Tài liệu Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking docx

Encyclopedia of
Multimedia
Technology and
Networking
Margherita Pagani
I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy,
Bocconi University, Italy
Hershey  London  Melbourne  Singapore
IDEA GROUP REFERENCE
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, ed.
p. cm.
Summary: "This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive knowledge of multimedia information technology from an economic and
technological perspective"--Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59140-561-0 (hard cover) -- ISBN 1-59140-796-6 (ebook)
1. Multimedia communications--Encyclopedias. I. Pagani, Margherita, 1971-
TK5105.15.E46 2005
2005005141
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set
are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board
Raymond A. Hackney, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Leslie Leong, Central Connecticut State University, USA
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Lorenzo Peccati, Bocconi University, Italy
Steven John Simon, Stetson School of Business and Economics - Mercer University, USA
Andrew Targowski, Western Michigan University, USA
Nobuyoshi Terashima, Waseda University, Japan

Enrico Valdani, Bocconi University, Italy
List of Contributors
Ahmed, Ansary / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Ajiferuke, Isola / University of Western Ontario, Canada
Akhtar, Shakil / United Arab Emirates University, UAE
Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada
Angehrn, Albert A. / Center for Advanced Learning Technologies, INSEAD, France
Angelides, Marios C. / Brunel University, UK
Arbore, Alessandro / Bocconi University, Italy
Auld, Jonathan M. / NovAtel Inc., Canada
Baralou, Evangelia / University of Sterling, Scotland
Barolli, Leonard / Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan
Benrud, Erik / American University, USA
Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services, Inc., USA
Bignall, Robert J. / Monash University, Australia
Bradley, Randy V. / Troy University, USA
Buche, Mari W. / Michigan Technological University, USA
Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA
Cannell, Jeremy C. / Gannon University, USA
Cardoso, Rui C. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal
Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Chakrobartty, Shuvro / Minnesota State University, USA
Chan, Tom S. / Southern New Hampshire University, USA
Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France
Chen, Jeanne / HungKuang University, Taiwan
Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA
Chen, Tung-Shou / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Cheng, Meng-Wen / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Chochcliouros, Ioannis P. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece
Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy

Connaughton, Stacey L. / Purdue University, USA
Cragg, Paul B. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Cruz, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France
da Silva, Elaine Quintino / University of São Paulo, Brazil
da Silva, Henrique J. A. / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Danenberg, James O. / Western Michigan University, USA
de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / University of São Paulo, Brazil
de Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Dellas, Fabien / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA
Di Giacomo, Thomas / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Diaz, Ing. Carlos / University of Alcala, Spain
Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA
Duthler, Kirk W. / The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA
Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada
Esteban, Luis A. / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Falk, Louis K. / Youngstown State University, USA
Farag, Waleed E. / Zagazig University, Egypt
Fleming, Stewart T. / University of Otago, New Zealand
Fraunholz, Bardo / Deakin University, Australia
Freeman, Ina / University of Birmingham, UK
Freire, Mário M. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal
Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Gao, Yuan / Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA
García, Luis / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Ghanem, Hassan / Verizon, USA
Gibbert, Michael / Bocconi University, Italy
Gilbert, A. Lee / Nanyang Business School, Singapore
Goh, Tiong-Thye / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland
Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA
Guan, Sheng-Uei / National University of Singapore, Singapore
Gupta, P. / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Gur
ã
u, C
ã
lin / Centre d’Études et de Recherche sur les Organisations et la Management (CEROM),
France
Gutiérrez, Jairo A. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain
Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
Handzic, Meliha / Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, BiH, Croatia
Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA
Heywood, Malcolm I. / Dalhousie University, Canada
Hin, Leo Tan Wee / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Turkey
Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA
Hughes, Jerald / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA
Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Hurson, Ali R. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Iossifides, Athanassios C. / COSMOTE S.A., Greece
Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK
Janczewski, Lech J. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Joslin, Chris / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Jovanovic-Dolecek, Gordana / INAOE, Mexico
Jung, Jürgen / Uni Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Kacimi, Mouna / University of Bourgogne, France

Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Karaboulas, Dimitrios / University of Patras, Greece
Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland
Karoui, Kamel / Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Tunisia
Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Kaushik, A.K. / Electronic Niketan, India
Kayacik, H. Gunes / Dalhousie University, Canada
Kelic, Andjelka / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA
Kinshuk / Massey University, New Zealand
Knight, Linda V. / DePaul University, USA
Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Kotsopoulos, Stavros A. / University of Patras, Greece
Kou, Weidong / Xidian University, PR China
Koumaras, Harilaos / University of Athens, Greece
Kourtis, Anastasios / Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications NCSR Demokritos, Greece
Koyama, Akio / Yamagata University, Japan
Kwok, Percy Lai-yin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Labruyere, Jean-Philippe P. / DePaul University, USA
Lalopoulos, George K. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece
Lang, Karl Reiner / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA
Lang, Michael / National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA
Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA
Lee, Chung-wei / Auburn University, USA
Lee, Maria Ruey-Yuan / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan
Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK
Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, China
Liehr, Marcus / University of Hohenheim, Germany

Lin, Joanne Chia Yi / The University of New South Wales, Australia
Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France
Louvros, Spiros / COSMOTE S.A., Greece
Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA
Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada
Luo, Xin / Mississippi State University, USA
Ma, Keh-Jian / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA
Maggioni, Mario A. / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy
Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy
Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA
Markus, Alexander / University of Western Ontario, Canada
Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Mbarika, Victor / Southern University and A&M College, USA
McManus, Patricia / Edith Cowan University, Australia
Melliar-Smith, P. M. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Mills, Annette M. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Mitchell, Mark / Brigham Young University, USA
Mohamedally, Dean / City University London, UK
Monteiro, Paulo P. / SIEMENS S.A. and Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Morabito, Vincenzo / Bocconi University, Italy
Moser, L. E. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Moyes, Aaron / Brigham Young University, USA
Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK
Murphy, Peter / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Nah, Fiona Fui-Hoon / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Nandavadekar, Vilas D. / University of Pune, India
Neveu, Marc / University of Burgundy, France
Ngoh, Lek Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore

Nicolle, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France
Nur, Mohammad M. / Minnesota State University, USA
Nur Zincir-Heywood, A. / Dalhousie University, Canada
O’Dea, Michael / University of Hull, UK
O’Hagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland
Olla, Phillip / Brunel University, UK
Otenko, Oleksandr / University of Kent, UK
Pace, Stefano / Bocconi University, Italy
Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy
Pai, Feng Yu / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan
Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA
Pantic, Maja / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Pereira, Rui G. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal
Petrie, Helen / City University London, UK
Poole, Marshall Scott / Texas A&M University, USA
Portilla, J. Antonio / University of Alcala, Spain
Portougal, Victor / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences, Portugal
Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy
Provera, Bernardino / Bocconi University, Italy
Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland
Rahman, Hakikur / SDNP, Bangladesh
Raisinghani, Mahesh S. / Texas Woman’s University, USA
Rajasingham, Lalita / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Raju, P.K. / Auburn University, USA
Ratnasingam, Pauline / Central Missouri State University, USA
Ripamonti, Laura Anna / Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Robins, Wiliam / Brigham Young University, USA
Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C. / Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
Rotvold, Glenda / University of North Dakota, USA

Rotvold, Justin / Techwise Solutions, LLC, USA
Rowe, Neil C. / U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA
Roy, Abhijit / Loyola College in Maryland, USA
Ruela, Jose / Faculdade de Engennaria da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal
Sánchez-Segura, Maria-Isabel / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Sankar, Chetan S. / Auburn University, USA
Schizas, Christos / University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Shankar P., Jaya / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore
Shepherd, Jill / Simon Fraser University, Canada
Shuaib, Khaled A. / United Arab Emirates University, UAE
Singh, Richa / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Singh, Shawren / University of South Africa, South Africa
Sockel, Hy / Youngstown State University, USA
Sofokleous, Anastasis / Brunel University, UK
Sonwalkar, Nishikant / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou, Anastasia S. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE),
Greece
St.Amant, Kirk / Texas Tech University, USA
Standing, Craig / Edith Cowan University, Australia
Stephens, Jackson / Brigham Young University, USA
Stern, Tziporah / Baruch College, CUNY, USA
Still, Brian / Texas Tech University, USA
Subramaniam, R. / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Sun, Jun / Texas A&M University, USA
Suraweera, Theekshana / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Swierzowicz, Janusz / Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Syed, Mahbubur R. / Minnesota State University, USA
Szabados, Anna / Mission College, USA
Tan, Christopher Yew-Gee / University of South Australia, Australia

