SouthEast Asia Thuyết trình môn đa dang tiếng anh

Welcome to Group 5
•
•
•
•
•
•

...

Nguyễn Trịnh Minh Hy
Huỳnh Huỳnh Phương Đơng
Võ Tâm Nhi
Nguyễn Thoại Chi
Huỳnh Lâm Kim Ngân
Khổng Hoàng Kim Ngân


South-East Asia
Tìm kiếm Google

Xem Trang đầu tiên tìm được


South-East Asia

The countries
Country

Area(00 sq.km)

Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore

0.0162
332,965
300,000
616

Reference figures

Barbados
Ireland
UK
USA

0.430
69
245
9,363

0.265
3.8
62.3
310.2

Population (2010) Capital
in millions
7.1

28.3
Kuala Lumpur
99.9
Manila
4.7


South-East Asia

Background

Africa and India to South-East Asia
- Countries such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines
are having stronger economies than African or South Asian
countries, especially Singapore.
- Singapore is a developed country with a high level of
education and culture with welfare 170WORLD ENGLISHES
and so on at or above European and North American levels.
 English in these countries is more developed than in subSaharan Africa or even (per head) in South Asia.


- Nội
The
pre-colonial
languages ​of Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore
dung
2
are often toneless.
- In Malaysia (and Singapore) the pre-colonial language was Malay and
many words borrowed from Arabic, but is now more commonly written

in Roman.
- The pre-colonial language of the Philippines was less influenced by
other languages.
- - The local language of Hong Kong is Cantonese, a ‘dialect’ of Chinese.
- In Singapore most people speak Cantonese and English
In both countries there are substantial numbers of people of Indian
descent,mostly with Dravidian language backgrounds.


South-East Asia

History
-During the twentieth century, English is widely spoken in the above countries due
to colonization.
- English was spread by the education system and educated people became very
fluent because they used the language for everyday communication across
communal boundaries.
- Hong Kong came under British control as a result of the Opium Wars with China
and developed as a trading centre.
-In 1898 ownership of the Philippines passed to the USA. The Americans launcheda
vigorous campaign of education through the medium of English, so that by
independence in 1946 a rhotic variety of English with US vocabulary was widely
known for administration and education, and used among Filipinos with different
mother tongues. Virtually all Filipinos spoke one or more local languages alongside
it, of course.


The current situation: Malaysia and Singapore, Hong Kong,
Philippines
Nội dung 2

- English is now used for some tertiary education, and quite widely as the
language of business. English is frequently used in workplaces.
- In Singapore an increasing proportion of speakers have English as a
mother tongue but the local variety rather than Standard English.


Malaysian/Singaporean English – a descriptive account
* A shortlist of particularly salient features

● Nội
a reduced
dung 2 set of final consonants and consonant sequences as compared
with other varieties and consequently words which end with glottal stops,
voiceless fricatives, or nasals ( [i:ʔ] ‘eat’, [bæŋ] ‘bank’)
● stereotyped Singapore vocabulary items: borrowings from Malay like ulu
‘old-fashioned, provincial’, and from Chinese like kiasu ‘selfish’ (see below),
and local coinages like blur ‘confused’
● the particle lah (borrowed from Chinese) which is used to emphasise
confidently made statements or shared knowledge

● omission of sentence subjects (and objects) that can be inferred from the
context.


South-East Asia

Phonology

The vowel inventory is quite reduced. KIT and FLEECE, FOOT and GOOSE,

LOT/CLOTH, THOUGHT, CURE, and NORTH / FORCE and
START/PALM/BATHand STRUT are all merged, though probably as speakers
move up the lectal scale they make more distinctions. FACE and GOAT are
monophthongs, as in many other varieties, and Deterding notes that a
diphthongal pronunciation of the FACE vowel sounds ‘affected’ to
Singaporeans.
Sent


Nội dung 2

-Dental fricatives are often realised as stops. Final consonant clusters are
often simplified
Ex: think is [θiŋ] or [tiŋ]
effect is [ifek] or [ifεʔ]
voiceless – that maybe [dæʔ]
Final fricatives – especially /s/ and /z/
Relatively few vowels are reduced to [ə], as in other syllable-timed varieties
By contrast, an American accent may be becoming more fashionable:
originally US pronunciation of individual words like schedule are said to be
becoming more common, and so is rhoticity


Syntax
-

Basilectal and mesolectal Singapore-Malaysian English differs rather dramatically from the standard in
terms of syntax.
- Subjects and objects can be omitted where they are clearfrom the context, as in Chinese and Malay.
For example: as an answer to the question Do you get overtime pay, or can you take time off in lieu?

