Đặc trưng cơ bản về điều kiện tự nhiên vùng chiến trường bạch đằng năm 1288

co

Q U A N wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
TO CHUC HQI THAO:

Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Quang Ninh
HQi khoa h9C lich sir Viet Nam

BAN

TO

cmrc.

Lanh dao UBND tinh Quang Ninh (Tnrong
Lanh dao HQi khoa h9C lich

su Vi~t Nam

ban)

(D6ng Truong ban)

Lanh dao UBND thi xa Quang Yen (Ph6 Truong Ban)
Lanh dao So Khoa h9C va Cong nghe (Ph6 tnrong ban)
Lanh dao So Van h6a Th~ thao Du lich (Ph6 Truong Ban)
Lanh dao HQi Khoa h9C lich

su Quang

Ninh COy vien)

Lanh dao Ban Quan ly cac di tich trong di~m tinh (Uy vien)
Truong ban Tuyen giao Thi uy COy vien)
Chanh Van phong HDND, UBND thi xa Quang Yen(Uy vien)
Truong phong Van h6a Thong tin thi xa (Uy vien)
Trung tam Van h6a Th~ thao (Uy vien)
Truong phong Tai chinh K~ hoach (Uy vien)

B rE N T ~ P

T6ngVan

LqiYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

t

1
1

1
t


co

Q U A N

TO

C H U C

H < ) I T H A O : wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED

Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Quang Ninh
Hoi khoa h9C lich sir Viet Nam

BAN

TO

CHUC:

Lanh dao UBND tinh Quang Ninh (Truong

ban)

Lanh dao Hoi khoa h9C lich str Vi~t Nam (D6ng Truong ban)
Lanh dao UBND thi xa Quang Yen (Pho Truong Ban)
Lanh dao Sa Khoa h9C va Cong nghe (Pho tnrong ban)
Lanh dao Sa Van hoa ThS thao Du lich (Pho Truong Ban)
Lanh dao Hoi Khoa h9C lich

su Quang

Ninh (Uy vien)

Lanh dao Ban Quan ly cac di tich trong diSm tinh (Uy vien)
Tnrong ban Tuyen giao Thi uy (Uy vien)
Chanh Van phong HDND, UBND thi xa Quang Yen(Uy vien)

Truong phong Van hoa Thong tin thi xa (Uy vien)
Trung tam Van hoa ThS thao (Uy vien)
Truong phong Tai chinh K~ hoach (Uy vien)

BIENT~P
Tong Van Lqi


.

.

M U C L U CwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

1. TS VU YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
T h i Thu Thuy, Ph6 Chu tich UBND tinh Quang Ninh:
P h d t b i i u k h a i m a c h o i t h d o k h o a h 9 C 7 2 5 n d m c h i i n t h a n g NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B a c h D lin g

1288

.

2. GS.VS Phan Huy Le:

3. PGS.TS Tr~n Duc Th~nh:

1288
1288

c u a c h ie n th d n g B a c n D lin g n d m

1288

6. PGS.TS T6ng Trung Tin, TS

r.s

7. PGS.TS, Dai ta Le Dinh Sy:

N h iin g

co

sa

32

.

40

.

49

.

69

.

76

.........

82

.

96

.

108

·

126

·

150

.

157

k in h ti, x d h o i

.

Thi

Lien:

D i tic h b d i C 9 C B a c h .

N g h e th u d t th u y c h iin

n h a T r d n tr o n g c h iin th d n g B a c n D lin g n d m

8. TS Nguyen Van Son:

1288 .....

cua quem ddn

1288

.

D i tic h c h ie n th d n g B a c h D lin g tr e n a d t

H ai Phong

.
N hdn

d ie n c h ie n tr u a n g

B a c h D lin g

1288

t r u y e~n t h u y e,:t , t h ~
a n t z'h
c , th ~
a n p h 'a

10. Tr~n Trong Ha:

D i tic h m iiu

qua
.

O n g v a c u o c r u t lu i c h ie n lu a c

n h d n th u c v a b a a t6 n d i s d n

11. GS.TS Nguyen Quang Ngoc:

.

B a tr d n B a c h D d n g - B a k y tic h

c h o n g n g o a i x d m c u a d d n to e V i¢ t N a m

.

12. TS Nguyen Vi~t, Ng6 Dinh Dung:

V a n h o a B q c h D lin g : m o t

t i i p c a n r o n g h o n t r o n g n g h i e n c ir u c h i i n t h d n g B a c h . D l i n g

13. PGS.TS D(mg Van Bai:

1288 ..

B a a t6 n d i s a n v a n h o a g a n v o i p h a t

t r i e n k i n n t i - x i i h o i ( t r u o n g h 9 ] J K h u d i t i c h l i c h s i r B a c h . D l i n g ) ...

B a a t6 n to n ta o k h u d i tic h lic h s ir c h ie n th d n g
x tc n g v o i td m v o c lic h s ir c u a n o

15. Thirong Tu6ng Nguyen Van Hi~n:
dung

.

V i tr i c u a q u a n a i

D lin g v a v d n a ~ d ie n m a o c h ie n tr u o n g B a c h D lin g r u in

D ang, xdy

14

.

5. PGS.TS Nguyen Thi Phuong Chi:

B a c h D im g tu o n g

·

.

B a c h D lin g G ia n g

14. H6 Chi Dire:

4

c o b a n v~ a i~ u k ie n tic

D (ic tr u n g

4. PGS.TS VU Van Quan, Ths Tong Van Loi:

1288:

.

.

n h ie n v u n g c h ie n tr u o n g B a c h . D lin g n d m

nam

1

V a i tr o c u a B (J c h i h u y tb i c a o n h a T r im

tr o n g c h iin th d n g B a c n D a n g n a m

9. Le D6ng Son:

·

hai qudn

nhdn

ddn

.

P h a t h u y tr u y e n th o n g B a c n
V ie t N a m

h ie n

d a i, k h o n g

D~C PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
TR U N G
c o B A N V E D I E U KI~N TV N H I E N
TR U O N G
B~CH D A N G N A . M 1 2 8 8

P G S .T S

vU N G

C H IE N

T r f t n D u e baZYXWVUTSRQPON
Thanh

Vien Tai nguyen va Moi tnrong bien - Vien Han Lam KH&CN Viet Nam

Chien tnrong Bach Dang nam 1288 nam YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
a khu trung tam cua vung cira song
(VCS) Bach 8~ng nam
Phong. Khu

Vl,IC

a vung chuyen tiep gitra tinh Quang Ninh va Thanh ph6 Hai

ta ngan chu y~u thuoc dia phan Thi xa Quang Yen, mot phan lien

quan d~n thanh ph6 Uong Bi va thanh ph6 H? Long (Quang Ninh); khu

Vl,IC

htru

ngan chu y~u thuoc v€ huyen Thuy Nguyen, Cat Hai va cac quan n(>i thanh cua
Thanh ph6 Hai Phong. 8~ lam nen chien thang lfty lung nay, chac chan cha ong ta
phai tim hieu va da nam ro d~c diem tv nhien vung chien tnrong nay. 8~ hi~u ro v€
quy mo va dien bi~n tr~n danh, chung ta ciing can nghien ciru hoan canh tv nhien
cua chien tran tren co

sa

hoan canh hien tai va kha nang thay d6i qua thai gian hon

bay th~ k y .
I. B A N

C H A T
1. V i

cAu T R U C vA T I E N

H O A

vU N G

C U A

B~CH

SO N G

D A N G

tri

VCS Bach Dang c6 to? dQ dia ly: 106°37'-107°00' E va 20037'-21°00'N va
dien tich trong 0 to? dQ 1650km

2

,

c6 dinh NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
a B~n Tri€u, dirong bo co ban chay ven

Phil Long - Cat Hai - 86 San va ria ngoai dai bo ngam cira song di theo duong
d~ng sau 6m tir miii 86 San d~n tay nam dao Cat Ba [9].

a ban dao

VCS nam tren dai ven bo tay Vinh B~c B(>, c6 ranh gioi tv nhien
Hai Van (Thira Thien Hu~) va ranh gioi phap 1;'

a Miii Lay

(ClJC

nam Quang Binh).

