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BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE
3G and Beyond
Edited by
Willie W. Lu

SIEMENS, USA
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE

BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE
3G and Beyond
Edited by
Willie W. Lu
SIEMENS, USA
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd,

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Contents

Preface ix
List of Contributors xiii
1 Summary and Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Network Architecture 3
1.3 Protocol Stack 4
1.4 Compact Open Core 5
1.5 Conclusions 8
2 UMTS Air Interface 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1 3GPP 13
2.1.2 3GPP2 14

2.2 UMTS Air Interface 14
2.2.1 Layer 1 15
2.2.2 Layer 2 48
2.2.3 Layer 3 62
2.3 CDMA2000 Air Interface 70
2.3.1 Layer 1 71
2.3.2 Layer 2 76
2.3.3 Layer 3 85
2.4 Compatibility Issues 90
2.4.1 3GPP-3G 91
2.4.2 3G-2G 93
2.5 Enhancing 3G Capabilities 95

2.5.1 Adaptive Antennas 98
2.5.2 Space-Time Transmission Diversity 113
2.5.3 Turbo Coding 121
2.5.4 Multiuser Detection 128
2.6 Conclusions 132
3 Network Architecture 137
3.1 Introduction 137
3.1.1 Requirements for 3G Systems 138
3.1.2 International Standardisation Activities 138
3.1.3 General Aspects of 3G Systems 140
3.1.4 Chapter Outline 141
3.2 Generic Network Model 142

3.2.1 Physical Model 142
3.2.2 Functional Model 144
3.3 Network Architecture 146
3.3.1 3GPP Release 99 147
3.3.2 3GPP Release 4 156
3.3.3 3GPP Release 5 160
3.3.4 An Overview of PS Domain Protocols 166
3.4 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 169
3.4.1 UTRAN Architecture 169
3.4.2 UTRAN Functions 174
3.4.3 Control and User Plane Separation in UTRAN 176
3.4.4 UE-UTRAN Association 177

3.4.5 The Uu Interface 178
3.4.6 The Iu Interface 178
3.4.7 Key Features of Iu Interface 179
3.4.8 Protocol Architecture across Iu 181
3.4.9 Signalling Procedures across Iu 187
3.4.10 Iur Interface 198
3.4.11 Iub Interface 205
3.4.12 Establishment of Data Bearers in UTRAN 209
3.5 Network Access Security 215
3.5.1 Key Security Principles 216
3.5.2 Weaknesses in Second-Generation Security 217
3.5.3 Security Objectives 217

3.5.4 Security Architecture 218
3.5.5 Network Access Security 220
4 Emerging Wireless Applications and Protocols 239
4.1 Introduction 239
4.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 240
4.2.1 WAP Markets 240
4.2.2 WAP Architectures and Protocols 243
4.2.3 WAP Securities 251
4.2.4 WAP Interoperability 252
4.2.5 WAP and 3Gwireless 254
4.2.6 WAP Services and Applications 256
4.2.7 WAP System Solutions 260

4.3 i-Mode 262
4.3.1 What is i-Mode? 262
4.3.2 i-Mode Compatible HTML 262
4.3.3 i-Mode Network Structure 263
4.3.4 Features of i-Mode 264
4.3.5 i-Mode Applications 265
4.3.6 i-Mode Developing Strategy 266
4.4 Other Wireless Mobile Internet Application Technologies 267
4.5 Conclusions 268
5 Initiatives in 4G Mobile Design 271
5.1 Introduction – Who Needs 4G? What is 4G? 271
5.1.1 Social Background and Future Trends 271

5.1.2 Trends in ITU-R 271
5.1.3 Wireless Access Systems Related to 4G Mobile 277
5.1.4 Key Technologies 277
Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyondvi
5.2 Microwave Propagation 277
5.2.1 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Urban Environments 279
5.2.2 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Residential Environments 285
5.3 Adaptive Antennas 288
5.3.1 Introduction 288
5.3.2 Algorithms 290
5.3.3 Space-time Equaliser Using Adaptive Antennas 291
5.3.4 Implementation of the Space-time Equaliser 293