Tandekar, Kanchana / Dakota State University, USA
Tassabehji, Rana / University of Bradford, UK
Terashima, Nobuyoshi / Waseda University, Japan
Tiffin, John / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Ting, Wayne / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Todorova, Nelly / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Tong, Carrison KS / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital and Tseung Kwan O Hospital,
Hong Kong
Torrisi-Steele, Geraldine / Griffith University, Australia
Uberti, Teodora Erika / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy
Unnithan, Chandana / Deakin University, Australia
Vatsa, Mayank / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Vician, Chelley / Michigan Technological University, USA
Vitolo, Theresa M. / Gannon University, USA
Voeth, Markus / University of Hohenheim, Germany
Volino, Pascal / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Wang, Pin-Hsin / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Warkentin, Merrill / Mississippi State University, USA
Wei, Chia-Hung / University of Warwick, UK
Wilson, Sean / Brigham Young University, USA
Wong, Eric TT / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Wong-MingJi, Diana J. / Eastern Michigan University, USA
Wright, Carol / Pennsylvania State University, USA
Yang, Bo / The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Yang, Jun / Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Yetongnon, Kokou / University of Bourgogne, France
Yusof, Shafiz A. Mohd / Syracuse University, USA
Zakaria, Norhayati / Syracuse University, USA
Zaphiris, Panayiotis / City University London, UK
Zhuang, Yueting / Zhejiang University, China

Zwitserloot, Reinier / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Contents
by Volume
VOLUME I
Adoption of Communication Products and the Individual Critical Mass / Markus Voeth and Marcus Liehr ....... 1
Affective Computing / Maja Pantic ......................................................................................................................... 8
Agent Frameworks / Reinier Zwitserloot and Maja Pantic .................................................................................... 15
Application of Genetic Algorithms for QoS Routing in Broadband Networks / Leonard Barolli
and Akio Koyama ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Application Service Providers / Vincenzo Morabito and Bernardino Provera ..................................................... 31
Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity / Waleed E. Farag .................................................................................... 36
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line / Leo Tan Wee Hin and R. Subramaniam ....................................................... 42
ATM Technology and E-Learning Initiatives / Marlyn Kemper Littman ............................................................... 49
Biometric Technologies / Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, P. Gupta and A.K. Kaushik ............................................ 56
Biometrics Security / Stewart T. Fleming ................................................................................................................. 63
Biometrics, A Critical Consideration in Information Security Management / Paul Benjamin Lowry,
Jackson Stephens, Aaron Moyes, Sean Wilson and Mark Mitchell .................................................................. 69
Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers / Mariana Hentea ....................................................................... 76
Challenges and Perspectives for Web-Based Applications in Organizations / George K. Lalopoulos,
Ioannis P. Chochliouros and Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou ......................................................... 82
Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community / Percy Kwok Lai-yin and Christopher Tan Yew-Gee ............... 89
Constructing a Globalized E-Commerce Site / Tom S. Chan .................................................................................... 96
Consumer Attitude in Electronic Commerce / Yuan Gao ......................................................................................... 102
Content Repurposing for Small Devices / Neil C. Rowe .......................................................................................... 110
Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval / Chia-Hung Wei and Chang-Tsun Li .......................................................... 116
Context-Awareness in Mobile Commerce / Jun Sun and Marshall Scott Poole .................................................... 123
Core Principles of Educational Multimedia / Geraldine Torrisi-Steele ................................................................... 130
Corporate Conferencing / Vilas D. Nandavadekar ................................................................................................ 137
Cost Models for Telecommunication Networks and Their Application to GSM Systems / Klaus D. Hackbarth,
J. Antonio Portilla and Ing. Carlos Diaz ........................................................................................................... 143