Dai ven bo tay vinh B~c B(>duoc chia thanh 4 vung: M6ng Cai - 86

San;

86

San -

Lach Tnrong; Lach Truong - miii Ron; MUi Ron - Hai Van [8].
VCS Bach Dang thuoc vung ven bo M6ng Cai - 86

San,

tiep giap vung ven

bo chau th6 song H6ng hien dai (86 San - Lach Truong) qua dai phan each Ki~n An
- D6

San.

Trong pham vi hep hon, VCS nam gitra khu vue vinh dao

a phia Dong B~c

duoc b~t d§u tir quan th~ dao - vinh la Cat Ba - H? Long - Lan H? va khu

Vl,IC

ven bo

chau th6 phia tay nam ban dao D6 San. Tren 250 km bo bien k~ ill bien gioi Viet Trung, day VCS d.1u tien c6 dirong thuy dao thong n6i voi kinh thanh Thang Long.

14


V oi vi tri va tinh chat chuyen ti~p cua ves

trong hai vung tu nhien Ian & dai

ven bo bien phia bac Viet Nam va hinh th~, c~u true d~c biet ves

Bach D&ng co vi

v ~ dia chinh tri va dia quan SlJ.PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
th~ d~c bietbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2.

C~u tr u e

ves

Bach Dang co ban chat c~u true la mot Estuary [7, 9] - vung cira song

hinh ph~u [6,15]. No duoc hinh thanh tren co so nrong tac gitra qua trinh phat trien
cua mot graben dang S\1tchim voi S\1·n ang cao cua mire mroc chan tinh, sir thieu hut
b6i tich va thuy trieu co bien do NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ia n . No duoc dinh vi & vi tri ria dong b~c chau th6
song H6ng, noi dong b6i tich tong hop doc bo huong v€ phia tay nam. ves

Bach

Dang la mot vue co du true mra kin, noi thuy trieu la y~u t6 dong lire ngoai sinh

Uti

the, quy dinh cac dac tnrng v€ dia hinh va tr~m tich. Do la mot VlJCnuoc lo-man,
hoa tron nuoc song-bien kha t6t, phan tang y~u. Mac du hrong b6i tich song tham
gia dang k~ nhung dong b6i tich di chuyen noi tai la chu dao. V oi c~u true phan
tang y~u, can bang b6i xoi ves

nghieng v~ xoi 1&,xam thuc. Day la tnrong hop

di~n hinh tren th~ gioi v€ mot cira song hinh ph~u nhiet doi [4] phat trien trong di~u
kien nhat trieu bien do Ian [9].
e~u true mra kin cua ves

va S1!phan each tuong d6i cua 'no voi bien la nho

quan dao eat Ba che chan & phia dong, dong nam, ban dao D6 San & phi a tay. ves
thong voi bi~n & phia nam va phan ngam toi do sau 6m. V6i c~u true nhu vay, chi
co song huang nam va dong nam moi co kha nang Ian truyen tu bien vao voi dO cao
khong qua 3 m, k~ ca khi co bao.
e~u true mra kin cua Estuary Bach Dang hien nay do cac ki~n true tan kien
tao va ki~n tao hien dai (TKT va KTHD) quy dinh. Ph~n trung tam cua ves

nam

tren d6i vong ha tuong d6i voi KTHD va doi vong ha kha manh trong Holocen co
dang graben. Vai tro vo cling quan trong cua chuyen dong KTHD d6i voi SlJ hinh
thanh Estuary Bach Dang khong chi la van dong ha thang dung trong Holocen, ma

can tao ra tien d~ mot vung vong ha urong d6i co c~u true mra kin khi bien ti~n
chan tinh tran ngap.

15


Hinh 1. Vung cira song Bach DAng (anh v~ tinh Spot ngay 01/3/2008)

Dia hinh

ves

h~t sire phirc tap va da dang, gorn nhieu kieu, dang c6 nguon

g6c khac nhau va duoc chia thanh bon nh6m: Dia hinh d6i va nui th~p, dong bang
khong ngap trieu, d6ng bang ngap trieu tv nhien va dia hinh bo ngam- luong lach
ngap mroc thuong xuyen. Mot phan Ian dien tich d6ng bang ngap trieu tv nhien
hien nam trong de bien hoacbi san lap, hien khong con chiu anh huong tnrc ti~p cua
bien. Dien tich trong 0 toa dO cua

ves

1£11650 km2 (Tr~n Dire Thanh, 1993), trong

do: D6i va nui thap: 12,38%; D6ng bang: 13,89%; De cat va them cat: 0,72%; Vung
d~m l~y bi~n: 32,62%; Bai (b6i) trieu thap: 9,30%; Song va lach tri€u: 7,25%; Vung
bo ngam: 15,70%; Vung bien nong ven bo:YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
8 ,0 9 % .
V€ phuong dien dia hinh va canh quan voi cac bai trieu l~y ram rap thirc v~t

ng~p man tv nhien, h~ lach trieu, kenh trieu day dac, cac doi cat tri€u nam doc ven baZYXWVUT
b e luong, cac them mai mon phat trien (; doi tri€u thap tren n€n tram tich bo

roi ...ves Bach DAng cling khac hiin trieu ven bo chau th6 song H6ng.PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
3.

Ti~o

boa

Qua trinh hinh thanh va tien hoa cua
3 thai

ky

ves

Bach DAng trong Holocen trai qua

va 7 giai doan nhu sau [9]:NMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Thai

kY

th tr n h d t:

Holocen sorn - gitra (11 - 3 nghin nam truce). Bien ti~n

chan tinh gift vai tro chu dao gay ng~p chim, nhanh ch6ng lam thay d6i mo: tnrong

tir luc dia sang ven bo, dirong bo bi dAy lui xa nhat. Vao cuoi thai ky, mire mroc

16


chan tinh dang cham h~n, vai tro cua kien tao va tram tich duoc tang cuong, dirong baZYXW
m o m o l~n v~ phia bien, bien lui.

Giai doan 1: Moi tnrong luc dia Holocen som - d~u Holocen gitra,
Giai doan 2: Moi tnrong vilng - vinh Holocen giira.

