Báo cáo khoa học:C.Mác vẫn hoàn toàn hiện đại ppt

LY LUAN VA THl/C
TIIN
CHINH TRI NUdC NGOAI
CAC MAC VAN HOAX
Wi\N
HIKX
DAI
i.^if' !!.!•
un
J
GS LEO PANTTCff''
LTS: Cupc khung hodng kinh
te
todn
cdu
hien
nay
dang khien
nhieu ngudi nghi
tdi
Cdc
Mdc,
triet
gia,
nhd kinh
te
vT
dgi the ky
XLX,
tdc gid bp sdch
do so Tu

bdn noi tieng,
chica
dung nhieu lugn diem
thich hap dung de phdn tich mpi cupc khung hodng kinh
te
cua chu
nghia
tu
bdn. Vita qua,
Tgp chi
Foreign Policy (Chinh sdch
doi
ngogi)
cua
My,
so 5-6 ndm
2009
co
ddng
bdi
viet
cua GS Leo
Panitch vdi tieu de Mdc van hoan todn hien dgi. Dudi day chiing toi
xin gidi thieu npi dung bdi
ndy.
Cdc ghi chu trong ngodc dan vd ddu
de
phu Id
ciia
ngudi dich.

Di
trir&c
thai dgi
Khiing hoang kinh
te
dang khien ngudi
ta
trd lai
quan
tam den Cac
Mac. Lugng
tieu
thu
tren toan
cau bg
sach
Tu
bdn tang
vgt; rieng
mdt nha
xuit
ban d
Diic
nam
2008
da ban
dugc hang nghin cudn, trong
khi trudc dd
1
nam, nam 2007 chi ban dugc

hon
100
cudn. Dieu
dd
ehimg
td
cudc
khiing hoang
quy md
rdng
va cd
siic cdng
pha ldn nay
da
khien chit nghTa
tu
ban toan
eau
va
cac chinh khach cap cao
cua nd roi
vao mdt cude khimg hoang
tu
tudng cd tinh
he thdng.
***
Nha nghien ciju
n6i
tieng
\k mon

chinh
tri
hQC,
Khoa Kinh
tl
chinh
trj,
trudng
Dai hpc
T6ng
hap
York
tai
Toronto (Canada), bien
tap
vien
t6
Nien
gidm Socialist Register.
Khdng phai ngau nhien khi niem tin vao
tu tudng ehfnh thdng ctia chti nghia
ty
do
mdi da tan vo, thi ngudi
ta
lai quan tam tim
hieu va nghien cuu hpc thuyet Mac.
Trudc het, Mac
da di
trudc thdi dai ciia

minh rat xa, dng
da dy
doan dupc qua trinh
toan
eau
hda ciia chii nghTa
tu
ban. Mac da
dy bao chinh xac
mpt sd
yeu
td
quan trpng
gay
ra
cudc khung hoang tai chfnh hien nay,
dd
la mau
thuan
cd hun cua cai the
gidi
dugc
tao
nen
bdi cac thj
trudng canh tranh
nhau,
nen san
xuat hang
hda va sy

dau
ca
tai chinh tien te.
Mac hoan
tat tac
pham
ndi
tieng nhat
cua minh
vao
thdi
ky khi cdc
cupc each
mang Phap
va My mdi ket
thiic chua day
78
LY
LUAN
CHINH
TRI 9 - 2009
mdt tram nam, nhung
dng da dy
kiln trudc
dugc
sy
chao
dao xay ra sau dd hon mdt
the
ky

rudi
cua
cdng
ty AIG va
Bear
Steams
\ Mae
nhin thay
rat rd cai dng gpi
la
"tac
dung each mang nhit"
ma
giai
cip
tu
san
phat
huy
dugc trong ljch
sir
loai
ngudi
- dd la
vai
trd cua
lop ngudi tien than
ciia cac chit ngan hang
va
giam doc cdng

ty
d
Phd
Wall hien
nay.
Diing
nhu Mac
vilt
trong Tuyen ngon
cua
Ddng Cpng
sdn:
"Giai
cap tu san
khdng
thi tdn tai nlu nd
khdng thudng xuyen thay
ddi can
ban cdng
cu san xuat
va tir dd
thay
ddi can ban
quan
he
san
xuat cimg
vdi
toan
bd mdi