5.3.5 CDMA Adaptive Array Antennas 295
5.3.6 SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) 296
5.3.7 Summary 300
5.4 Multiple Access Schemes 300
5.4.1 Comparison and Improvement Technology of Multiple Access Schemes 301
5.4.2 Multi-carrier CDMA 302
5.4.3 Summary 307
5.5 CDMA Dynamic Cell Configuration 307
5.5.1 Teletraffic Load in Cellular Radio Systems 307
5.5.2 Teletraffic Management and Access Methods 308
5.5.3 Channel Assignment 309
5.5.4 Control Methods in CDMA Systems 309

5.5.5 Principle of Dynamic Cell Configuration 310
5.5.6 Evaluation of DCC 311
5.5.7 Characteristics in Up and Downlinks 312
5.5.8 Future Works 314
5.6 CDMA Cellular Packet Communications 315
5.6.1 Transmission Power Control for Connection-less Services 316
5.6.2 Service Fairness in a System with Site Diversity Reception 318
5.6.3 Accommodation of Asymmetric Traffic 322
5.6.4 Summary 325
5.7 Network Architecture and Teletraffic Evaluation 326
5.7.1 Reducing Interruptions During Handoff 327
5.7.2 Reducing Forced Terminations During Handoff 327

5.7.3 Handover Control Appropriate for Multimedia Communications Using
ATM and IP Technologies 331
5.7.4 A Mobile Communication Traffic Model 332
5.8 TCP over 4G 336
5.8.1 Transmission Rate Control 339
5.8.2 Transmission Power Control for CDMA Wireless Systems 340
5.8.3 Steady State Analysis for Combining of Transmission Power Control
and Packet Transmission Rate Control 341
5.8.4 Performance Evaluation 342
5.8.5 Conclusions 343
5.9 Decoding Technique in Mobile Multimedia Communications 343
6 Conclusions 357

Index 361
Contents vii
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Preface

‘Life is beautiful if powered by wireless technology’
Congratulations. By opening this page you have become part of a great conversation.
When I first proposed the 3Gwireless’2000 Conference back in 1998, lots of issues were
unclear about this new technology. Now we are meeting at 3Gwireless’2002 where we have
tremendous progress on this technology and the 3Gwireless system has been already
deployed in some countries.
Wireless mobile communication normally has a ten-year evolution cycle, five years for
research and development, and another five year s for implementation and deployment. While
3Gwireless starts to deploy worldwide, research on next-generation mobile technology is
already on track. The Delson Group’s World Wireless Congress and Fourth-Generation
Mobile Forum (4GMF) opened the door for this very hot ‘beyond 3G’ research and devel-
opment in this planet.

When the first generation mobile phone came to the world, people greatly enjoyed its easy
wireless communication. I still remember how much I loved the first mobile phone. It was
like a brick, easy to stand-up and cost me a thousand dollars. In the early 90s, everyone talked
about digital, and GSM (the second-generation mobile phone) came into life. The only
difference for me to use GSM compared to the old one is more information displayed in
the phone time, name and short message but it was still expensive for me in the early
beginning. GSM is the product of our digitalised society and benefited a lot from it. GSM
hand phone became the no. 1 fashion commodity in China. In many under-develop ed
provinces in China, people worked hard every day just to get a GSM phone rather than
buy anything else, and young people tried to save lunches to pay for the new phone though
still over 20% of GSM phones have never been in service.
The Internet created lots of wealth as well as noise. Now we really cannot survive without

the Internet, and cutting off e-mail is like cutting off our oxygen. Information exchange has
become one of the most important parts of life.
The Internet pushed the mobile communication hard to the edge of technology because the
voice-centric GSM does not have much capability to deliver value-added Interne t traffic.
Business is driven by the market and 3Gwireless was quickly rolled out into the market with
huge investment and involvement from lots of engineers, researchers and marketing profes-
sionals.
The objective of 3Gwireless is very clear: to extend the Internet traffic to the mobile
terminal and unwire the Internet. Therefore, the major improvement of 3Gwireless is on
the new air interface called Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) to support high data rate
transmission over the radio link.
However, when people dream of the beautiful wireless future, one fundamental issue was