Giai doan 3: Moi tnrong d~m l~y ria chau th6 cuoi Holocen gitra.YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ
Thai

kY

th tr h a i :

Holocen muon (3 dSn 0,5 - 0,7 nghin nam truce). Vai tro

chuyen dong kien tao, d~c biet 6 cac dai kien true nang, tham gia quyet dinh vao
cac qua trinh ngap chim, n6i cao. Qua trinh tram tich tich ClJCco anh huang dSn di
chuyen duong bo. Vao cu6i thai ky, do b6i tu manh, duong bo di chuyen ra phi a
bien, qua ca trung tam sut ha kha manh.
Giai doan 4: Moi tnrong vinh - vung d~u Holocen muon.
Giai doan 5: Moi tnrong vung bien gitra Holocen muon.
Giai doan 6: Moi tnrong ctra song chau th6 cuoi Holocen muon.
Thai

kY

th ir b a :

Cu6i Holocen muon (khoang 0,5 - 0,7 nghin nam qua), chi

gom m(>t giai doan dang tiep tuc voi mot dot bien l~n moi, duong bo di chuyen v~
phia luc dia, ngap chim khong d~n bu tram tich va thuy trieu co vai tro quan trong.
Trong 5-7 tram nam qua, muc mroc chan tinh tiep tuc nang cao x~p xi
lrnm/nam va dat 1-1,5 mm/nam trrong thS ky qua. Do phu sa song it, xam thirc cua
thuy trieu manh, nhi~u noi da khong ling dong tram tich. Ngap chim khong d~n bit
do thieu hut b6i tich xAy ra da:hinh thanh ves

hinh ph~u nhu hien nay.

Nguyen nhan gay ra SlJ thieu hut b6i tich bao g6m: 1- Khoang 5-7 tram nam
tnroc ban dao D6 Son n6i lien voi d6ng bang vira b6i l~n mo rong 6 ria tay nam
ves

da: ngan khong cho b6i tich d9C bo tay nam di len. 2- Trong qua trinh phat

trien, nhieu nhanh n6i ngang song H6ng voi he thong song e~u -Bach D5ng bi tan
lam giam nguon b6i tich b6 sung nr song H6ng. 3- Thuy trieu Ion, dong trieu manh
d
4- Dong chay tong

hQ'Pven bo huang thong tri TB-DN co xu huang dua b6i tich xuong phia tay nam.
Bi~n l~n hien dai la dac diem co ban nhat cua ves

Bach Dang hien nay, th~

hien SlJ thing the cua bien trong quan h~ tuong tac song-bien. Cac hau qua cua bien
l~n la xoi 16 iru thS so voi b6i tu, duong bo bi dAy lui v~ phi a luc dia va bi chia cit
phirc tap; muc mroc trung binh thirc tS dang dang cao, hien nrong d~m l
I

nhiem man va truyen trieu sau vao luc dia v.v. va ca khu he dong thuc v~t thich
nghi di~u kien W nhien Io man. T6c d(> dang cao rmrc bien 2,24mm/nam
khoang thai gian 1957 - 1989 da: duoc ghi nhan tai tram Hon D~u.

17

trong

n


II. N H U N G
TR U O N G
1.

N ET

co

BA N

VE

D IE D

K I:E :N T V

N H IE N

vU N G

C H IE N

wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B~CH D A N G N A . M 1 2 8 8 .

Hinh

th a i d ja h in h

YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

D 6 i n u i.

Dia hinh d6i va nui thap phan b6 chu y~u

a Hoanh B6, Quang Yen, Dong Bi,

Thuy Nguyen, Ki~n An va B6 Son, diroc c~u tao chu y~u tir da trim tich luc nguyen
va da voi tuoi C6 sinh va Trung sinh, nam

a

vung ria hoac xen ke dang d6i dao tren

n~n d6ng bang hoac dkm lky trong vung cira song. B9 cao d6i nui ph6 bien 40100m, cao nhat 200m. Cac di~m cao nhu Nui Deo (l46m), Ngoc San (l25m), Mil
Trang (l14m), Doan Lai (109m) co baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
y nghia Ion v~ quan S\I khi co chien tranh.
Dia hinh d6i nui hien nay Co' ban duoc tao nen nho cac chuyen dong nang
kien tao tir cuoi B~ tam keo dai toi Pleistocen. Trong P1eistocen, moi tnrong luc dia
keo dai va co nhtrng 1kn bien l~n, r5 nh~t la vao mra sau Pleistocen muon, khoang 35 van nam tnroc. Vao ti\in cuoi P1eistocen muon, do bang ha l§n cuoi cung, rmrc
bien ha thap hon hien nay IOO-120m. BiSn tien Holocen mo rong C\ICdai irng voi

mire bi~n c6 +4-6 m vao 5-6 nghin nam tnroc, sau do nang ha nrong d6i mot s6 Ikn
va dang cao dkn tir khoang 1 nghin nam tr~&c cho d~n nay.
D ong bang

D6ng bang chu y~u co nguon g6c b6i tv chau th6 co d9 cao b~ mat 0,5-4 m.
D6ng bang bi chia c~t boi h~ thong song, lach, ao, h6 kha day dac va cac h~ thong
de cat c6 cao 2-2,5 m d~n 5-6 m tao thanh cac dai song song voi bo bien hien nay.
D6ng bang co h§u h~t dien tich duoc de bao ngan lU va man. B6ng bang khong
d6ng nhat v~ hinh thai, nguon g6c, tu6i va co th~ phan biet thanh cac bac: tich tv
song - bien tuoi Pleistocen muon, tao thanh dai hep cao 8-12 m; tich tv song - bi~n
Holocen sorn - gitra, b~ mat cao 2-4 m, phan b6 thanh cac mang Ian; tich tv song bien, d§m l§y - bien Holocen muon kha rong va thoai, cao 0,5-1,5 m, khong bi ngap
tri~u la nho co de bao.
Tai ria d6ng bang giap d6i nui co mat cac them tich tv bien g6m ba bac.
ThSm bac III, cao 10-15 m, tu6i Pleistocen muon. Th~m bac II, cao 4 - 6 m, tuoi
Holocen gitra. Th~m tich b~c I, cao 3-3,5 m, tuci Holocen muon. Tren b~ mat d6ng
b~n co mat 5 h~ thong de cat bien c6 va hien dai c~u tao bang cat, san. H~ 1 cao 4-6
m; H ~ 2 cao 3-3,5 m; H~ 3 cao 2-2,5 m; H ~ 4 cao 2,5-3 m; H~ de 5 cao 3-3,5 m. H ~
1 tu6i Holocen gitra va cac h~ con lai tu6i Holocen muon, tre dkn ra phia bien (hinh
2). Chung it bi ng~p lut va co chira mroc ngam nhat tkng nong nen thuong la noi t~p
trung dan

cu.