quan
he
xa hdi
Ndi tdm lai,
giai
cap dd da tao ra
mdt the gidi theo hinh mau cita nd".
Song,
dil la d
thdi
dai Mac hay
thdi
dai
chiing ta, Mac ludn khdng phai
la
ngudi iing
hd
cho qua
trinh toan
eau hda tu ban
chii
nghTa. Mae cho rang "nhu cau khdng ngimg
md rdng
thi
trudng tieu
thy san
pham
da
thuc day giai cap
tu san di tdi

khap
noi
tren
toan
cau", va
tien doan rang
sy
phat trien
chil nghTa
tu ban se
khdng
the
tranh khdi
dan
tdi
viec
"md
dudng
cho
nhirng cudc
khimg hoang ngay cang
sau sac va
rdng
khdp hon". Mac
chi ra
rang cac hanh
vi dau
CO
cd
sire cdng

pha rat ldn ddi vdi
toan
bd
nen kinh
te va tat yeu se gay ra cac
cudc
khiing hoang
va lam cho
chiing ngay cang
tram trpng
hon. Hon
nira,
dng cdn
nhin
rd
bien phap
ma
giai
cap tu san gpi la
thdng
'*' AIG
1^
cong
ty
bao hiem nhan
thp
16n nhat
tai My,
t4i san 1100
ty

USD, thang 9-2008 suyt pha san,
sau
duac
FED (Cue Du trO
Lien bang
My) r6t 85 ty
USD
de
ciru,
cuoi ciing Chinh phii
My
tiep quan
79.9%
CO
phin.
Bear Steams
la tap
doin
moi
giai
chimg khoin
vi
ngin hing
dau tu
hing
dau Pho
Wall,
cung .suyt
bj phi
sin, thing 3-2008 dupc

mpt
ngin hing khic mua
\^i.
qua cac cudc
cai
each kieu tiem tien
de mai
mai tranh khdi khiing hoang, chang
qua chi
la mdt ao tudng chinh tri.
Nhu
mpi
cupc each mang,
Mac
mong
mudn trong ddi minh
se
nhin thay trat
ty
cu
bj
lat
dd. Nhung, chii nghTa
tu
ban hien van
cdn
cd
siic sdng
kha
manh me,

vdi tu duy
sang sudt
cua
minh,
Mac chi ed the
thay
trude dugc nhting
sai
lam
va
nhung budc
di
quanh
co cua cac the he
trong tuong
lai.
Nghien
cim hgc
thuyet
Mac
chiing
ta se
phat hien thay
dng
quan
tam
nhieu
van de
cd lien quan den the gidi ngay nay.
Chu nghia tu bdn la "thay phu

thdy"
khong dieu khien noi IU dm binh cua minh
Neu
Mac
dugc ehimg kien cudc khiing
hoang kinh
te
hien nay, nhat djnh dng
se rat
hao himg khang djnh
lai du bao
trudc
day
ciia dng, rang
cac
khuyet
tat bam
sinh ciia
chil nghTa
tu
ban chinh
la
nguyen nhan
gay
ra cudc khiing hoang hien nay. Ong
se
thay
rd trong tinh hinh
hdi
nhap kinh

te
toan cau,
sy phat trien hien dai tren ITnh vyc
tai
chinh
tien
te, nhu
chimg khoan
hda va cac san
pham phai sinh ciia chimg khoan, dang
lam
cho
thj
trudng tran ngap nhtrng
nii ro.
Khdng
cd
nhting sang kien
dd, su
tich
luy
tu
ban
trong
may
chye
nam qua le ra da
giam xudng nhieu. Va neu nhu vay dich vu
tai chinh
da

khdng
the
tham nhap
sau hon
va nhieu
hon vao xa hpi. Ket qua
ciia
nhtrng sang kien
ndi
tren
la
nhimg nam
gan
day
nhu cau
tieu dimg
va kem
theo
la sy
phdn thjnh
cua thj
trudng ngay cang
phu
thude vao the tin dung
va
cac khoan vay the
chap;
ddng thdi,
sy
suy giam quyen

lyc
ciia
cac nghiep doan
va sy cat
giam
cac
khoan
phue
lpi xa hdi da lam cho
ngudi
dan trd
LY
LUAN
CHiNH TRI
9 -
2009
79
nen dl bj tdn thuong hon trudc nhimg cii
sdc eiia thj trudng.
Trong may thap nien vira qua, he thdng
tai chinh toan eau kem dn djnh nay da ddng
gdp khdng nhd eho tang trudng kinh te toan
cau, song nd cung tat yeu tao ra mdt loat
cac bong bdng tai chinh, trong dd nguy
hiem nhat la bong bdng tren thj trudng bat
dpng san My. Hoat dpng eiia thj trudng bat
ddng san My giti vai trd ndng cdt trong ca
hai ITnh vyc duy tri nhu cau tieu diing va
thuc day thi trudng tai chinh qudc te. Sy nd
tung ciia bong bdng thj trudng bat ddng san