Richards (1977:79) recorded You want to overtime also can, take off, also can. ‘If you want (to take)
overtime, you can, but if you want to take time off, you can do that too’.
-Correspondingly, as in Chinese, Malay, and many creoles, be as copula (and auxiliary) can be omitted.
- what we are calling the basilect and mesolect – is simpler than that in Standard English and also than that
in Malay and Chinese.
-Questions are often inverted and occur when there are auxiliary verbs Be and Can

-

EX: Why you take so many
Go where?
She eat what?
- questions of the form “What to do? Where to go” are common and characteristic of
Singapore/Malaysian usage. In Chinese and South-East Asian languages questions often include the
equivalent of or (not)?
-Singapore English is well described and its syntax is of great interest.


South-East Asia

Lexis
The various lects of Singapore/Malaysia English include a great deal of local
vocabulary.
● chope ‘reserve a chair, etc. by putting a bag or garment on it’
● kiasu ‘person with a fear of losing out to others’.
The Guide to Singlish gave these typical traits of a kiasu:
Ex:
1. Everything also must grab ‘He/she has to grab everything’.
2. Must chope seat when you go everywhere ‘He/she has to chope a seat on all
occasions’.

-Foreignisms formed from English lexical material include:
● heaty, cooling, ‘foods regarded in Chinese tradition as yang (male light positive) and
yin (female dark negative) respectively’

● red packet ‘envelope containing money given at a festival’.


South-East Asia

Pragmatics
One of the most striking features of much Singapore/Malaysia English is its
use of pragmatic particles, mainly borrowed from dialects of Chinese.
Ex:
Do you use Tamil at all?
A. I’m afraid [əfrε] we know little. Don’t [dɔn] speak [spiʔ] at home. To my
maid, I have to speak to her.
We have learned, lah, since she came.
Sent


5.3 South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.
5.3.1 The countries and the history of the introduction of English
5.3.1.1 The languages of South Asia


Nội dung 2

- In South Asia:
+ Many hundreds of languages are spoken.
+ The dominant positions are held by Indo-Aryan languages related to Hindi/Urdu (as a

typical Indo-Aryan language, has many features familiar from European languages) in
the north, Dravidian languages are agglutinative and thus also have complex affix
systems indicating tense, case, prepositions such as Tamil in the south.
→ Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages have rich consonantal systems, with
aspirated and unaspirated stops, both voiced and voiceless, and characteristic retroflex
stops in contrast with dentals.


South-East Asia

History
- In the second millennium BC Indo-Aryan languages spread over much
of Northern India
- In the 16th century, Persian was the language of the court, Sanskrit that
of Hindu literary and religious writing, and Arabic that of Islamic
theologians, although most people of course spoke their own
vernaculars, Indo-Aryan, Dravidian or others.
- In the 18th century ‘orientalists’ who favoured education in local
languages and ‘westernisers’ who favoured English- language education.
→ The westernisers won the argument.


Nội dung 2

- By the time of Macaulay’s Minute English had become necessary for career success
education in English was taken up quite widely.
- Increasing English-language education throughout the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries
→ The establish- ment of English as the common language of the elite.
- The end of the twentieth century India, the accompanying internationalisation of

economic life gave a further boost to English within the language ecology of India.
- In fact English in India has reached stage 4 in Schneider’s scheme (cf. 3.3) at least.


South-East Asia

The current
situation

+ The ‘Anglo-Indians’ – descendants of mixed marriages many generations ago
- a small group of South Asians (100,000 or so) have English as their mother
tongue and ethnic identity.
+ Krishnaswamy and Burde (1998) list five domains for English in India:
bureaucracy, education, print-media communication and advertising,
intellectual and literary writing and social interaction.
+ English continues alongside Hindi and local languages in national
administration, in quasi-state bodies like medical councils and the higher
courts.
+ State schools theoretically operate a ‘three-language policy’ so that children
learn the local language, or at least that of their state, Hindi and English.
→ A proportion of South Asians use spoken English in daily life. Some
families in the urban upper class may have gone over to English almost
entirely.