brought to the table: where is the spectrum for all this activity?
While Internet networking business cooled down, most investors changed their focus to
wireless, especially broadband wireless technologies which greatly promoted the develop-
ment of short-range wireless products. Wireless Local Area Network, wireless Personal Area
Network and broadband wireless access, etc. have just flooded the world. They work in the
licensed bands or unlicensed bands, and they consume a huge amount of spectrum. So again,
do we have enough spectrum?
From all over the world, every week, we have one wireless standard coming out whether it
is international, national or just a local standard. By 2010, there may not be any standard at all
because there are too many standards already in this small planet.
So, how can we survive in this wireless storm?
Convergence of wireless mobile and local wireless access is the only solution!

The next generation mobile terminal (4G Mobile or called ‘Beyond 3G’) should be a multi-
band, multi-standard, multi-mode and multi-media personal commun icator with an
embedded converged broadband wireless system core. Whether you are in the office,
home, airport or shoppi ng centre, etc, the communicator will automatically connect to the
broadband short range wireless access networks (i.e. Wireless LAN, etc) to provide high-
speed wireless connections. If you are on the move and cannot reach these local wireless
access systems, you will be automatically switched to the wireless mobile networks. If both
wireless mobile and wireless access networks are available, the default connection mode is
local wireless access. This converged wireless system has, at least, the following benefits:
† greatly increases the spectrum utilisation with spectrum sharing and reuse
† brings more bits to the wireless users as most broadband services are in the local wireless
access domain

† integrated numbering, billing and enhanced security
† full use of wireless network resources
† guaranteed seam less wireless Internet communications
This is the concept of the fourth-generation mobile communications (4G Mobile), and the
proposed vision of the Fourth-Generation Mobile Forum (4GMF) by the Delson Group.
From the user perspective this 4G Mobile vision can also be described as a multi-sphere
level concept. In the first level the user connects all carried devices like a camera, phone,
mirror glasses for images, watch, etc. in a PAN (Personal Area Network) by short range
connectivity systems. The second level links the immediate environment like a TV, a PC, a
refrigerator, etc. to the user. Level three ensures the direct communication to instant partners
as other users and vehicles. Different radio access systems like terrestrial mobile systems,
satellite systems and HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations) are provided in level four for

full area coverage. These levels are surrounded by the Cyber World (services and applications
domain) in level five, where games, access to databases and the Internet, communication etc.
are provided. Therefore, the different communication relations person-to-person and mainly
machine-to-person and vice versa and machine-to-machine will determine mobile and wire-
less communications in the future.
Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyondx
This vision from the user perspective is the driving force for seamless services and
applications via different access systems (air interfaces) for future developments. Due to
the future-dominating role of IP-based data traffic and applications, networks and systems
have to be designed for economic packet data transfer. The fixed Internet penetration is
growing in parallel to the mobile radio penetration. About 80% of fixed Internet users are
also using mobile communications. Therefore, these users want to get the same services on

wireless terminals. These services require a high degree of asymmetry between uplink and
downlink especially for Internet type services with much higher expected capac ity on the
downlink.
This 4G Mobile vision can be implemented by integration of these different evolving and
emerging wireless technologies in a common flexible and expandable platform to provide a
multiplicity of possibilities for current and future services and applications to users in a single
terminal. The available, emerging and evolving radio transmission technologies have basi-
cally been designed in the classical vertical communication model that a system has to
provide a limited set of services to users in an optimised manner. The 4G Mobile system
will mainly be characterised by a horizontal communication model, where different air
interfaces as cellular, cordless, WLAN type systems, short range connectivity and wired
systems will be combined on a common platform to complement each other in an optimum

way for different service requirements and radio environments. These wireless systems will
be connected to a common, flexible and seamless converged core network. The mobility
management will be part of a new Media Access System as interface between the core
network and the particular wireless technology to connect a user via a single number for
different systems to the network. This will correspond to a generalised access network. Global
roaming for all wireless technologies is required. The interworking between these different
systems in terms of horizontal and vertical handover and seamless services with service
negotiation including mobility, security and QoS will be a key requirement, which will be
handled in the newly developed Media Access Control System and the core network.
Let’s back track to the purpose of this book. Why do we call it Broadband Wireless
Mobile? People like the mobile phone much more because of its mobility than just because
it is wireless. The mobile services continue to dominate the whole of wireless communica-