My da gay ra nhirng tac ddng sau sac cho
kinh te toan cau. Neu dupc chimg kien sy
kien nay chac chdn Mac se chi ra rang,
cudc khiing hoang nay la mpt thi du hoan
my eho thay ehii nghTa tu ban gidng nhu
mpt "thay phii thuy bat lyc trong viec dieu
khien cac am binh do minh gpi len".
Mac khdng he ao tudng rang tham hpa
kinh te ty nd se cd the dan den mpt sy thay
ddi xa hpi. Mac hieu rat rd ban chat ciia ehu
nghTa tu ban la lam phat sinh va nudi
dudng sy cd lap xa hpi. Ong viet, trong he
thdng tu ban chii nghTa dd, "ngoai mdi
quan he tu lpi trang trgn va sy thanh toan
tien bae tan nhan ra, giira ngudi vdi ngudi
ehdng cdn bat ky mdi lien he nao khac".
That vay, chii nghTa tu ban de eho xa hdi
"roi vao viing nudc bang gia ciia su tinh
toan vj ky". Tinh vj ky dan din nhting thai
do bang quan, vd cam trudc nhiing khiing
hoang ca nhan, nhu cdng nhan bj nha may
sa thai, bj xiet ng. Tinh trang cd lap xa hpi
dd ciing can trd viec tap hgp nhtrng cdng
dan tich eye, hieu bilt tinh hinh dl tim
kiem nhiing md hinh xa hdi tien tiln hon
nhdm thay the chii nghTa tu ban.
Trudc het, Mac se dat cau hdi lam the
nao de khac phuc tinh trang tieu eye xa hpi
cd sire cdng pha ldn nay. Mac cho rang d
thdi cua dng, cac nghiep doan va cac dang

cdng nhan khi ay da tien len dugc mpt
budc.
Bdi vay, trong bd Tit bdn, dng viet:
"Mue tieu trudc mat" la "td chiic nhimg
ngudi vd san thanh mdt giai cap" va
"nhiem vu dau tien" ciia giai cap nay la
"gianh thang lgi trong cude chien dau vi
dan chu". Bay gid, neu cdn sdng, chdc chan
Mac se khuyen khich mpi ngudi dan tang
cudng y thire tap the, thanh lap cac td chirc
hiep hdi mdi, de cd the chdng lai tinh trang
hien nay cua chit nghTa tu ban va quyet
djnh can phai lam gi de cac nhu cau cua
minh dupc dap ung mdt each tdt hon.
Tim kiem cdc phircrng dn thay ddi chu
nghia
tie
bdn
Trong cudc khung hoang hien nay, cdn
chua xuat hien nhiing ngudi hang hai thuc
hien sy bien ddi nham thay the chii nghTa tu
ban. Khoang trdng nay cd le la dieu lam
Mac dau dau hon ca. Tai nudc My, gan day
xuat hien mdt sd kien nghj gay ra su chii y
eiia du luan. Nhting kien nghi ay bj che
gieu la cd tinh chat "xa hdi chu nghTa",
ehdng qua la do cae kien nghj dd tien bp
hon so vdi cae de nghj cua phai ta trong
Dang Dan chii ma thdi. Chang han, Dean
Baker, ddng Giam doc Trung tam Nghien

