
eleorrning
•
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Nguyen Xuan Thanh. "Xay dirng va quan li cac
video thi nghiem vat If pho thong trong dao tao va
boi duang giao vien". Tgp chi Gido due, 2006.
2.
NguySn Xuan Thanh. "Mo phong thi nghiem tren
may tfnh di sir dung phoi
hgp
voi thi nghiem that
trong day hoc vat li d trucmg phd thong". Tgp chi
khoa hoc Truang Dai hoc su pham Ha Noi, 2007.
3.
NguySn Xuan Thanh. "Xay dung cac phan mem danh
cho sinh
viSn tir
hpc cac hoc phan phirong phap day
hoc vat li phd
thOng a trucrng
Dai hoc su pham". Tgp

chi khoa hoc. Trucmg Dai hpc str pham Ha Npi, 2009.
Bien phap nang cao
(Tiip theo trang 29)
ngudi chien sT cdch mqng
vCro
thanh coo, viro
cuong
nghi.
Ddc biet, bo vdn trdc lien Hep d
cdu thu ba (djch su Ddng) nhu
ndi
ten su khd
khdn,
ndng ne trong nhiem vy ddng thdi the hien
dugc Idng quyet tdm, y chi sdt dd cuo ngudi
chien sT cdch mqng phdi sdng, Idm viec trong
hodn cdnh khdng thudn Igi.
Vd'n de cdnh vd tinh trong Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd
cung cdn dugc tdp trung khai thdc, tfm
hieu.
Cdnh
thien nhien hien ten trong tho Bdc ludn trdn ddy
sue sd'ng. Nhirng
sudi,
hang, chdo be, rau mang
ggi ngudi dgc nhd den mdng
true,
gia, hd sen,
ao trong tho «Nhdn" cuo Nguyin Binh Khiem. Di
vdo tho Bdc td't cd Iqi cd y nghTo rd't tuoi mdi, cd

tfnh cdch mqng vd hien dqi, khie'n cho cdnh vd
tfnh trd nen hdi hdo. Bdi vqy md ndi, tho Bdc tuy
phdng phdt phong vi cd thi md vdn dqm dd chd't
trii-tfnh
cdch mqng.
=
Tap chi Giao due so 244
(ki
a •
s/aoio)
Cd nhd nghien cuu vdn hge nhdn xet, dqi y:
Tha Hd
Chtj
tich gidn di nhu con ngudi Hd Chu
tich,
nhung frong cdi gidn dj dy chua dung bao
nhiiu cdi phong phu Idn lao. Dqy vd hge nhirng
vdn tho mang phong cdch nhu the cuo Bdc viro dl
Iqi vira khd. Dieu quon trgng Id GV phdi biet khde
phyc nhirng khd khdn d dd'i
h/gng
HS cy the de
ddn ddt cdc em tfm hieu
«cd/
phong phu, Idn lao"
sou nhung cdu tho «g;dn dj
nhu
con ngudi Hd Chu
tjeh"
bdng cdc phuang phdp, bien phdp

tbich
hgp
theo tfnh thdn ddi mdi phuong phdp dqy hqc. •
(1) Hoang Qudc Viet. Con duo'ng theo Bac. NXB
Thanh nien, H.
1990,
tr. 33, 34.
(2) NguySn
NhuY
(chil bien). Ho
Chi
Minh tac gia,
tac pham, nghe thuat ngon
tii.
NXB Gido
due,
H.
2005,
tr. 781.
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Bich
H5ng (sim
tim va tap hpp).
ThaHO Chi
Minh.
NXB Vdn hod thdng tin, H. 1997, tr. 317.
^