tions, and therefore, the fourth generation is still focused on the mobile business (called 4G
Mobile). Meanwhile, W-LAN may become part of the mobile communications since each
W-LAN base station can act as the mobile wireless router in terms of traffic management and
access control.
The world changes too fast. When I first talked on 3Gwireless in 1995, only a few people
attended my seminar. Now everyone is talking about ‘‘3G’’, ‘‘Beyond 3G’’ and 4G Mobile.
My invited speech in Stanford attracted nearly one thousand wireless professi onals and my
recent talk in China witnessed over ten thousand people – unbelievable!
So, what’s the conclusion? A New Wireless Storm is really coming!
Thanks Delson Group for great efforts in organising the 3Gwireless conferences and 4G
Mobile Forum to help promote the education, research and business of this emerging wireless
technology worldwide.

I hope you enjoy reading this book, and find it useful.
Willie W. Lu
Cupertino, California
September, 2002
Preface xi

List of Contributors
Chapters 1, 4 and 6
Willie L. Lu
SIEMENS
1730 North First Street, MS 14303
San Jose, CA 95112

USA
Chapter 2
Matilde Sa
´
nchez Ferna
´
ndez, Antonio Caaman
˜
o-Ferna
´
ndez, Javier Ramos-Lo
´

pez and Ana
Garcı
´
a-Armada
All of
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Av. Universidad, 30
28911 Legane
´
s, Madrid
SPAIN
Chapter 3

Apostolis Salkintzis
Motorola
Global Telecom Solutions Sector
GPRS/UMTS System Design & Standards
32 Kifissias Ave., Athens GR-15125
GREECE
Chapter 5
Takehiko Kobayashi
Department of Information and Communication Engineering
Tokyo Denki University
2-2 Kanda-nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101-8457

JAPAN

1
Summary and Introduction
Broadband wireless communications have gained an increased interest during the last few
years. This has been fuelled by a large demand on high frequency utilisation as well as a large
number of users requiring simultaneous high data rate access for the applications of wireless
mobile Internet and e-commerce. The convergence of wireless mobile and access will be the
next storm in the wireless communications, which will use a new network architecture to
deliver broadband services in a more generic configuration to wireless customers and
supports value-added services and emerging interactive multimedia communications.
Large bandwidth, guaranteed quality of service and ease of deployment coupled with recent

great advancements in semiconductor technologies make this converged wireless system a
very attractive solution for broadband service delivery.
1.1 Introduction
‘The future of wireless is not just wireless, it is a part of life’. When we trace back to the
1980s, everyone dreamed to have a nice mobile phone. But if we dream of the wireless
picture in 2010, the story will be totally different. Why? Because by that time, the wireless
infrastructure (not just for communications) will be totally multi-dim ensional, whether in
technologies (diversified and harmonised), applications (free mobile, local or global), or
services (service/bandwidth on demand). Our wireless personal communicator or assistant
(the size of a wallet or up to a book with enough bandwidth and memory) can help us enjoy
our lives. Wireless becomes easy and affordable in the mass market, even when you are away
from your office; your business will never be off-line. The global roaming and high-speed

wireless link (thanks to the tremendous silicon advancements) will make our travels wonder-
ful and feel at home.
The key applications evolved from the advancement of broadband wireless, and the under-
lining technologies, including broadband wireless mobile (3Gwireless and 4Gmobile), broad-
band wireless access, broadband wireless networking, as well as broadband satellite solutions
will surely dominate the whole communications market and therefore improve the business
model in many aspects.
Convergence of broadband wireless mobile and access will be the next storm in wireless
communications. Fuelled by many emergi ng technologies including digital signal processing,
software definable radio, intelligent antennas, superconductor devices as well as digital
transceiver, the future wireless system will be much more compact with limited hardware
entity and more flexible and intelligent software elements. Re-configurable and adaptive