cuu kinh te va chinh tri, dang keu gpi an
djnh mirc luong gidi han cao nhat la 2 trieu
USD mdi nam cho nhting ngudi lam viec d
Phd Wall va ban hanh che dp thue giao
djch tai chinh de cd the dp mdt mirc phi gia
tang liiy tien len cac giao djch, nhu ban
hodc chuyen nhupng chimg khoan, trai
phieu va cac tai san tai chinh khac. Cd le
80
LY
LUAN
CHiNH TRI 9 - 2009
Mac se coi de nghj nay chi la mdt trudng
hgp hoan hao ve sy phan tan nii ro sau
cudc khiing hoang. Cd le Mac se van nghi
ngd nhting ngudi cho ring viec qudc hiiu
hda ngan hang - mdt qua trinh da tiln hanh
tai Thuy Dien va Nhat Ban trong cudc
khiing hoang tai chinh hdi thap nien 90 - cd
the dan tdi sy thay ddi thyc chit.
Mdt trong cac phuong an cip tiln, dupc
nhieu ngudi ndi tdi nhit la phuang an eua
mdt ngudi khdng theo chii nghTa Mac. Dd
la nha kinh te Willem Buiter, d trudng
Kinh te Luanddn, cyu thanh vien Uy ban
^hinh saeh tien te ngan hang Anh. Buiter
de nghj chuyen toan bd nganh tai chinh tiln
te thanh mdt nganh phye vu cdng ich.
Trong the gidi hien nay, cac ngan hang
khdng the tdn tai ma khdng ed bao hilm

tien giri ciia dan chiing va cac ngan hang
trung uong hoat ddng nhu nhiing ngudi cho
vay cim canh cudi ciing. Buiter cho rang '
khdng cd ly do nao de cac ngan hang tiep
tue tdn tai nhu nhirng thiet che kiem ldi sd
hiru tu nhan. De nghj nay eiia Buiter thda
man dupe yeu cau ma chinh Mac da timg
viet trong Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cpng sdn:
"tap trung mpi khoan tin dung vao cac ngan
hang nha nudc". Ddi vdi Mac, viec kiem
tra, chinh ddn he thdng tai ehinh tien te tir
mdt CO cau cd anh hudng tdi xa hdi thanh
mpt
CO
cau cd traeh nhiem vdi xa hpi, dieu
dd se nang cao y nghTa quan trpng ciia viec
giai cap cdng nhan gianh thdng lpi trong
cudc "dau tranh vi dan chu" nham thay ddi
can ban he thdng tu ban ehii nghTa. Buiter
vilt: "Tir tai chinh hda nen kinh te tdi xa
hpi hda nganh tai chinh tien te la mpt budc
nhd ciia cac luat su, song lai la mdt budc
tiln Idn ciia nhan loai". Rd rang, de cd
dupc nhtrng chii truong cap tien, khdng
nhat thiet eir phai la mdt nha macxit.
Nhung can phai nhan thirc dugc la sy thay
ddi cap tien chac chan khdng the bat dau tir
"mgt bude nhd cua cac luat su" (tire la chi
can tap hgp tat ca nhung "ngudi giti tien
dat eugc" ve mdt can phdng de ky mpt vai

thda thuan nao dd). Chac chan Mac se chi
cho thay rang, neu khdng dya vao cac
phong trao va cac dang phai cap tien mdi
de phat trien lyc lugng quan ehiing, thi se
khdng thyc hien dugc viec xa hpi hda
nganh tai ehinh tien te. Cu the la, trong
cupc khiing hoang kinh te hdi thap nien 70,
cac lyc lupng cap tien trong nhieu dang xa
hdi - dan chii chau Au da dua ra nhtrng de
nghj tuong tu, nhung vi hp chua the gianh
dupc vj tri lanh dao trong dang de ed the
iing hp eho nhting de nghj nay, nen hp da bj
che gieu la ldi thdi.
Ve eo ban, trong vai thap nien tdi, cac
dang phai d phuang Tay eiing van se ehua
that sy di vao thao luan van de ed nen diing
phuang thirc cap tien de thyc hien viee dan
chil hda nen kinh te hay khdng. Trong khi
dd, cho tdi nay xa hdi van eir phai tra gia
cho sy bai bae cac y tudng dd. Mae da timg
phan tieh mdt each thuyet phuc ve cac nhan
td bat hpp ly ea ban bat ngudn tir thj trudng
tu ban chu nghTa, gid day cac nhan td dd lai
dang tai xuat hien. De duy tri can can thu
chi,
tat ca cac nha may va cdng ty deu thai
ngudi va ha luong ciia nhirng nhan vien
duong chirc. Tinh trang viee lam khdng dn
djnh se dan den ket qua lam giam nhu eau
eua toan bd nen kinh te. Diing nhu Mac ndi,