H ¢ th o n g s o n g la c h

18


Ba cira song chinh d6 ra bien baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1a Lach Huyen, Nam Trieu, Cam - Lach Tray
(hinh 3). Song Bach Dang la phan ha hru cua h~ thong song Thai Binh b~t nguon

ill

vung nui Bong B~c. Cac song Luc Nam, Thirong, C~u va Duong sau khi hop hru (;
g~n Pha Lai, each bien 90 km da: phan thanh hai nhanh chinh la song Kinh Thay va
Thai Binh. Song Thai Binh tiep tuc phan thanh hai nhanh la Thai Binh va Van uc
tnroc khi d6 ra vung bi~n tay nam B6 YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
S a n . B~n khoang B~n TriSu, each bien chirng
48 km, song Kinh Th~y cling phan thanh hai nhanh chinh la song Da Bach va song
Kinh Th~y. Gan sat bien, hai nhanh nay hop luu va r6i lai phan hru thanh song.
Chanh d6 ra cira Lach Huyen, song Bach Dang d6 ra cira Nam Trieu, song C~m va
song Lach Tray d6 ra cira Ba Lach.NMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T o n /( ln G u lf

t?i(j

o

Da goc
De cat co

~

Duong bo

co

r;;;~~gDe b ie n va tu o i ~
\ R ,M

I

Clta song

I".'

Hinh 2. H~ thong de cat c6 va duong booc6 ven bo B~c B9 [10]

r

,
t

. r

I-

n

19


Hinh 3. Quan h~ gitra song Bac Dang voi thanh Thang Long
trong h~ thong thuy dao d6ng bang song H6ng va Ian can [1]YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED

Vung

Song Bach Dang dai 42 km, trung binh rong 1 km, sau 8 m; song Cam

dai 37 km, trung binh rong 400 m, sau 7 m; song Lach Tray dai 43 km, trung binh
rong 120 m, sau 4 m. Trong h~ thong song Bach D~ng, con co mot s6 nhanh n6i
ngang nhu song Tam Bac n6i Cam va Lach Tray, song Ruot Lon n6i song Cam voi
song Bach Dang. Ngoai ra, con co song Yen Lap b~t nguon nr vung nui Quang
Ninh, ra d€n bi~n phan thanh nhanh song Binh Huang d6 ra vinh Ha Long va Ganh
Sy d6 ra cira Lach Huyen. Long cac song Ganh Sy, Binh Huang, Chanh va Bach
Dang duoc mo r~t rong tnroc khi d6 ra bien, thuong 500-800 m, co noi tren 1 km

nhtr & song Bach Dang.
V im g V u n g tr i~ u c tr a s o n g

VCS co c~u tnic mra kin, thuy trieu la dong lire

Uti

the, la mot

Vl)'C

mroc lo-

man, hoa tron mroc song-bien kha t6t, phan tang nuoc yeu, can bang b6i xoi nghieng
v~ xoi 1&,xam thuc. Cac bai tri~u Illy ram rap thirc vat ngap man tu nhien, h~ lach
trieu, kenh tri~u baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
day dac (hinh 4), cac doi cat trieu nam doc ven bo cac luong sau
. rong la nhtrng dang dia hinh nguon g6e trieu dac trung. Cac tich tu dk

Illy bien tu6i

Holloeen giira - muon, eao 0,5 - 1,5 m va tu6i Holocen muon eao 0-1,0 m. Nhi~u
noi, duoi b~ mat cac dllm Illy su vet g~p r~t nhieu di tich manh g6m sir th a i phong

20


kien. Do la bang clnrng bien bin vao cac khu dan cu xira. Day la tnrong hop diSn
hinh tren th~ gioi v~ mot

ves

hinh pheu 6 di~u kien nhat tri~u bien d9 Ian.

Hinh 4. H~ thong lach trieu 6

ves

Bach Dang

Phia ngoai vung cira song Ia vung bien nong ven bo, co d9 sau khoang 5 - 6

m d~n 25 - 30 m nam trong pham vi tac dong r5 cua song d~n day bien va la vung

tv - bao mon duoi tac dung cua dong hili hru ven bo [11].PONMLKJI
d6ng bang day bien tich YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2. K hi

ves

h~u

nam 6 khu

VVC

nhiet d6i gio baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
m u a , Mua he nong ~m trung vao mua gio

tay nam voi cac huang thinh hanh dong va dong nam, thuong co bao va ap th~p
nhiet doi voi t6c d9 gio

C1JC

dai dat 35 - 50 m/s. Mua dong trung vao mua gio dong

bac voi cac huong thinh hanh la bac, dong bac, Gio huang dong uu th~ trong cac
thang 12-4, t6c d9 trung binh 5,4 - 5,9 m/s; gio dong nam va nam uu th~ vao cac
thang 5 - 8, trung binh 5,5 - 6 m/s va gio bac va dong bac tru th~ vao thang 9 - 11,
trung binh 5,6 - 6,3 m/s.
M6i thang mua dong co 3 - 4 dot, co khi 5 - 6 dot gio mua dong bac, m6i dot
keo dai 3 - 5 ngay, sire gio r~t manh, nhieu khi dat d~n c~p 7, 8. Gio mua dong b~c

kern theo gia lanh, mua phun. Hang nam co 24 ngay rmra phun va 15 - 20 ngay

21


strong mu. Mira phun vao thang 12 - 4, nhieu nhat vao cac thang 2, 3, gay fun trot,
nhieu khi kern theo lanh buot. Strong mu chu ySu vao mua dong, khoang thang 11-4,
c6 khi keo dai dSn thang 6, mat dO cao tir 5-8 gio sang va cang ra khoi, s6 ngay
strong mu cang tang, lam tAm nhin dt thap, c6 khi chi vai met, gay nhieu tro ngai
cho giao thong.
ChS dO gi6 anh huang r~t I6n dSn cac vat th~ troi. Tai VCS, quanh nam gi6
huang D vaNMLKJIHGFEDCBA
D D N chiem Uti thS (hinh 5 va 6). Dac biet trong mua kho (mua Dong),
cac huong nay cang chiem

Uti

th~ (tong tAn xuat chiem 42,35%) va phan b6 YXWVUTSRQPONMLK
a cac

khoang t6c do gio cao. Trong khi do, cac hu6ng gio lien quan dSn huang Tay (T,
TTB va TB) chiem din xu~t r~t nho, chi 3,26% va thuong phan b6

a khoang t6c do

gi6 nho (bang 1). Nhu baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
va y, v€ mua dong, cac v~t troi chu ySu troi

ill

phia b o Dong

D ang.
sang phia b o tay song BC;lCh

Bang 1. TAn suat van t6c gi6 va cac huong trong mua kho (thang 12-3) tai Hem Dau
(1960-2011) [13]
Khoang van

Huong

1.0 - 2.0

TAng s6

(% )

T6ng

( m ls )

3.0 - 4.0

4.0 - 5.0

5.0 - 6.0

6.0 - 7.0

>= 7.0

s6

(%)