Critical Issues in Global Navigation Satellite Systems / Ina Freeman and Jonathan M. Auld ............................... 151
Dark Optical Fibre as a Modern Solution for Broadband Networked Cities / Ioannis P. Chochliouros,
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou and George K. Lalopoulos ............................................................. 158
Decision Making Process of Integrating Wireless Technology into Organizations, The /
Assion Lawson-Body, Glenda Rotvold and Justin Rotvold ............................................................................... 165
Designing Web-Based Hypermedia Systems / Michael Lang ................................................................................ 173
Digital Filters / Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek .......................................................................................................... 180
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Applications / Ioannis P. Chochliouros, Anastasia S.
Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou and George K. Lalopoulos .................................................................................. 197
Digital Watermarking Based on Neural Network Technology for Grayscale Images / Jeanne Chen,
Tung-Shou Chen, Keh-Jian Ma and Pin-Hsin Wang ......................................................................................... 204
Digital Watermarking for Multimedia Security Management / Chang-Tsun Li ....................................................... 213
Distance Education Delivery / Carol Wright ........................................................................................................... 219
Distanced Leadership and Multimedia / Stacey L. Connaughton ........................................................................... 226
Dynamics of Virtual Teams, The / Norhayati Zakaria and Shafiz A. Mohd Yusof ................................................. 233
E-Commerce and Usability / Shawren Singh ........................................................................................................... 242
Educational Technology Standards / Michael O’Dea ............................................................................................. 247
Efficient Method for Image Indexing in Medical Application / Richard Chbeir ..................................................... 257
Elaboration Likelihood Model and Web-Based Persuasion, The / Kirk W. Duthler ............................................... 265
E-Learning and Multimedia Databases / Theresa M. Vitolo, Shashidhar Panjala and Jeremy C. Cannell ........... 271
Electronic Commerce Technologies Management / Shawren Singh ....................................................................... 278
Ethernet Passive Optical Networks / Mário M. Freire, Paulo P. Monteiro, Henrique J. A. da Silva and
Jose Ruela ............................................................................................................................................................ 283
Evolution of GSM Network Technology / Phillip Olla ........................................................................................... 290
Evolution of Mobile Commerce Applications / George K. Lalopoulos, Ioannis P. Chochcliouros and
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou .......................................................................................................... 295
Exploiting Captions for Multimedia Data Mining / Neil C. Rowe ............................................................................ 302
Face for Interface / Maja Pantic .............................................................................................................................. 308
FDD Techniques Towards the Multimedia Era / Athanassios C. Iossifides, Spiros Louvros and
Stavros A. Kotsopoulos ....................................................................................................................................... 315

Fiber to the Premises / Mahesh S. Raisinghani and Hassan Ghanem .................................................................... 324
Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies and Standards / Andjelka Kelic ......................................................................... 329
From Communities to Mobile Communities of Values / Patricia McManus and Craig Standing .......................... 336
Future of M-Interaction, The / Joanna Lumsden ..................................................................................................... 342
Global Navigation Satellite Systems / Phillip Olla .................................................................................................. 348
Going Virtual / Evangelia Baralou and Jill Stepherd ............................................................................................. 353
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Using a Wireless ATM Platform / Spiros Louvros, Dimitrios Karaboulas,
Athanassios C. Iossifides and Stavros A. Kotsopoulos ..................................................................................... 359
HyperReality / Nobuyoshi Terashima ...................................................................................................................... 368
Improving Student Interaction with Internet and Peer Review / Dilvan de Abreu Moreira and
Elaine Quintino da Silva .................................................................................................................................... 375
Information Hiding, Digital Watermarking and Steganography / Kuanchin Chen ................................................. 382
Information Security Management / Mariana Hentea ............................................................................................. 390
Information Security Management in Picture-Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare
Industry / Carrison KS Tong and Eric TT Wong ................................................................................................ 396
Information Security Threats / Rana Tassabehji ..................................................................................................... 404
Information Systems Strategic Alignment in Small Firms / Paul B. Cragg and Nelly Todorova ............................ 411
Information Technology and Virtual Communities / Chelley Vician and Mari W. Buche ...................................... 417
Integrated Platform for Networked and User-Oriented Virtual Clothing / Pascal Volino, Thomas Di Giacomo,
Fabien Dellas and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann ................................................................................................ 424
Interactive Digital Television / Margherita Pagani ................................................................................................ 428
Interactive Memex / Sheng-Uei Guan ...................................................................................................................... 437
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education in Developing Countries / Hakikur Rahman ......... 447
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education Systems / Hakikur Rahman ................................... 454