nhiing hanh vi bat hpp ly vi md se gay ra
hau qua xau nhat cho nen kinh te vT md.
Gid day chiing ta da thay la viec coi nhe ly
LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 9 - 2009
81
luan cua Mac va ehi tin vao "ban tay vd
hinh" eua Adam Smith se dua ngudi ta den
nhung tinh hudng khd khan nhu the nao.
Cupc khiing hoang tai ehinh hien nay
cdn cho thay nhirng bat hpp ly d ngoai ITnh
vyc tai chinh. Chang han, Tdng thdng My
B.
Obama de nghj ditng viec mua ban han
ngach tfn chi cacbon (carbon credits) lam
bien phap giai quyet cude khimg hoang khf
hau: cac doanh nghiep du tieu ehuan phat
thai khi nha kinh cd the ban han ngach tin
chi cacbon cho cac doanh nghiep khdng
dat tieu ehuan dd. Nghj djnh thu Kyoto
keu gpi xay dyng he thdng trao ddi tuong
ty giiia cac qudc gia vdi nhau. Nhung ca
hai de an nay deu cd mdt tdn tai nguy
hiem: ehiing deu phu thude vao thj trudng
cac san pham phai sinh rat khdng dn djnh,
vdn de bj tac ddng bdi sy thao tung eiia
nha nudc va sy sup do ciia tin dung. Chdc
chan Mac se yeu eau rang, de giai quyet
cac van de toan eau nhu van dl khi hau,
can phai tir bd Idgich ciia thj trudng tu ban
chil nghTa, chir khdng phai la sii dung cac

thiet che nha nudc de tang cudng Idgich
ay. Cung nhu vay, cd le Mac se keu gpi sy
doan ket qudc te tren phuang dien kinh tl,
chir khdng phai la hd hao sy canh tranh
giira cac qudc gia. Nhu Mac vilt trong
Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cpng sdn: "It nhit,
sy lien hiep trong hanh ddng ctia cac nudc
di dau se la dieu kien diu tien dl giai
phdng giai cap vd san".
Nhung viee xay dyng cac thi ehe mdi va
phat ddng cac phong trao mdi nhdm tao ra
su thay ddi thi phai bit diu tir trong timg
nudc.
Tuy rang Mac timg keu gpi "Vd san
toan the gidi hay doan kit lai!", song Mac
van kien tri cho rang giai cip cdng nhan
trong mdi nudc deu "phai giai quyet mpi
van de vdi giai cap tu san trong nudc minh
trudc da". Cac bien phap thay ddi the che
kinh te, chinh tri va luat phap hien ed "di
nhien d cac nudc khac nhau thi se khac
nhau". Song dii trong hoan canh nao, Mac
se kien tri eho rang bien phap dem lai su
thay ddi tan goc re la trudc het phai lam
cho mpi ngudi khdng cdn nhiing ao tudng.
Lam the nao de mpi ngudi het ao tudng?
Ngay ea khi cudc khung hoang tai chinh
dang hiit can mau cua nhan dan nhieu nudc,
khien eho dan ehiing mpi tang lop, tdn giao,
ehiing tdc deu cam thay lo lang, bat dn; khi

ma het nhu trudc day, nhirng ngudi dan lao
ddng binh thudng van ehju sy bdc lot va ap
biie nang ne, thi cac tien doan van la bat
djnh. Gia thu Mac cdn sdng tdi bay gid, cd
le dng se khdng chi ra chinh xac cudc
khiing hoang hien nay bao gid se ket thiic
va ket thiic bang each nao. Thay vao dd, cd
the dng se luu y rang cupc khiing hoang dd
la mdt bd phan khdng the tach rdi trong su
tdn tai nang ddng cua chii nghTa tu ban. Cac
chinh khach cai luong cho rang hp cd the
loai bd dugc su bat binh dang giai cap bam
sinh va cac eugc khung hoang chu ky trong
xa hgi tu ban. Chinh hg mdi dich thyc la
nhtrng ngudi thich ao tudng cua thdi dai
ehung ta, ban than hg bam vao quan diem
khdng tudng cho rang the gidi se nhu hp
nghT. Neu nhu cudc khiing hoang kinh te
toan cau hien nay ndi len mdt dilu gi, thi
dieu dd la: Cac Mac la mdt nha hien thuc
vT
dai nhat. ' '"
Nguoi djch: NGUYEN HAI
Nguon:
http//www.foreignpolicy.com/story/
cms.php?story_id=4856
82
LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 9 - 2009