1.20

3.13

0.98

1.33

2.08

16.62

0.93

0.31

0.91

0.24

0.61

0.79

4.19

2.80

0.86

2.41

1.12

1.63

11.11

0.67

1.28

0.38

1.38

0.68
0.35

0.96

2.14

7.16

2.98

5.70

2.53

6.68

2.74

4.74

9.81

35.19

0.48

1.30

0.85

1.77

0.55

1.19

0.94

7.08

0.80

1.52

0.48

1.35

0.27

0.54

0.32

5.27

0.17

0.34

0.09

0.23

0.04

0.04

0.07

0.97

0.33

0.53

0.12

0.28

0.06

0.07

0.17

1.56

0.08

0.17

0.01

0.07

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.39
0.34

3.34

N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW

t6c

2.0 - 3.0

0.41
1.61

4.56

0.10

0.11

0.04

0.06

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.17

0.11

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.31

0.11

0.10

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.23

1.08

1.08

0.18

0.26

0.05

0.04

0.02

2.72

0.83

1.00

0.21

0.44

0.02

0.16

0.13

2.80

13.19

21.58

10.82

18.15

Tftn su§t liing gio

7.28

19.03

5.99

96.04
3.96

(% )

Luong mira khoang 1500 - 1800 mm/nam, voi 120 ngay c6 rmra trong nam.
Mila mua trung mila he n6ng, thang 5-10, chiem 80 - 90% hrong mua ca nam va
nhieu nh~t vao cac thang 7, 8 va 9. Mila kho tir thang 9 dSn thang 4 nam sau, co ban
trung mua lanh. Thang 12 va thang 1 mua it nhat, chu ySu la mira phun,

22


NORTH

i

wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
30~.

- !

,

PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

45".

36%
27%

W EST·

W EST'

EAST

EAST

'M N D S F £ B )

'M N D S fffi)

(m ls)

(m ls)

liB ~
Ed

6.0·

7.0

50·

6.0

•

4.0-

5.0

ilII

30-

4.0

'.0-

3.0

i
IS O U T H

7.0

o
G

o
SOUTH·

III

o

o

1.0- 2.0

60-

7.0

SO·

6.0

4C-

5.0

3.0-

4.0

2.0-

3.0

10-

2.0

Ci!;lms: 1655%

Hinh 5. Hoa gio trong nhieu nam (19602011) tai Hon Dau [13].

Hinh 6. Hoa gio trung binh nhieu nam
van rnua kh6 (1960-2011) tai Han Dau [13].

3. Thuy van YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

a . T h u y w in s o n g

Vung co ba ctra song chinh db ra bi~n la Lach Huyen, Nam Trieu, Lach Tray
va co b6n song chinh la Song Yen Lap (nay thanh h6 chira), song Bach D~ng (dai
42 Ian, trung binh rong 1 km, sau 8 m); Song efim (dai 37 km, trung binh rong 400
m, sau 7 m) va Song Lach Tray (dai 43 km, trung binh rong 120 m, sau 4 m).
Hang nam cac song db ra bien khoang

14 krrr' nuoc va 5 trieu tfin bun cat

chu yeu qua cira Nam Trieu. Trong do, song Cam co hru IUQng Ian nhat trong vung,
m6i nam db ra bi~n 10 - 11 km ' va g<1n4 trieu tfin bun cat, song Lach Tray 1,5 km '
rnroc va khoang

1 trieu tfin bun cat, song Da Bach khoang

Trong mua mua Iii (thang

1 krrr' mroc m6i nam.

6 - 10), tai hrong nuoc chiem 75 - 85% va tai luong bun

cat chiem 90 - 95% tbng hrong ca nam.
ves

Bach Dang la mot vue nuoc lo man co d9 man thay dbi trong khoang

0,5-32%0 (0,5-25%0
trung

v~ mua mira, 0,5-32%0

cho khu cira Carn - Nam

v~ mua kho). D9 man 0,5-20%0

Trieu. D9 man

10-23%0 d~c trung

d~c

cho khu Lach

Huyen- Yen L~p.
b . S o n g b iin

Do cfiu true mra kin, s6ng bien n6i chung khong Ion, tnr nhtrng dip bao, t<1n
xufit lang s6ng dat 20 - 21 %. D9 cao s6ng Ian nhat 2 - 3 m, s6ng bao dat 4 - 5 m, cue

]

dai 5,6 m. Vao mila dong, khoang

s6ng c6 d9 cao trung binh 0,5 -

1

dong voi t<1nxufit 34% va dong bic voi t<1nxudt 14%. Vao

h

0,75m, thinh hanh huang
mua he, tir thing

3 d€n thing

thing

9 - thing

8, s6ng c6 d9 cao trung binh 0,7 - 0,9m, thinh hanh

tl

h

23


huong dong nam voi t§n xu~t 27% va huang

nam voi t§n xu~t 22%. Vao cac thang

chuyen ti~p 4 va 10, song huang dong va dong nam tru th~, d(> cao trung binh 0,75 m.

va

c. T h u y tr i~ u

m 1 !C n u a c

Thuy trieu kieu nhat trieu d~u diSn hinh (hinh 7) voi h§u h~t s6 ngay trong
thang la nhat trieu. Trang mot pha trieu 25 gio co mot I§n mroc Ian va mot l§n nuoc
rong. Trang mot thang mat trang co hai ky mroc cirong, m6i ky 11 - 13 ngay, d(> 16n
trieu dao dong 2,6 - 3,6m va hai ky mroc kern, xen ke, m6i ky 3 - 4 ngay co d(> 16n
trieu 0,5 - 1,0m. Mila he, trieu manh vao cac thang 5, 6, 7, y~u vao cac thang 8, 9 va
thuong dang cao vao buoi chieu. Mila dong, trieu manh vao cac thang
y~u vao cac thang 3, 4 va thuong

10, 11, 12,

dang cao vao bu6i sang. D(> Ian thuy trieu thuoc

Ioai Ian a nuoc ta, trung binh 3,Om, cue dai 4,18 m, C1JCtiSu 1,75 m.
4.5,-------------------------,
-----------------------------------------------------~
4
3.5 baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

I
.g
::,
c

j
!

3
2.5

2

o YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

i NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 .5

1
0.5

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~
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s:

eo

s:

s:

~

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s:

eo

s:

s:

~

0

x:

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s:

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s:

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£:
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T h a i g ia n

H in h

~

-

en
s:
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co
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s:

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s:

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co

s:

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s:

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(V)

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s:

s:

co

~

PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

7. Daa dong mire nuoc tai Hon Dau thang 112007 [3]

T c ;zi H i m D i u :

Muc
Mire
Mire
Mire

trieu C1JCdai
trieu cao mroc cuong
trieu cao mroc kern
trieu trung binh

4,Om
3,6m
2,4m
1,86m

M1Jc tri~u th~p mroc kern
M1Jc trieu thap mroc cuong
Mire trieu thap nhat

1,lm
0,4m
O,Om

Mire mroc trung binh tren cac song sa voi rmrc bien th~p nhat tai Hon Dau
khoang 210-256

cm, co thS vuot

4,5 m khi co lii. Anh huang

song r~t Ion, chi phoi muc mroc-dong

thuy trieu tren cac

chay va truyen man sau vao luc dia. Song trieu

truyen sau d~n t~n Pha Lai, each bien 90 km va bieu hien d~n t~
each bien 140 km. Tuy nhien, gioi han truyen man 1

0

/00

Phil Lang Thuong,

chi d~n B~n Trieu, each bien

48 km. Tuong quan thai gian chay len va xuong tren song Da Bach- Bach Dang la 9-

lO gial16 - l Sgio vao mila he; 11 - 12/13-14 gio vao mila dong; tren song C~m la
12/13 gio

a

ca hai mila. T6c d(> dong

a

cira song mila kho trung binh 10-15 cm/s,

hiem khi vuot 50 cm/s va bi dong trieu l§n at. Vao ngay lii, dong chay song lon,
thirong tren 100 cm/s, dat toi 1,8-2,5 mis, l~n at dong trieu va chay xuong chiem h§u
h~t thai gian trang ngay.

