Advanced Computer Architecture - Lecture 2: Quantitative principles

CS 704
Advanced Computer Architecture

Lecture 2

Quantitative Principles

Detailed discussion on the
computer Performance – the key to
quantitative design and analysis
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer Architecture

Lecture 2 - Performance

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Today’s Topics
Recap of Lecture 1
Growth in processor
performance
Price-performance design
CPU performance metrics
CPU benchmarks suites
Summary
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Recap of Lecture 1
Computer Systems:

Architecture refers to those attributes of a
computer visible to a programmer or compiler
writer; e.g. instruction set, addressing techniques,
I/O mechanisms etc.
Organization refers to how the features of a
computer are implemented? i.e., control signals
are generated using the principles of finite state
machine (FSM) or microprogramming
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Recap of Lecture 1
Computer Development:
•Academically, modern computer developments have
their infancy in 1944-49
•Commercially, the first machine was built by EckertMauchly Computer Corporation in 1949
•Technological developments, from vacuum tubes to
VLSI circuits, dynamic memory and network technology
gave birth to four different generations of computers.
•Microprocessor

and
PCs
were introduced
in 1971
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Architecture
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Lecture
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Recap of Lecture 1
Design Perspectives:
Processor – ISA, ILP and Cache
Memory hierarchy: Multilevel
cache and Virtual memory
input/output and storages
multiprocessor and networks
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Lecture 2 - Performance


Recap of Lecture 1
Computer Design Cycle:

• The computer design and development has
been under the influence of
-Technology
-performance and

-cost;
the decisive factors for rapid changes in the
computer development have been the
performance enhancements, price reduction
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Computer
Architecture
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Lecture
2 - Performance
and
functional
improvements.


Growth in Processor Performance
Insert Slide 9 here
•The supercomputers and mainframes, costing
millions of dollars and occupying excessively
large space, prevailing form of computing in
1960s were replaced with relatively low-cost and
smaller-sized minicomputers in 1970s
•In 1980s, very low-cost microprocessor-based
desktop computing machines in the form of
personal computer (PC) and workstation were
introduced.
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Architecture
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2 - Performance

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Growth in Processor Performance
Insert Slide 9 here
•The growth in processor performance since
mid-1980s has been substantially high than in
earlier years
•Prior to the mid-1980s microprocessor
performance growth was averaged about 35%
per year
•By 2001 the growth raised to about 1.58 per
year
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Growth in Processor Performance
Performance relative to MIPS

1600

Intel P-III

1400

1200

HP 9000

1000

■

DEC
Alpha ■

800
600
400
200
0

■

■

■

IBM HP 9000
■ DEC
MIPS Power1 ■
Alpha
■
R2000
■

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Year
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Architecture
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Price-Performance Design
Technology improvements are used to
lower the cost and increase performance.
The relationship between cost and
price is complex one
The cost is the total amount spends to
produce a product
The price is the amount for which a
finished good is sold.
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Price-Performance Design

The cost passes through
different stages before it
becomes price.
A small change in cost may
have a big impact on price
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Architecture
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Price vs. Cost ….. Insert Slide 14 here
• Manufacturing Costs: Total amount spent to
produce a component
- Component Cost: Cost at which the
components are available to the
designer. - It
ranges from 40% to 50% of
the list price of the
product.
- Recurring costs: Labor, purchasing
scrap, warranty – 4% - 16 % of list price
- Gross margin – Non-recurring cost: R&D,
marketing, sales, equipment, rental,
maintenance, financing cost, pre-tax
profits,
taxes
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Architecture
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Lecture
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Price vs. Cost ….. Insert Slide 14

here
• List Price:

•Amount for which the finished good is
sold;
•it includes Average Discount
of
15% to 35% of the as volume discounts
and/or retailer markup
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Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Price vs. Cost ….. Price-Performance Design Cont’d

100%
80%

Average Discount

60%

Gross Margin

40%

Direct Costs

20%

Component Costs

0%
Mini

W/S

PC

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Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Cost-effective IC Design:

Price-Performance Design

Yield: Percentage of manufactured
components surviving testing

Volume: increases manufacturing hence
decreases the list price and improves the
purchasing efficiency

Feature Size: the minimum size of a
transistor or wire in either x or y direction

MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
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2 - Performance

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Cost-effective IC Design:

Price-Performance Design

Reduction in feature size from 10 microns in
1971 and 0.18 in 2001has resulted in:

- Quadratic rise in transistor count
-

Linear increase in performance
4-bit to 64-bit microprocessor
Desktops have replaced time-sharing
machines

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Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Cost of Integrated Circuits
Manufacturing Stages:

The Integrated circuit
manufacturing passes through many
stage:
Wafer growth and testing
Wafer chopping it into dies
Packaging the dies to chips
Testing a chip.
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Architecture
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Cost of Integrated Circuits
Insert Slide 19 here
Die: is the square area of the wafer
containing the integrated circuit
See that while fitting dies on the wafer the
small wafer area around the periphery
goes
waist

Cost of a die: The cost of a die is determined
from cost of a wafer; the number of dies fit
on a wafer and the percentage of dies that
work, i.e., the yield of the die.
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Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Dies of Integrated Circuits

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Architecture
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Cost of Integrated Circuits
Insert Slide 21 here
• The

cost of integrated circuit can be
determined as ratio of the total cost;
i.e., the sum of the costs of die, cost of
testing die, cost of packaging and the
cost of final testing a chip; to the final
test yield.
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Calculating Integrated Circuits Costs
Cost of IC

=

die cost + die testing cost + packaging cost + final testing cost

final test yield

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Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Cost of Integrated Circuits
Insert Slide 23 here
• The

cost of die is the ratio of the cost
of the wafer to the product of the dies
per wafer and die yield

MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Calculating Integrated Circuits Costs
Cost of IC

=

die cost + die testing cost + packaging cost + final testing cost

final test yield
Cost of die

=

Cost of wafer
dies per wafer x die yield

MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

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Cost of Integrated Circuits
Insert Slide 25 here
• The

number of dies per wafer is
determined by the dividing the wafer
area (minus the waist wafer area near
the round periphery) by the die area

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Architecture
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2 - Performance

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Calculating Integrated Circuits Costs
Cost of IC

=

die cost + die testing cost + packaging cost + final testing cost

final test yield
Cost of die

=

Cost of wafer
dies per wafer x die yield

Dies per wafer =
π (wafer diameter/2)2

π (wafer diameter)

die area
MAC/VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture
2 - Performance

√ 2 x die area
25