South-East Asia

South Asian English – a descriptive account

Salient features

Here is a shortlist of particularly salient features of South Asian English:
●retroflex stops for /d/ and /t/: these are the stereotype feature of the variety
●syllable-timing, and relatively lightly marked word stress
●intonation characterised by rather short intonation units (so that the placement of sentence
stress may seem uninformative)
●a characteristic vocabulary borrowed from substrate languages: to gehrao is to prevent
someone from leaving his office as a protest, a lakh is a hundred thousand, a crore is 10
million
●stylistic features which may strike inner-circle readers as mixture of level. South Asian
English is predominantly spelt in the British style.


South-East Asia

Phonology

+ Depends on the substratum and on the degree of accommodation to RP (or
nowadays GA)
+ The phonemes /ʌ/ and /ə/ are not distinct, giving a characteristic low mid final vowel in words like comma.
KIT and FLEECE are distinct for most mother-tongue groups, as are FOOT and
GOOSE.
BATH words have /ɑ:/ on a Southern English model, CLOTH, LOT and
THOUGHT may be merged.
The voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ may be unaspirated.
Postalveolars may be pronounced with contact between the blade of the tongue
and the roof of the mouth (rather than its tip as in other varieties).
→ RP/GA speakers may appear cold to South Asians, while South Asians may
appear excited or angry to RP/GA speakers.

Grammar
- Published written usage shows relatively more syntactic differences from
British and American standard than they have from each other.
+ In British English give occurs most commonly in a ditransitive construction
like give someone something, and pelt occurs most often in pelt someone with
something
+ In Indian English the most common are monotran- sitive give something and
prepositional give something to someone, and pelt stones at someone
respectively.
- A typical one is the distribution of particles and prepositions after verbs.
- In South Asian English one can fill up a vacancy, start with the lesson, show up
the main point, or shirk away one’s responsibilities, where British or American
speakers would do without the particle/preposition.


South-East Asia

Lexis

- Many of the characteristic lexical items of South Asian English are borrowed
BON- FIRE NIGHT words referring to local phenomena.
- Other BONFIRE NIGHT words, however, use English elements (including General English borrowings from South Asian languages)
- Most tautonyms (ROBIN words, that is, words that have different meanings in
two varieties) are English words adapted with a different meaning.
In South Asian English they include: bogey ‘railway carriage’, cracker ‘firework’,
fire ‘be angry with’, cut ‘slaughter an animal’, copy-book ‘notebook’.


South-East Asia

Style and pragmatics
+ The stylistic values attached to words and expressions are often different in
Indian English from those in British or American usage, or perhaps stylistic
distinctions are neutralised.
+ The pragmatics of English in the subcontinent derive, of course, from the
sub- continental cultures, and so pragmatic behaviour may be very different
from British
Sent


South-East Asia

HONG KONG ENGLISH
It is mainly used in education and interactions with ‘outsiders’ and
seems to be more susceptible to outside influence – less
endonormative – than the Malaysian/Singapore variety.
The syntax of Hong Kong English includes many typical ‘new
English’ simplifications, particularly in the noun phrase: systems of
countability and singular, definiteness, and so on.
Local Westerners may use borrowings from Chinese like dim sum
(snacks served in local restaurants) and gwailo (‘Westerner’), but
also, reflecting imperial connections, from South Asian languages
including chit (for ‘bill’ or ‘ receipt’), nullah (an open drain or
‘water course’).


South-East Asia

Philippine English – a descriptive account

A shortlist of particularly salient features of Philippine English

Philippine English derives from US English, normally uses US spelling conventions and
vocabulary variants, and is rhotic.
However in mesolectal and basilectal accents the /r/ is an alveolar flap, not a semivowel.
The vowel inventory is reduced in ways typical of ‘New Englishes’.
There is a range of typical Philippine vocabulary: borrowings from Spanish (merien- da
‘afternoon tea’), Tagalog/Filipino (kundiman ‘love song’), loan translations from local
languages (since before yet ‘for a long time’) and local coinages (batchmate ‘person who
studied, did military service, etc. with the speaker’).