24


d . D o n g c h a y wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Dong chay co thanh phan dong nhat trieu quyet dinh, nen co tinh thuan

nghich trong ngay, phu thuoc van dia hinh bo, huang bo, luong lach va cira song [2].
Dong chay manh van cac thang 6, 7, 12, 1, yeu van cac thang 3, 4, 8, 9 va manh
nhat khi mire mroc dao d(>ng len - xuong ngang qua rrurc trieu trung binh. T6c d(>
dong trong khoang r~t rong baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
ill 0,1-1 ,8m/s, trung binh 10-30cm/s. Tai cira Nam Trieu,
t6c d(> dong chay xuong

ClJC

dai 90 cm/s va chay len cue dai 60cm/s. Phia ngoai

yeS, dong chay trieu y~u di va vai tro dong chay mila th€ hien r5 rang. Mila he,
dong chay huang dong b~c t6c d(> 10 -15 cm/s, mila dong dong chay huang tay nam,
t6c d(>20 - 30 cm/s.

H in h

8.

Mo hinh dong chay (Delf -3D) song Bach D~ng tai tang mat gitra pha
trieu xuong mila Dong (ky mroc cuong 7h, 20/3/2009) [14].

25 PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA


so

••baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC

2'

cna nrtca

Hinh 9. Hoa dong chay thirc do tkg

gitra tram BRl(B~n Rung) vao mila Dong

(thang 01 nam 2007) [5]
Ch~ dQ dong chay mroc mat khu
3 1 2 0 0 9 ) va mila mira
(0112007 vaNMLKJIHGFEDCBA

( 6 /2 0 0 7

V 1JC

va

Ben Rung duoc tinh cho mila kho
8 1 2 0 0 9 ):

t6c dQ dong chay trong mila

mira c6 xu th~ chung Ian gfip 2-3 l~n mila kho, tham chi d~n 5 l~n tai khu

V lJC

song

RUQtL911khi trieu xuong [5, 14]. Mila kho, t6c dQ dong chay c6 gia tri trung binh
20 - 35 cmls, gia tri

C 1JC

dai c6 th~ dat 80 cm/s, huang dong chay theo true long d~n.

Thai gian chay xuong chiem 60 - 70%, t6c dQ dong chay xuong cling giam han. T6c
dQ dong chay hau h~t tai cac khu

hon nhau khong dang k~, phia khu

V lJC

thuong hru cua song Bach Bang c6 gia tri Ian nhfit. Khu

V 1JC

V 1JC

phi a ha hru dong chay

xuong c6 huang NTN va dong chay len c6 huong nguoc lai. Vao mua kho, tai khu
V 1JC

phan hru cira song Chanh, do dong chay d6i huang nen t6c dQ dong chay 6 day

nho hon so voi khu

V 1JC

long d~n chinh cua song Bach Ding (hinh 8).

Mila mua t6c dQ dong chay trung binh toan bQ khu

V 1JC

tinh toan c6 gia tri

dat 30 - 35 cmls khi chay len va 40 - 50 cmls khi chay xuong. Khi chay xuong,
dong chay ha hru song Bach Ding c6
Lon va dong trieu nen gia tri

C 1JC

S 1J

hop luu cua cac song Da Bac, Gia, RUQt

dai c6 th~ dat 100 - 120 YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c m / s . Khu V 1JC phan hru

tai cira song Chanh va hop luu cira song RUQt Lon gia tri van t6c dang k~ trong ca
khi chay len va chay xuong. T6c dQ dong chay thuong Ion nhat khi trieu dang
xuong qua mire trieu trung binh.
Ham IU911gtram tich 10'
1 0 -1 0 0 0

lu n g

trong mrcc VCS bi~n thien trong khoang rong

g/rrr'. Vao mila rmra, tram tich 10' hrng khoang 53-215 g/m ' hie trieu xuong,

va khoang 20-50 g/rn ' luc trieu len.

VS

mila kho, tram tich 10' lung khi trieu xuong

dat 42-92 g /m '' va dat 56-148 g /m 3 khi trieu len.PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
4 . H ~ s in h

th a i

26


So voi HST

ves

chau th6, HST

ves

hinh ph~u c6 nhtrng d~c diem khac

biet nhtr hoa tron mroc song - bien t6t hon nen mroc phan t~ng ySu, dQ man thuong
cao hon ((] rmrcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
19' man), cac doi sinh thai di~n thS v~ phia luc dia (chau th6 diSn
hinh di~n thS v~ phia bien); c~u tnic quan xa sinh V?t 6n dinh hon va da dang sinh

hoc (da dang cac h~ sinh thai va da dang loai) cao hon. Cac h~ sinh thai co ban
trong

ves

Bach Dang bao gom [12]: 1- nh6m cac HST luc dia: HST d6i nui; HST

dong bang; HST cac thuy VlJCnuoc ngot (ao h6, song lach v.v.) va HST dao; 2nh6m cac HST vung trieu cira song bao gom: HST rung ngap man; HST bai trieu;
HST bai cat bien; HST bai trieu ran da; HST day mem.

Hinh 10. Rung ngap man (duoc va vet du)

Hinh 11 . Rung ngap man (b~n chua)

HST rung ngap man la mQt trong nhfrng HST co ban cua HST

ves hinh pheu

Bach Dang, chiern phan dien tich 16'n.Day la mQt HST tieu bieu cho vung cira song
1 0 M mam quan, vet du, duoc voi, ban chua, trang va suo Rung
nhiet doi, Uti thS la cacNMLKJIHGFEDCBA

ngap man thirong chi cao 2- 4 m, nhung moc rM day, c6

y

nghia 16'nv~ da dang sinh

hoc, sinh thai, tang cuong b6i tu va phong chong thien tai. HST rung ngap man

ves

1
J'

Bach Dang c6 hai quan thS thuc vat d~c tnrng: quan thS duoc va vet du phan b6 YXWVUTS
a
t
vung nuoc man 19' va quan thS b~n chua (] vung mroc 19' nhat (hinh 10 va 11).
5. Nh~o xet v~ hoan canh t\l' nhien khi xay ra chi~n tr~n 1288
Nhu vay, v~ phan vu n g W nhien,

ves

1

s

E
Bach D~ng thuoc vung yen bo Dong

bac, nam (] canh ria dong b~c chau th6 song Hong hien dai.
Nhin nhan (] g6c dQ lich sir W nhien, hien nay

ves

ves

n

Bach Dang c6 c~u true

IT

hinh ph€u diSn hinh va dQC l?p tuong d6i voi vung cira song chau th6 song

H6ng hien dai. Nhung khoang khoang 5- 7 tram nam truce, hien nay n6 la mot bQ
phan cua chau th6 song H6ng, c6 bo biSn b6i tv ]~n xa ra bien hon hien nay. Qua
trinh hinh pheu h6a

ves

Bach Dang b~t d~u khoang 5 - 7 tram nam qua. M6i quan

h~ cua Kinh do Thang Long voi h~ thong song H6ng - Thai Binh da thay d6i theo
thoi gian, phu thuoc vao SlJbiSn d6i cua ban than h~ thong song nay. Duong nhir c6
mot xu thS kha ro rang la tu d~u Cong nguyen dSn nay h~ thong song H6ng - Thai
Binh da chuyen nguon phu sa cua minh d~n tir phi a DB v ~ phia TN dS b6i d~p nen
27

hi

V


nhfrng d6ng bang mau YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
m a va lich sir khai pha cac vung d~t moi ven bien cling
chuyen d~n ill vung bo DB vS TN [1].