terminals and base stations helps the system easily applied in the wireless mobile as well as
wireless access applications. The compact hardware and very small portion of software
(called Common Air Interface Basic Input-Output System or CAI-BIOS) will go the way
as the computer industries did in the past. A compact multi-dimensional broadband wireless
model will be adopted for the system design and implementation.
Wireless Mobile Internet will be the key application of this converged broadband wireless
system. The terminal will be very smart instead of dumb, compatible to mobile and access
services including wireless multicasting as well as wireless trunking. This new wireless
terminal will contain the following features:
† 90% of traffic will be data;
† security function will be enhanced, e.g. finger print chip embedded;
† voice recognition function will be enhanced, the keypad or keyboard attachment will be an

option, and wireless;
† the terminal will support single and multiple users with various service options;
† the terminal will be a fully adaptive software reconfigurable terminal.
As the wireless communications evolve to this convergence, the 4Gmobile (Fourth
Generation Mobile Wireless Communications) will be an ideal mode to support high data-
rate connections from 2Mbps to 20Mbps based on the new spectrum requirement for IMT-
2000 as well as the co-existence of the current spectrum for broadband wireless access. This
4Gmobile system’s vision aims at:
† providing a technological response to an accelerated growth in the demand for broadband
wireless connectivity;
† ensuring seamless services provisioning across a multitude of wireless systems and
networks, from private to public, from indoor to wide area;

† providing the optimum delivery of the user’s wanted service via the most appropriate
network available;
† coping with the expected growth in the Internet-based communications;
† opening new spectrum frontiers.
Figure 1.1 shows the convergence of wireless mobile and access in one track and generates
the 4Gmobile. In the following sections, we will discuss some detailed implementation issues
including system architecture, reference model, protocol stack as well as system design.
Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond2
Figure 1.1 Convergence of wireless mobile and access in one track.
1.2 Network Architecture
The future wireless network should be an open platform supporting multi-carrier, multi-band-
width and multi-standard air interfaces, and content-oriented bandwidth-on-demand (BoD)

services will dominate throughout the whole network. In this way, the packetised transmission
will go all the way from one wireless end terminal to another direct ly. Figure 1.2 shows this new
wireless network architecture. The major benefits of this architecture are that the network
design is simplified and the system cost is greatly reduced. The Base Transceiver System
(BTS) is now a smart open platform with a basic broadband hardware pipe embedded with a
CAI BIOS. Most functional modules of the system are software definable and re-configurable.
The packet switching is distributed in the broadband packet backbone (or core network called
Packet Division Multiplex – PDM). The wireless call processing, as well as other console
processing, is handled in this network. The Gateway (GW) acts as proxy for the Core Network
and deals with any issues for the BTS, and the BTS is an open platform supporting various
standards and optimised for full harmonisation and convergence. The terminal (Mobile Station
– MS) can be single or multi-users oriented supporting converged wireless applications. Figure

1.3 illustrates the unified wireless networks based on this architecture [1].
Summary and Introduction 3
Figure 1.2 Network reference model.
1.3 Protocol Stack
Considering the signalling protocol in Figure 1.2 , the client-server model is established
between a wireless terminal and the core network. The BTS becomes the agent in both
directions. This end-to-end direct signalling can ensure the wireless terminal to be smart
and intelligent rather than the dumb one in the current wireless system. Figure 1.4(a) shows
the system protocol stack.
Different serv ices (ATM, IP, STM, MPEG, etc.) can be supported through ‘Service
Convergence Layer’. To guarantee the Wireless QoS (quality of service) and high spectrum
utilisation, a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) scheme is required through the ‘MAC

DBA Sublayer’ which improves the conventional layer architecture. DBA scheduler is the
core of the MAC. To realise the dynamic resource allocation, this scheduler is essential for
the broadband wireless link, which in general helps:
† support class of service offerings;
† provide diagnostic support for all network protocols;
† eliminate the need for traffic shaping and user parameter control;
† eliminate end-to-end packet and/or cell delay variation;
† increase spectrum utilisation.
The ‘Transmission Convergence Layer’ handles with various transmission modulations,
error corrections, segmentations as well as interface mappings of wireless mobile and access
in the physical layer. Figure 1.4(b) shows an example for the support of wireless access
applications.

Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond4
Figure 1.3 Unified wireless networks.
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1.4 Compact Open Core

As mentioned in the previous sections, this converged broadband wireless system will have
the following features:
† multi-standards: 3Gwireless plus broadband wireless access
† high channel density with efficient resource utilisation
† dynamically scalable data-rates: from 32 kbps to 20 Mbps
† software definable and over-the-air programmable modules
† open core: various re-configurable kernels and common air interface BIOS
Figure 1.5 depicts this multi-dimensional and re-configurable radio [1], while Figure 1.6
shows its open interface s. As wireless goes multi-dimensional, different standards come out
everyday for different applications. However, if you look at their architectures in details, most
of them are the same or almost the same. The ‘All IP’ layer will become the common
platform; the service will be based on the secured Wireless Mobile Internet; the convergence

will focus on the variable services demand as well as transmission technologies.
From the implementation point of the view, in the future, the wireless software will take
about 75% of the work, while the hardware only takes 25% for the construction of the open
platform. Figure 1.7 shows this basic hardware structure.
The ‘digital block’ will eventually be implemented in one system (system-on-chip). The
‘analogue block’ outputs as an open module subject to various CAI standards. With the
Summary and Introduction 5
Figure 1.4 (a) General protocol stack. (b) Protocol stack: example.
Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond6
Figure 1.5 Multi-dimensional and reconfigurable radio.
Figure 1.6 Compact broadband wireless – open interface.
superconductivity technology advances, this block will probably become a separate ‘analo-

gue header’ only. The broadband pipe throughout this hardware will be re-configurable and
adaptive. The ‘CAI BIOS’ will be the software kernel to access and control the common
hardware platform.
Figure 1.8 lists the major functions embedded in this compact hardware implementation,
where minimum software control is required. There are four key modules in the systems: air
interfaces modules, baseband processing unit, digital broadband transceiver and smart
antenna array. The detailed functional segments are required for the converged implementa-
tions of the proposed broadband wireless system.
As an example, Figure 1.9 shows the open terminal architecture of this compact wireless
system, where the ‘DSP core’, ‘CAI BIOS and Soft Radio API’ and ‘Main Processor (MPU)/
CPU’ are three most important entities. ‘RF/IF Subsystem’ is an independent unit configur-
able to different applications of wireless mobile or wireless access. ‘Digital Down-Converter

Summary and Introduction 7
Figure 1.7 Open platform for broadband wireless mobile and access.
Figure 1.8 Functional segments of the converged broadband wireless systems.
(DDC)’, ‘Digital Up-Converter (DUC’, ADC and DAC are components of the broadband
digital transceiver system. ‘SIG’ handles various signalling protocol stacks, e.g. ‘All IP’ stack
and ‘IP on Air’ stack.
The proposed Fourth Generation Mobile Communications (4Gmobile) [1,2,4] will be an
ideal model of this converged wireless mobil e and access system. The 4Gmobile network and
terminal reconfigurability (scalable and flexible self-organised) includes:
† the adaptation of resource allocation to cope with varying traffic loads, channel conditions
and service environments;
† integration of fixed/mobile/broadcasting networks and rules for distribution and decentra-

lised control of functional entities;
† protocols that permit the network to adapt dynamically to changing channel conditions,
that allow the coexistence of low and high-rate users, hands-off of high-data-rate users
between base stations, congestion-control algorithms that are cognisant of and adjust to
changing channel conditions etc.;
† development of system concepts for digital broadband millimetre wav e capable of deli-
vering higher bit rates for the broadband wireless access applications.
Therefore, the 4Gmobile will provide seamless high data rate wireless service over an
increasing number of integrated but however distinct and heterogeneous wireless mobile and
access platforms and networks operating across multiple frequency bands. This service
adapts to multiple wireless standards (and multi-mode terminal capabilities) and to delay
sensitive or insensitive applications over radio channels of varying bandwidth, across multi-

ple operators and service provider domains with user fully controlled service quality levels.
1.5 Conclusions
In this chapter, a new compact multi-dimensional broadband wireless core is summarised
which focuses on the convergence of wireless mobile and access technologies. As the wire-
Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond8
Figure 1.9 Compact wireless open terminal.