Nhir vay, tran thuy chien Bach Dang nam 1288 xay ra tren doan PhaNMLKJIHGFEDCBA

R ir n g song Chanh la trong moi tnrong vung cira song chau th6, ma song ngay do c6 Ie
nong hon va hep hon ngay nay. Chinh mo ta cua Nguyen Trai trong cuon
chi

D u d ia

cling cho th~y song Bach Dang thai Nha Le hep va nong hon bay gio nhieu.

Trang bai "Phu Bach Dang Giang" cua Truong Han Sieu cling c6 cau: "Bo lau san
sat; B€n lach diu hiu ...". Nh6m cay lau lach, trong do c6 cay say
thuong moc

a d~m l~y, ba:i b6i ven song mroc ngot hoac 19'nhat, kha ph6 bien a ven

bo chau th6, thuoc nh6m hoa thao, khong thuoc nh6m su vet
ta trong bai

(P h r a g m ite s )

P hu B ach D dng

G ia n g

(M a n g ro v e s).

N€u mo

la chuan xac thi VCS Bach Dang thai chien tran

1288 qua th~t la VCS chau th6 nuoc 19' va 19'nhat, khong phai la VCS hinh ph€u baZYXWVUTSR

m ro c

man va 19'man nhu ngay nay.
V~ cac HST, HST rung ngap man khi ~y

Uti

th€ la cay b~n chua (hinh 11)

xen lau say, khong pho bien duoc vet, Ian ban chua nhu ngay nay. Tuy nhien, rung

su vet day d?c (hinh 10) g~n nhu khong th€ lQi bQ xuyen qua. Vi vay, rung b~n chua
va lau s~y d€ gi~u quan va thuyen mang chuan bi cho tr~n danh chinh. Nhtrng HST
go d6i bay gio khi ~y c6 th€ la pho bien HST rung rmra nhiet doi nguyen sinh, dt
ph6 bien cay g6 lim, cho phep khai thac nhanh mot khoi luong dang k€ d€ dung len
tr~n dia

CQC.

Nho c6 qua trinh ngap chim va hinh ph€u h6a ma mang hroi song VCS Bach
Dang it bi thay d6i, khac voi dong Ian cac song chau th6 Ian nhu song H6ng (Viet

Nam), hay Hoang Ha (Trung Quoc) lien tuc chuyen dong theo cac chu ky c6 dQ dai
thai gian khac nhau. Tuy nhien, true dong song Bach Dang c6 th€ da: di chuyen
hang tram met va thai chien tran GhSnh C6c c6 th€ khong phai la noi true dong
song di qua. B~g

chirng la true long song Chanh, chi la mot nhanh nho cua song

Bach D~ng ma cling da: dich chuyen long mQt vai tram met vS phia nam.

V~ muc mroc bien, nhieu tai lieu nghien

CUu

cua chung toi da chirng minh

mire nmrc bien chan tinh khoang nghin nam truce thap hon hien nay tren duoi mot
met va vao thai chien tran 1288 c6 th€ thap hon hien nay tren duoi mra met.
V~ thuy trieu, da: c6 nhtrng

ill

lieu th€ hien kha nang bien dQ dao dong trieu

hien tai Ian hon qua khir 5 - 6 nghin nam truce (d(> cao cac v€t 15m an mon tren
vach da voi H~ Long c6 kern theo tuoi tuyet d6i C 14 phan tich tir vo h~u ha). DlJ
doan rang, ch€ dQ nhat trieu dSu va quy lu~t dao dong thuy trieu theo lich mat trang
khong thay d6i so voi ngay nay, nhung dQ 16n triSu thai chien tran 1288 c6 th€ nho
hon hien nay khoang 0,2 - O,5m. Tuy nhien, t~t ca nhtrng di~u nay hoan toan khong

28


mau thuiln gi voi khung canh trieu len hung VI (] VCS khi ~y: "Bat ngat s6ng kinh
muon dam; Thuot tha duoi tri mot rnau".
Da nhieu baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
y kien n6i d~n vai tro cua thuy trieu trong tran danh, nhung h~u
nhu chira th~y n6i d~n vai tro cua cac y~u t6 khac, d~c biet la vai tro quan trong cua
dong chay va gi6.
Mo hinh dong chay tren hinh 8 va sa d6 hoa dong cac gia tri tlnrc do tren

hinh 10 th~ hien huang va t6c d9 dong chay tren dean chinh song Bach Dang, noi
c6 huong tl1JClong huang chu dao B~c - Nam van ngay trieu cuong khi trieu xuong.
Ta thay, dong c6 huang chay chu dao B~c Nam tren song Bach Dang c6 t6c d9 100
hon h~n dong chuyen huang van song Chanh. N~u co cac be hra tha troi tren song
Bach Dang,

tY

l~ troi van cira song Chanh r~t thap.

Cac be hra chi c6 th~ troi van cira song Chanh khi "muon" duoc gio huang
Tay, tuong tu nhir Gia Cat LUQng "muon" gi6 huang Bong trong tran Xich Bich.
Nhung dieu nay g~n nhu khong th~ xay ra trong tr~n chien 1288. Thong tin tren
bang 1 va hinh 6 cho thay, van mua dong nh6m gi6 huong dong (] day chiem

Uti

th~

tuyet d6i v~ tiliI xu~t va t6c d9 so voi gi6 nhom huang tay. Vi vay, cac be lira tren
song Bach Dang n~u tha troi nr do thi g~n nhir to an b9 troi xuoi ra phia cira Nam
Trieu va troi lech v~ Thuy Nguyen thuoc phia bo tay song Bach Dang.
Tran danh xay ra van mua Bong, kha nang co nhieu strong mu tren song
thuan loi cho bi m~t chuan bi va tac chien, quan h~ gitra gio' mat troi (ngay dem) va
gio thuy trieu (nuoc cuong - nuoc rong) duoc b6 tri hop

Iy

t6i da, b6i canh thai tiet

mua dong c6 th~ co c6 mira phun, nhung r~t hiem khi co mira 16n, nen cac be hoa
cong phat huy tac dung va dam bao tinh chac chan cua thanh cong tran danh dt cao.
Qua nhieu biroc chuan bi ky hrong ma quan trong nhat la xay dung tr~n dia
CQC,thi danh hoa cong bang tha be lira la buoc cuoi cung quyet dinh thang loi cua
tran danh. C6 th~, khac voi tran dia CQCcua chi~n tnrong nam 938 c6 chirc nang
chinh la "pha" - tire la dam thung thuyen giac Nam Han khi chung rut chay v~ phia
ha hru khi trieu rut, tr~n dia CQCnam 1288 chu y~u c6 chirc nang "can" thuyen giac
va bien phap quyet dinh la thieu chay cac chien thuyen dich khi chung bi d6n tu lai
tru c e

vung bai CQC.V oi chirc nang can, c6 th~ c6 nhfrng doan CQCdong nbi tren mat

mroc va dff duoc phu co nguy trang. Ngay ca bai CQCsong Chanh dff duoc phat hien,
qua phan tich thay rang day cling chi la bai CQCearn tren vung bai b6i thap, chua
phai la ch6 tren long chinh cua song nay.
V~y dau la bai CQCchinh cua chien YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
t w a n g 1288. Theo phan tich nhu tren thi it
kha nang la song Chanh, song Rut, ma bai CQCtim th~y canh song Chanh, song Rut
nhu bai CQCYen Giang, bai CQCB6ng Van Mu6i, bai CQCB6ng Ma Ngua c6 th~ chi

29


la cac bai phu nham chan dirong rut cua thuyen giac sang Vinh Ha Long. Tran danh
chinh tren song Bach Dang va bai coc chinh r~t c6 kha nang earn qua dong chinh cua
song Bach f)~ng khi ~y c6 c~u true ves
qua vay, quy mo, tinh ch~t ac liet va

chau th6, nong va hep hon hien nay. N~u

y nghia

cua tran danh con 100 hon nira.

KETLU~
ehi~n tnrong 1288 nam tai khu trung tam cua ves
ves

Bach f)~ng. Hien nay

nay c6 c~u true vung cira song hinh ph~u (estuary) - mot vung cira song hinh

ph~u nhietbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
d o i gi6 mila c6 thuy trieu, nhat trieu bien dl) 100 di€n hinh cua th~ gioi.
Nhung khi xay ra chien tran, ves

nay c6 c~u true chau th6 (delta) va b~t dAu

chuyen dich sang qua trinh hinh ph~u h6a. So voi ngay nay, di.ic diem di~u kien
nhien ves

tv

khi ~y c6 nhieu di.ic diem bao t6n - nrong tu mang tinh k~ thira, nhung

ciing c6 nhtrng di.ic di~m dff thay d6i nhieu. Trong ba nh6m yeu t6 co ban nh~t c6
lien quan la dia hinh, khi hau va thuy van thi cac y~u t6 khi hau it thay d6i nhat va
y~u t6 dia hinh thay d6i nhi~u nhat. Ngoai ra, tinh chat hoang so cua cac h~ sinh
thaiNMLKJIHGFEDCBA
r u n g mira nhiet doi va rung ngap man cling c6 nhieu thay d6i.

Cac y~u t6 tv nhien cua vung chien tnrong 1288 dff duoc sir dung triet d€ va

da: g6p phan

tao nen thang loi hoan my cua tr~n danh. Tuy nhien, sire manh cua th~

tr~n toan dan va nghe thuat thuy chien cua vua quan nha Tr§n moi vuot qua cac y~u

t6

ng~u nhien va b~t thuong cua di~u kien tv nhien, d6 moi la yeu t6 quyet dinh

thang loi cua chien tr~n 1288.PONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

TA l

1. Le Dire An, Trk

L I:E :UT R A M

K H A o

Dire Thanh, 2010. v~ vi tri dia ly va vi th~ thanh Thang Long. Ky

y~u Hoi nghi Quoc t~:

PhM

trien b~n vfrng Thu do Ha Noi van hien, anh hung, vi hoa

binh. Ha Ni)i 7-9/10/2010. Nxb. D<;tih oc Quoc gia Ha Ni)i. Tr.969-980.
2. £)6 Trong Binh, Tr§n Anh T u , Vii Duy Vinh, 2010. Nghien ctru danh gia Ian truyen cac
chat gay 0 nhiem khu vue cira song ven bi~n Hai Phong bang mo hinh toan hQC. Bao
cao DT dp thanh ph5 Hai Phong. LUll trit tai Vien TN&MTB.
3. Nguyen Minh Hai, 2010. Nghien CUu hien tUQTIgmroc dang 6 vung ven bi~n Hai
Ph6ng. LUll tnr tai Vi~n TN&MTB.
4.

Lafond, R., 1967. Etudes 1ittorales et estuariennes
These de docteur des sciences naturalles.
IlI(42p).

30

en zone intertropica1e humide.

Univ. de Paris Tom I (416p), II (400p),


5.

Tr&n Dinh Lan, Le Xuan Sinh, 2007.NMLKJIHGFEDCBA
D \ I bao nguy co 0 nhiern va d~ xuat giai phap
bao v~ moi truong khu cong nghiep BSn Rung, huyen Thuy Nguyen, Hai Phong. Bao
cao tang kSt DT dp thanh ph6 Hai Phong. Luu baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
trfr tai Vien TN&MTB.

6. Pritchard, D.W., 1967. What is an Estuary? Estuaries Pub. n" 83. AAAS. Washington
D. C, p. 149-157.
7.

Tr&n Dire Thanh va nnk, 1983. H~ thong vung cira song YXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
a ven bo Hai Phong-Quang
Yen. HQi nghi "SU dung hop ly tai nguyen va bao v~ moi tnrong" Ha NQi 11/1983.

8.

Tr&n Duc Th~nh, 1987. Vung cira song B~ch D1lng. Nghien ctru lich sir Hai Phong.
N02 trang 33-41.

9.

Tr~n Dire Thanh, 1993. TiSn hoa dia ch~t vung cira song Bach Ding trong Holocen.
T6m tit luan an PTS. DHTH Ha NQi, trangl-24.

10. Thanh, T.D., Saito, Y., Dinh, V.H., Nguyen, H.C., Do, D.C. 2005. Coastal erosion in
Red River Delta: current status and response. In Z.Y. Chen, Y. Saito, S.L. Goodbred, Jr.
eds., Mega-Deltas of Asia: Geological evolution and human impact, China Ocean Press,
Beijing, pp. 98-106.
11. Tr&n Dire Thanh va Dinh Van Huy, 2010. D~c tnmg c o ban v~ di~u kien 1\1 nhien vung
cira song Bach Dang.
12. D6 Cong Thung va Tr~n Dire Thanh, 2002. Bao t6n thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc
Hai Phong. Bao cao koa hoc, luu tnr tai Sa KHCN & MT Hai Phong.
13. Tr&n Anh Tu, 2012. Danh gia d~c tnrng trk

tich 10' hrng khu

V\IC

ctra song ven bi~n

I

I

Hai Phong. Luan van Thac sy. Luu trir tai Vien TN&MTB.

!

14. Vfi Duy Vinh, 2012. Nghien ctru dac dj~m van chuyen tram tich 10' hrng vung ven bi~n

t

Hai Phong bing mo hinh Delft3d. Luan van Thac sy khoa hoc, tnrong DHKHTN.
15. Xamoilov,

I. B., 1952. Cac vung cira song. Nxb. "Geographyz",

Mascova, trang 1-

I

1

526.(tiSng Nga).

I
r
n

f

g
b

n

H

31